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61 язык управления заданиями
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > язык управления заданиями
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62 work
[wəːk]1. noun1) effort made in order to achieve or make something:عَمَل، جُهْد2) employment:شُغلI cannot find work in this town.
3) a task or tasks; the thing that one is working on:مُهِمَّه، عَمَل يقوم به الشَّخْصPlease clear your work off the table.
4) a painting, book, piece of music etc:the works of Van Gogh / Shakespeare/Mozart
عَمَل فَنّيThis work was composed in 1816.
5) the product or result of a person's labours:نَتيجَة العَمَل، مَنْتوجHis work has shown a great improvement lately.
6) one's place of employment:He left (his) work at 5.30 p.m.
مَكان العَمَلI don't think I'll go to work tomorrow.
2. verb1) to (cause to) make efforts in order to achieve or make something:يَشْتَغِل، يُشَغِّلI've been working on/at a new project.
2) to be employed:يَشْتَغِلAre you working just now?
3) to (cause to) operate (in the correct way):He has no idea how that machine works / how to work that machine
تَعْمَل، تَشتَغِلThat machine doesn't/won't work, but this one's working.
4) to be practicable and/or successful:يَعْمَل، يَنْجَحIf my scheme works, we'll be rich!
5) to make (one's way) slowly and carefully with effort or difficulty:يشُقُّ طَريقَه بِصُعوبَهShe worked her way up the rock face.
6) to get into, or put into, a stated condition or position, slowly and gradually:يأخُذُ مَكانَه بصورَةٍ بَطيئَه وتَدريجِيَّهThe wheel worked loose.
7) to make by craftsmanship:يَعْمَلُ بِحِرْفَةٍThe ornaments had been worked in gold.
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63 ἐπίπονος
ἐπίπον-ος, ον,A painful, οὖρα f.l. for πέπονα in Hp.Prorrh.59 (ap.Gal.);θάνατοι Phld.Ir.p.30
W.; ; toilsome, laborious, (lyr.); ἀσχολία, ἄσκησις, φυλακή, Th.1.70, 2.39, 8.11; γῆρας wearisome, Pl.R. 329d (but in good sense, ἔργα ἐξειργασμένοι καλὰ καὶ ἐ. Id.Lg. 801e, cf. X. Cyr.8.1.29 ([comp] Sup.)); βίος ib.2.3.11;μαθήσεις καὶ μελέται Id.Cyn.12.15
; ἁμέρα day of sorrow, S.Tr. 654 (lyr.): [comp] Comp. πρᾶξις -ωτέρα καὶἐπικινδυνοτέρα X.An.1.3.19
;-ώτερον < ἔργον> οὐκ εἴληφ' ἐγώ Alex. 195
;οὐδὲν διαβολῆς ἐστιν -ώτερον Men.576
: [comp] Sup.παιδεία -ωτάτη Pl. R. 450c
; τὸ ἐπίπονον toil, X.Cyn.l.c.; τὰ ἐ. Arist.EN 1116a14; ἐπίπονόν [ἐστι] τὴν δύσκλειαν ἀφανίσαι 'tis a hard task to.., Th.3.58.2. of persons, laborious, patient of toil, Ar.Ra. 1370 (lyr.), Pl.Phdr. 229d; also, sensitive to fatigue, easily exhausted, Thphr.Sens.11.3. of omens, portending suffering, X.An.6.1.23.II. Adv. - νως with suffering, Hp.Epid.1.1; with difficulty,εὑρίσκεσθαι Th.1.22
; ζῆν (opp. τρυφᾶν) Arist.Pol. 1265a34;ἐ. καὶ καλῶς τινα θεραπεύειν Isoc.19.11
;βιώσεται X.Mem.1.7.2
, etc.: [comp] Comp.-ώτερον, διακονεῖν Arched.3.8
: [comp] Sup.-ώτατα, ζῆν X.Cyr.7.5.67
.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἐπίπονος
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64 like nailing jelly to a tree
Gen Mgtused for describing a task that is considered impossible, especially when the difficulty arises from poor or sloppy specifications (slang)The ultimate business dictionary > like nailing jelly to a tree
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65 Stephenson, Robert
[br]b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, Englandd. 12 October 1859 London, England[br]English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.[br]Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.PJGR -
66 οἰκονομία
οἰκονομία, ας, ἡ (οἰκονομέω; X., Pla.+; ins., pap; Is 22:19, 21; TestJob, ParJer, Philo, Joseph.)① responsibility of management, management of a household, direction, office (X., Oec. 1, 1; Herodian 6, 1, 1; Jos., Ant. 2, 89; PTebt 27, 21 [114 B.C.]; PLond III, 904, 25 p. 125 [104 A.D.]; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 57, 22).ⓐ lit., of the work of an οἰκονόμος ‘estate manager’ Lk 16:2–4 (this passage shows that it is not always poss. to draw a sharp distinction betw. the office itself and the activities associated w. it).—WPöhlmann, Der verlorene Sohn u. das Haus ’93.ⓑ Paul applies the idea of administration to the office of an apostle οἰκονομίαν πεπίστευμαι I have been entrusted with a commission/task 1 Cor 9:17 (cp. Theoph. Ant. 1, 11 [p. 82, 8]); ἀνθρωπίνων οἰκονομίαν μυστηρίων πεπίστευνται they have been entrusted with the administration of merely human mysteries Dg 7:1. Of a supervisor (bishop): ὸ̔ν πέμπει ὁ οἰκοδεσπότης εἰς ἰδίαν οἰκ. (οἰκ. ἰδίου οἴκου) the one whom the master of the house sent to administer his own household IEph 6:1. This is prob. also the place for κατὰ τὴν οἰκ. τοῦ θεοῦ τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι εἰς ὑμᾶς according to the divine office which has been granted to me for you Col 1:25, as well as ἠκούσατε τὴν οἰκονομίαν τ. χάριτος τ. θεοῦ τῆς δοθείσης μοι εἰς ὑμᾶς you have heard of the administration of God’s grace that was granted to me for you Eph 3:2 (on the other hand, this latter vs. may be parallel to the usage in vs. 9; s. 2b below).② state of being arranged, arrangement, order, plan (X., Cyr. 5, 3, 25; Polyb. 4, 67, 9; 10, 16, 2; Diod S 1, 81, 3)ⓐ ἡ τῆς σαρκὸς οἰκονομία of the arrangement or structure of the parts of the body beneath the skin; they are laid bare by scourging MPol 2:2.—(Iren. 5, 3, 2 [Harv. II, 326, 3]).ⓑ of God’s unique plan private plan, plan of salvation, i.e. arrangements for redemption of humans (in the pap of arrangements and directions of authorities: UPZ 162 IX, 2 [117 B.C.]; CPR 11, 26, and in PGM [e.g. 4, 293] of the measures by which one wishes to attain some goal by extrahuman help.—Just., D. 31, 1 τοῦ πάθους … οἰκ.; Hippol., Did.) ἡ οἰκ. τοῦ μυστηρίου the plan of the mystery Eph 3:9 (v.l. κοινωνία; on the thought cp. vs. 2 and s. JReumann, NovT 3, ’59, 282–92.—Just., D. 134, 2 οἰκονομίαι … μυστηρίων). Also in the linguistically difficult passage 1:10 οἰκ. certainly refers to the plan of salvation which God is bringing to reality through Christ, in the fullness of the times. κατʼ οἰκονομίαν θεοῦ according to God’s plan of redemption IEph 18:2 (cp. Ath. 21, 4 κατὰ θείαν οἰκ.—Pl.: Iren. 1, 10, 1 [Harv. I 90, 8]) προσδηλώσω ὑμῖν ἧς ἠρξάμην οἰκονομίας εἰς τὸν καινὸν ἄνθρωπον Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν I will explain to you further the divine plan which I began (to discuss), with reference to the new human being Jesus Christ IEph 20:1. AcPl Ha 3, 23 of God’s marvelous plan = way of doing things; 6, 26 ο̣ἰ̣κο̣ν̣[ομίαν πληρῶσω κτλ.] (so that I might carry out God’s) plan for me; pl. 5, 27 [ὡς καὶ ἐκεῖ τὰς τοῦ κυρίου οἰκο]νομίας πληρῶσε (=πληρῶσαι) [Paul has gone off to carry out God’s] purpose [also there] (in Macedonia) (apparently a ref. to the various missionary assignments given by God to Paul; for the formulation cp. τὴν οἰκ. τελέσας Orig., C. Cels. 2, 65, 4).ⓒ also of God’s arrangements in nature pl. αἱ οἰκ. θεοῦ Dg 4:5 (cp. Tat. 12, 2; 18, 2 ὕλης οἰκ.; Did., Gen. 92, 6 πάντα ὑπὸ τὴν αὐτοῦ οἰκ. ἐστίν.—Of the order in creation Theoph. Ant. 2, 12 [p. 130, 2]).③ program of instruction, training (in the way of salvation); this mng. (found also Clem. Alex., Paed. 1, 8, 69, 3; 70, 1 p. 130 St.) seems to fit best in 1 Ti 1:4, where it is said of the erroneous teachings of certain persons ἐκζητήσεις παρέχουσιν μᾶλλον ἢ οἰκονομίαν θεοῦ τὴν ἐν πίστει they promote useless speculations rather than divine training that is in faith (οἰκοδομήν and οἰκοδομίαν [q.v.] as vv.ll. are simply ‘corrections’ to alleviate the difficulty). If οἰκ. is to be taken in the sense of 1b above, the thought of the verse would be somewhat as follows: ‘endless speculative inquiry merely brings about contention instead of the realization of God’s purpose which has to do with faith.’—OLillger, Das patristische Wort, diss. Erlangen ’55; JReumann, The Use of ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑ and Related Terms etc., diss. U. of Pennsylvania ’57.—DELG s.v. νέμω. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv. -
67 קשה
קָשֶׁהm., קָשָׁה f. (b. h.; preced.) stiff, hard, difficult, severe; strong. Tosef.Sabb.IX (X), 2 שני זייפין מן הק׳וכ׳ (some ed. הקִש) two of the stiffest bristles of the swine; Sabb.90b מקָשָׁה של חזיר אחת carrying one of the stiff bristles of the swine is punishable. Taan.20b ק׳ כארז, v. קָנֶה. B. Bath.88b ק׳ עונשנ שלוכ׳ the responsibility for fraud in measures is severer than that for incest. Ib. ק׳ גזל הדיוטוכ׳ robbing an individual is worse than robbing the altar. Gen. R. s. 26, end ק׳ היא המחלוקתוכ׳ strife is as bad as (the sins of) the generation of the flood. Ib. s. 71 ק׳ היא התפלהוכ׳ prayer is a powerful factor, for it reversed the divine decree. Taan.8a שלמודו ק׳ עליווכ׳ to whom his study is as hard as iron. Ib. b (in Chaid. dict.) ק׳ יומאוכ׳, v. קָשַׁי. Ex. R. s. 6 היה ק׳ בעיניהםוכ׳ it seemed too hard a task for them to give up idolatry; a. v. fr.Erub.83b בק׳ with difficulty, v. נַחַת.(Num. R. s. 16 end קשה ערפם, v. קְשִׁי.Pl. קָשִׁים, קָשִׁין; קָשוֹת. Yeb.47b, a. e. ק׳ גריםוכ׳, v. סַפַּחַת. Sot.2a ק׳ לזווגן (Snh.22a קשה), v. זָוַג. Pes.118a ק׳ … כקריעתוכ׳ the providential support of man is as difficult (wonderful) as the splitting of the Red Sea. Ib. ק׳ … כפליםוכ׳ mans support is twice as hard (painful) as travailing. Ber.57b (etymolog. play on קישואים) מפני שהם ק׳ לגוףוכ׳ because they are as hard on the body as swords. Koh. R. to XII, 7 נבואות ק׳ hard (evil) prophecies; a. v. fr. -
68 קָשֶׁה
קָשֶׁהm., קָשָׁה f. (b. h.; preced.) stiff, hard, difficult, severe; strong. Tosef.Sabb.IX (X), 2 שני זייפין מן הק׳וכ׳ (some ed. הקִש) two of the stiffest bristles of the swine; Sabb.90b מקָשָׁה של חזיר אחת carrying one of the stiff bristles of the swine is punishable. Taan.20b ק׳ כארז, v. קָנֶה. B. Bath.88b ק׳ עונשנ שלוכ׳ the responsibility for fraud in measures is severer than that for incest. Ib. ק׳ גזל הדיוטוכ׳ robbing an individual is worse than robbing the altar. Gen. R. s. 26, end ק׳ היא המחלוקתוכ׳ strife is as bad as (the sins of) the generation of the flood. Ib. s. 71 ק׳ היא התפלהוכ׳ prayer is a powerful factor, for it reversed the divine decree. Taan.8a שלמודו ק׳ עליווכ׳ to whom his study is as hard as iron. Ib. b (in Chaid. dict.) ק׳ יומאוכ׳, v. קָשַׁי. Ex. R. s. 6 היה ק׳ בעיניהםוכ׳ it seemed too hard a task for them to give up idolatry; a. v. fr.Erub.83b בק׳ with difficulty, v. נַחַת.(Num. R. s. 16 end קשה ערפם, v. קְשִׁי.Pl. קָשִׁים, קָשִׁין; קָשוֹת. Yeb.47b, a. e. ק׳ גריםוכ׳, v. סַפַּחַת. Sot.2a ק׳ לזווגן (Snh.22a קשה), v. זָוַג. Pes.118a ק׳ … כקריעתוכ׳ the providential support of man is as difficult (wonderful) as the splitting of the Red Sea. Ib. ק׳ … כפליםוכ׳ mans support is twice as hard (painful) as travailing. Ber.57b (etymolog. play on קישואים) מפני שהם ק׳ לגוףוכ׳ because they are as hard on the body as swords. Koh. R. to XII, 7 נבואות ק׳ hard (evil) prophecies; a. v. fr.
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