-
21 Le Chatelier, Henri Louis
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 8 November 1850 Paris, Franced. 17 September 1926 Miribel-les-Echelle, France[br]French inventor of the rhodium—platinum thermocouple and the first practical optical pyrometer, and pioneer of physical metallurgy.[br]The son of a distinguished engineer, Le Chatelier entered the Ecole Polytechnique in 1869: after graduating in the Faculty of Mines, he was appointed Professor at the Ecole Supérieure des Mines in 1877. After assisting Deville with the purification of bauxite in unsuccessful attempts to obtain aluminium in useful quantities, Le Chatelier's work covered a wide range of topics and he gave much attention to the driving forces of chemical reactions. Between 1879 and 1882 he studied the mechanisms of explosions in mines, and his doctorate in 1882 was concerned with the chemistry and properties of hydraulic cements. The dehydration of such materials was studied by thermal analysis and dilatometry. Accurate temperature measurement was crucial and his work on the stability of thermocouples, begun in 1886, soon established the superiority of rhodium-platinum alloys for high-temperature measurement. The most stable combination, pure platinum coupled with a 10 per cent rhodium platinum positive limb, became known as Le Chatelier couple and was in general use throughout the industrial world until c. 1922. For applications where thermocouples could not be used, Le Chatelier also developed the first practical optical pyrometer. From hydraulic cements he moved on to refractory and other ceramic materials which were also studied by thermal analysis and dilatometry. By 1888 he was systematically applying such techniques to metals and alloys. Le Chatelier, together with Osmond, Worth, Genet and Charpy, was a leading member of that group of French investigators who established the new science of physical metallurgy between 1888 and 1900. Le Chatelier was determining the recalescence points in steels in 1888 and was among the first to study intermetallic compounds in a systematic manner. To facilitate such work he introduced the inverted microscope, upon which metallographers still depend for the routine examination of polished and etched metallurgical specimens under incident light. The principle of mobile equilibrium, developed independently by Le Chatelier in 1885 and F.Braun in 1886, stated that if one parameter in an equilibrium situation changed, the equilibrium point of the system would move in a direction which tended to reduce the effect of this change. This provided a useful qualitative working tool for the experimentalists, and was soon used with great effect by Haber in his work on the synthesis of ammonia.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsGrand Officier de la Légion d'honneur. Honorary Member of the Institute of Metals 1912. Iron and Steel Institute Bessemer Medal.Further ReadingF.Le Chatelier, 1969, Henri Le Chatelier.C.K.Burgess and H.L.Le Chatelier, The Measurement of High Temperature.ASDBiographical history of technology > Le Chatelier, Henri Louis
-
22 Metallurgy
-
23 Moissan, Ferdinand-Frédéric-Henri
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 28 September 1852 Paris, Franced. 20 February 1907 Paris, France[br]French chemist, the first to isolate fluorine, and a pioneer in high-temperature technology.[br]His family, of modest means, moved in 1864 to Meaux, where he attended the municipal college; he returned to Paris before completing his education and apprenticed himself to a pharmacist. In 1872 he began work as a laboratory assistant at the Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, while continuing studies in chemistry. He qualified as a pharmacist at the Ecole Supérieure de Pharmacie in 1879, and by this time he had decided that his main interest was inorganic chemistry. His early investigations concerned the oxides of iron and related metals; his work attracted the favourable attention of Sainte-Claire Deville and was the subject of his doctoral thesis. In 1882 Moissan married Leonie Lugan, whose father provided generous financial support, enabling him to pursue his researches with greater freedom and security. He became, successively, Professor of Toxicology at the Ecole in 1886 and of Inorganic Chemistry in 1899. In 1884 Moissan began both his investigation of the compounds of fluorine and his attempts to isolate the highly reactive element itself. Previous attempts by chemists had ended in failure and sometimes injury. Moissan's health, too, was affected, but in June 1886 he succeeded in isolating fluorine by electrolysing potassium fluoride in hydrogen fluoride at −50°C (−58°F) in platinum apparatus. He was then able to prepare further compounds of fluorine, some of technological importance, such as carbon tetrafluoride. At the same time, Moissan turned his attention to the making of artificial diamonds. To achieve this, he devised his celebrated electric-arc furnace; this was first demonstrated in December 1892 and consisted of two lime blocks placed one above the other, with a cavity for a crucible and two grooves for carbon electrodes, and could attain a temperature of 3,500°C (6,332°F). It seemed at first that he had succeeded in making diamonds, but this attempt is now regarded as a failure. Nevertheless, with the aid of his furnace he was able to produce and study many substances of technological importance, including refractory oxides, borides and carbides, and such metals as manganese, chromium, uranium, tungsten, vanadium, molybdenum, titanium and zirconium; many of these materials had useful applications in the chemical and metallurgical industries (e.g. calcium carbide became the main source of acetylene).[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize in Chemistry 1906.BibliographyThere are several listings of his more than 300 publications, such as Lebeau, cited below. Major works are Le Four électrique (1897, Paris) and Le Fluor et ses composés (1900, Paris).Further ReadingCentenaire de l'Ecole supérieure de pharmacie de l'Université de Paris 1803–1903,1904, Paris, pp. 249–57.B.Harrow, 1927, Eminent Chemists of Our Time, 2nd edn, New York, pp. 135–54, 374– 88.P.Lebeau, 1908, "Notice sur la vie et les travaux de Henri Moissan", Bulletin Soc. chim. de France (4 ser.) 3:i–xxxviii.LRDBiographical history of technology > Moissan, Ferdinand-Frédéric-Henri
-
24 10090
1. LAT Psarocolius oseryi ( Deville)2. RUS шлемоносная оропендола f3. ENG casqued oropendola4. DEU Helmstirnvogel m5. FRA —DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES — BIRDS > 10090
-
25 2490
1. LAT Aratinga weddellii ( Deville)2. RUS буроголовая аратинга f3. ENG dusky-headed parrakeet, dusky-headed [Weddell’s] conure4. DEU Weddellsittich m, Braunkopfsittich m5. FRA perruche f de Weddell -
26 2504
1. LAT Brotogeris cyanoptera ( Pelzein)2. RUS синекрылый тонкоклювый попугай m3. ENG cobalt-winged [blue-winged] parrakeet4. DEU Kobaltflügelsittich m, Blauflügelsittich m5. FRA toui m de Deville -
27 2957
1. LAT Neomorphus pucheranii ( Deville)2. RUS красноклювая земляная кукушка f3. ENG red-billed ground cuckoo4. DEU Rotschnabel-Grundkuckuck m5. FRA géocoucou m de Pucheran -
28 4099
1. LAT Galbula cyanescens ( Deville)2. RUS синелобая якамара f3. ENG bluish-fronted [blue-fronted] jacamar4. DEU Blaustirn-Glanzvogel m5. FRA jacamar m à couronne bleue -
29 4131
1. LAT Micromonacha lanceolata ( Deville)2. RUS полосатая пуховка f3. ENG lanceolated monklet4. DEU Streifenfaulvogel m5. FRA barbacou m lancéolé -
30 4932
1. LAT Drymophila devillei ( Ménégaux et Hellmayr)3. ENG striated antbird4. DEU Strichelkopf-Ameisenfänger m5. FRA grisin m de Deville -
31 5925
2. RUS пурпурногорлая котинга f3. ENG purple-throated cotinga4. DEU Purpurkehlkotinga f5. FRA cotinga m à gorge mauve -
32 2156
1. LAT Chiropotes albinasus I. Geoffroy et Deville2. RUS белоносый (мохнатый) саки m3. ENG white-nosed saki4. DEU Weißnasensaki m, Zottelaffe m5. FRA saki m à nez blanc -
33 2745
-
34 5239
- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
Deville — ist der Name folgender Orte: Gemeinde in der französischen Region Champagne Ardenne, siehe: Deville (Ardennes) Deville (Louisiana), Ort in den USA Deville oder DeVille ist der Familienname folgender Personen: Céline Deville (* 1982), französische … Deutsch Wikipedia
Deville — Deville, DeVille, De Ville, or de Vil may refer to: Automobiles Cadillac DeVille, a model of automobile produced between 1949 and 2005 in the United States by General Motors. Sedanca de Ville, the European term for the town car body style… … Wikipedia
Deville — Deville, LA U.S. Census Designated Place in Louisiana Population (2000): 1007 Housing Units (2000): 386 Land area (2000): 5.665627 sq. miles (14.673907 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 5.665627 sq … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Deville, LA — U.S. Census Designated Place in Louisiana Population (2000): 1007 Housing Units (2000): 386 Land area (2000): 5.665627 sq. miles (14.673907 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 5.665627 sq. miles… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Deville — (spr. döwil ), 1) Achille, franz. Altertumsforscher, geb. 1789 in Paris, gest. daselbst 10. Jan. 1875 als Direktor des Museums von Rouen, schrieb außer mehreren lokalgeschichtlichen Werken (über die Abtei St. Georges de Boscherville, das Schloß… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Deville — Deville, Charles, Geolog, s. Sainte Claire Deville … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Deville — (spr. Dewill), Antoine, geb. 1596 in Toulouse, studirte Mathematik u. Kriegsbaukunst, stand erst in savoyischen, dann in französischen Kriegsdiensten, wohnte der Belagerung von Corbie, St. Omer, Hesdin etc. bei u. wurde nach dem Frieden mit der… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Deville — [də vil], Michel, französischer Filmregisseur, * Boulogne sur Seine 13. 4. 1931; dreht seit 1958 sorgfältig arrangierte Filme. Filme: Das wilde Schaf (1973); Gefahr in Verzug (1984); Die Vorleserin (1988); Eine Sommernacht in der Stadt… … Universal-Lexikon
Deville — Patronyme fréquent dans le Limousin et la Loire. On le trouve aussi en Savoie et en Franche Comté. Il désigne celui qui est originaire d une localité appelée Ville (du latin villa = domaine). Le toponyme est trop répandu pour qu on puisse arriver … Noms de famille
Deville — Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom. Personnalités Achille Deville (1789 1875), historien et antiquaire français Dominique Deville de Périère (1956 ), odontologiste et universitaire française … Wikipédia en Français
Deville — This long established surname is of Old French origin, and is a topographical name for someone who lived in a village as opposed to an isolated farmhouse, or in the town as opposed to the countryside, deriving from the Old French ville ,… … Surnames reference
