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81 IID
1) Военный термин: Integrated Information Display, infrared intrusion detector, integrated instrument development, intermittently integrated Doppler2) Техника: image intensifier device, impact ionization diode, integrated information display system, intrinsic infrared detector3) Математика: Identically And Independently Distributed, Independent And Identically Distributed, независимые и одинаково распределённые (о случайных величинах)4) Физиология: Insulin dependent diabetes5) Электроника: Independent Identical Distributed6) Вычислительная техника: Interface IDentifier (COM)7) Полицейский термин: Internal Investigation Division8) Деловая лексика: International Institutional Delivery, Internet Infrastructure Division9) Программирование: итеративная и инкрементальная разработка (см. iterative and incremental development) -
82 Рабочая
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83 project
1. n1) проект; план; схема•to approve a project — одобрять / утверждать проект
to estimate / to evaluate a project — оценивать проект
to implement a project — осуществлять проект / план
to initiate a project — приступать к осуществлению проекта; начинать проект
to sponsor projects — субсидировать / финансировать проекты
- ambitious projectto support a project — поддерживать / финансировать проект
- approved project
- building project
- carefully selected projects
- commissioning of projects
- completion of a project
- construction project
- constructional project
- cost sharing project
- defense project
- demonstration project
- description of a project
- development project
- economic project
- estimated cost of the project
- evaluation of industrial projects
- family-planning project
- famine relief project
- feasible project
- field implementation of projects
- field projects
- follow-on project
- global project
- high priority project
- individual project
- industrial project
- infrastructure project
- initial project
- inter-country project
- interregional project
- irrigation project
- joint project
- larger project
- large-scale project
- long-term project
- major project
- Manhattan Project
- medium-sized project
- military project
- model project
- modified version of the project
- multicountry project
- multipurpose project
- national development project
- nonmilitary project
- on-going project
- operational project
- original project
- particular project
- physical feasibility of a project
- pilot project
- pre-investment project
- productive project
- program-assisted projects
- project of the century
- regional project
- research project
- short-term project
- smaller project
- small-scale project
- small-sized project
- sound project
- specialized project
- specific project
- subregional project
- technical assistance project
- technical cooperation project
- transnational project
- turn-key project
- umbrella project
- UNDP-supported projects
- unfair project
- United Nations-operated projects
- unsound project
- viable project 2. vпроектировать, составлять проект; прогнозировать; планировать -
84 Pereira de Melo, António Maria Fontes
(1819-1887)Major 19th-century political leader, engineer, and mastermind of the Regeneration era (1851-80). Trained in the armed forces as an engineer, Fontes Pereira de Melo participated in the suppression of the Maria da Fonte uprising by Saldanha's forces and, in 1851, was called to Lisbon to assume various key posts in several ministries (Navy and Overseas; Treasury; Public Works; Commerce and Industry). In 1858, he assumed leadership of the Regenerador Party and was instrumental in directing and guiding the economic and industrial process known as the Regeneration after 1851. He became prime minister, too, and received many honors and much recognition.Realizing that Portugal lagged in economic development and industrialization, he initiated a program of building the necessary transportation infrastructure. During this era, Portugal acquired a basic network of railroads and roads and the beginnings of industrialization and participation in various export markets with Portuguese products and resources. Fontes Pereira de Melo's programs marked the onset of modern economic development in Portugal and represented the apogee of political stability and financial accomplishment during the constitutional monarchy.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Pereira de Melo, António Maria Fontes
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85 Reichenbach, Georg Friedrich von
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Photography, film and optics, Public utilities[br]b. 24 August 1772 Durlach, Baden, Germanyd. 21 May 1826 Munich, Germany[br]German engineer.[br]While he was attending the Military School at Mannheim, Reichenbach drew attention to himself due to the mathematical instruments that he had designed. On the recommendation of Count Rumford in Munich, the Bavarian government financed a two-year stay in Britain so that Reichenbach could become acquainted with modern mechanical engineering. He returned to Mannheim in 1793, and during the Napoleonic Wars he was involved in the manufacture of arms. In Munich, where he was in the service of the Bavarian state from 1796, he started producing precision instruments in his own time. His basic invention was the design of a dividing machine for circles, produced at the end of the eighteenth century. The astronomic and geodetic instruments he produced excelled all the others for their precision. His telescopes in particular, being perfect in use and of solid construction, soon brought him an international reputation. They were manufactured at the MathematicMechanical Institute, which he had jointly founded with Joseph Utzschneider and Joseph Liebherr in 1804 and which became a renowned training establishment. The glasses and lenses were produced by Joseph Fraunhofer who joined the company in 1807.In the same year he was put in charge of the technical reorganization of the salt-works at Reichenhall. After he had finished the brine-transport line from Reichenhall to Traunstein in 1810, he started on the one from Berchtesgaden to Reichenhall which was an extremely difficult task because of the mountainous area that had to be crossed. As water was the only source of energy available he decided to use water-column engines for pumping the brine in the pipes of both lines. Such devices had been in use for pumping purposes in different mining areas since the middle of the eighteenth century. Reichenbach knew about the one constructed by Joseph Karl Hell in Slovakia, which in principle had just been a simple piston-pump driven by water which did not work satisfactorily. Instead he constructed a really effective double-action water-column engine; this was a short time after Richard Trevithick had constructed a similar machine in England. For the second line he improved the system and built a single-action pump. All the parts of it were made of metal, which made them easy to produce, and the pumps proved to be extremely reliable, working for over 100 years.At the official opening of the line in 1817 the Bavarian king rewarded him generously. He remained in the state's service, becoming head of the department for roads and waterways in 1820, and he contributed to the development of Bavarian industry as well as the public infrastructure in many ways as a result of his mechanical skill and his innovative engineering mind.[br]Further ReadingBauernfeind, "Georg von Reichenbach" Allgemeine deutsche Biographie 27:656–67 (a reliable nineteenth-century account).W.Dyck, 1912, Georg v. Reichenbach, Munich.K.Matschoss, 1941, Grosse Ingenieure, Munich and Berlin, 3rd edn. 121–32 (a concise description of his achievements in the development of optical instruments and engineering).WKBiographical history of technology > Reichenbach, Georg Friedrich von
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86 помощь развитию
помощь развитию
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
development aid
The economic assistance or other types of support provided to developing countries to promote or encourage advancement in living standards, institutions, infrastructure, agricultural practices and other aspects of an economy, and to resolve problems typically associated with developing countries. (Source: ODE)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > помощь развитию
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87 aide au développement
помощь развитию
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
development aid
The economic assistance or other types of support provided to developing countries to promote or encourage advancement in living standards, institutions, infrastructure, agricultural practices and other aspects of an economy, and to resolve problems typically associated with developing countries. (Source: ODE)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
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Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > aide au développement
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88 Entwicklungshilfe
помощь развитию
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
development aid
The economic assistance or other types of support provided to developing countries to promote or encourage advancement in living standards, institutions, infrastructure, agricultural practices and other aspects of an economy, and to resolve problems typically associated with developing countries. (Source: ODE)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Entwicklungshilfe
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89 помощь развитию
помощь развитию
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
development aid
The economic assistance or other types of support provided to developing countries to promote or encourage advancement in living standards, institutions, infrastructure, agricultural practices and other aspects of an economy, and to resolve problems typically associated with developing countries. (Source: ODE)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > помощь развитию
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90 bond
1. сущ.1) общ. связь (между какими-л. лицами, группами лиц, явлениями и т. д.)See:2)а) эк., юр. обязательство, обязывающее соглашение (напр., любое долговое обязательство, любое гарантийное обязательство или поручительство и т. д.)See:б) фин., страх. гарантия (выполнения обязательств), поручительство; гарантийное обязательство; страховая гарантия (соглашение, по которому одна сторона (поручитель, гарант) принимает на себя обязательство перед другой стороной возместить ей потери или ущерб, нанесенные неспособностью третьего лица выполнять свои обязательства; напр., гарантия выполнения третьим лицом контрактных обязательств, гарантия, защищающая работодателя от нечестности работников и т. д.; по сути является страхованием от убытков в результате действий третьих лиц)straw bond — ненадежное [липовое\] поручительство, ненадежная [липовая\] гарантия
Syn:See:advance payment bond, blanket bond, blue sky bond, contract bond, customs bond, employee dishonesty bond, fidelity bond, indemnity bond, lost instrument bond, non-contract bond, notary bond, bid bond, performance bond, surety bond3) фин. облигация (ценная бумага, удостоверяющая право ее держателя на получение от лица, выпустившего облигацию, в предусмотренный ею срок номинальной стоимости облигации или иного имущественного эквивалента и обычно предоставляющая ее держателю право на получение периодического процента от ее номинальной стоимости либо иные имущественные права; является разновидностью долговых ценных бумаг); преим. мн. боны, бондыATTRIBUTES [purpose\]: public housing 1), rental housing
ATTRIBUTES [rights\]: assented
to place [underwrite\] bonds — размещать облигации
to retire [redeem, repay\] bonds — погашать облигации
bond denominated in dollars — облигация, выраженная в долларах
bond market — рынок облигаций, облигационный рынок
See:bond broker, bond certificate, bond market, bond rating, bond year, accretion bond, accrual bond, assumed bond, auction rate bond, authority bond, baby bond, back bond, bailout bond, bearer bond, capitalization bond, catastrophe bond, collateral trust bond, collateralized bond, combination bond, commodity-linked bond, companion bond, consolidated bond, convertible bond, corporate bond, coupon bond, cushion bond, Daimyo bond, debt conversion bond, debenture bond, defence bond, deferred interest bond, definitive bond, development bond, discount bond, dollar bond, domestic bond, double-barreled bond, drawn bond, dual currency bond, equipment bond, escalator bond, eurodollar bond, eurosterling bond, exit bond, extended bond, extendible bond, external bond, fixed-rate bond, floating-rate bond, flower bond, foreign bond, foreign currency bond, geisha bond, general obligation bond, gilt-edged bond, global bond, gold bond, gold-indexed bond, government bond, granny bond, guaranteed bond, guaranteed income bond, heaven and hell bond, high-grade bond, housing bond, improvement bond, inactive bond, income bond, indexed bond, industrial bond, infrastructure bond, internal bond, international bond, investment grade bond, joint bond, junior bond, junk bond, land grant bond, letter bond, Liberty bond, limited tax bond, long-dated bond, long-term bond, lottery bond, matador bond, Matilda bond, medium-dated bond, medium-term bond, moral obligation bond, mortgage bond, multiple currency bond, notional bond, obligation bond, optional payment bond, parallel bonds, participating bond, passive bond, past due interest bond, perpetual bond, plastic bonds, premium bond, public bond, public utility bond, railroad bond, redeemable bond, registered bond, revenue bond, samurai bond, savings bond, seasoned bond, senior bond, serial bond, sour bond, speculative bond, temporary bond, Treasury bond, bondholder, eurobond4) эк. залог (внесение каких-л. активов в качестве обеспечения возврата ссуды, уплаты таможенных платежей или выполнения какого-л. другого действия; также сами деньги или другие активы, внесенные в качестве гарантии выполнения какого-л. действия)See:5) фин., шотл. ссуда под залог6) эк., юр. гарант, поручитель (лицо, выдающее гарантию или ручающееся за другое лицо)Syn:7) общ., ист. крепостнойSyn:2. гл.1) общ. держаться (на чем-л.); сцепляться, соединяться (с чем-л.); быть связанным воедино*, скрепляться* (напр., о лицах, объединенных в группу за счет психологических, социальных и т. п. связей)2)а) межд. эк., гос. фин. (оставлять товары на таможенном, акцизном и т. п. складе до уплаты причитающихся налогов и сборов)б) эк., юр. подписывать [принимать на себя\] обязательство, связывать обязательством (долговым или иным, себя или кого-л. другого)в) фин. выпускать [эмитировать\] облигацииSee:
* * *
обязательство: 1) облигация, долговое обязательство: ценная бумага, эмитированная на определенных условиях для мобилизации финансовых ресурсов (свидетельство о долгосрочном долге); обязательство эмитента ценной бумаги выплачивать держателю регулярный доход и полностью вернуть основную сумму после истечения оговоренного периода; в отличие от акций не дает прав собственности на компанию-эмитента; облигация может быть выпущена с купонами (с плавающей или фиксированной ставкой) или с дисконтом, как именная или на предъявителя, с и/или без обеспечения, с правом конверсии в другие ценные бумаги эмитента; см. bearer bond; 2) гарантия выполнения обязательств; страховка от убытков в результате действий третьей стороны; = performance bond; surety; 3) залог, закладная, в т. ч. таможенная.* * *облигация; долговой инструмент; долговое обязательство; залог; таможенное обязательство. Облигации - это долговые обязательства, которые выпускаются на период времени больше одного года. Облигации могут выпускаться правительством США, органами местного самоуправления, частными компаниями и многими другими организациями. Когда инвестор покупает облигации, он предоставляет эмитенту свои деньги. Продавец облигации обязуется выплатить основную сумму долга в определенное время. По процентным облигациям проценты выплачиваются через определенные периоды времени . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *Ценные бумаги/Биржевая деятельностьценная бумага, представляющая собой долговое обязательство предприятия, банка или государства при выпуске внутреннего займа; выпускать облигации-----Банки/Банковские операцииценная бумага, свидетельствующая о внесении ее владельцем денежных средств и подтверждающая обязанность банка возместить ему номинальную стоимость облигации в предусмотренный срок с оплатой фиксированного процента -
91 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
92 ALTID
1) Техника: alteration identification2) Транспорт: Asian Land Transport Infrastructure Development -
93 CER
1) Медицина: control event rate2) Военный термин: Comprehensive Evaluation Reports, Controller of Research and Development Establishments and Research, Cryptographic Equipment Room, certification evaluation review, change evaluation request, combat effectiveness report, commanders evaluation report, complete engine repair, control of electromagnetic radiation, cost estimating relationship3) Техника: condition evaluation report, country evaluation review, critical experiment reactor, керамический (сокр. от "ceramic")4) Сельское хозяйство: Controlled Environment Rooms5) Строительство: объективная оценка (экспертная оценка, CER( cold eyes review))6) Железнодорожный термин: Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies7) Юридический термин: cross-product master agreement8) Австралийский сленг: Closer Economic Relations9) Автомобильный термин: cold enrichment rod (Ford)10) География: Регион континентальной Европы (Continental European Region)11) Оптика: contactless electroreflectance12) Сокращение: Communication Equipment Room, Cost Estimating Relationships, certified emission reductions (термин в Киотском протоколе)13) Университет: Center For Educational Restoration14) Физиология: Capsule, Extended Release15) Вычислительная техника: cellular radio, Cell Error Ratio (ATM)16) Холодильная техника: controlled environment room17) Экология: (Certified Emission Reductions) Сертифицированные сокращения выбросов (ССВ) (термин в Киотском протоколе)18) Деловая лексика: Capital Expenditure Request19) Океанография: Coordinated Ecosystem Research20) Сахалин А: central equipment room21) Медицинская техника: пользовательский лог, пользовательский лог событий, Customer Event Report22) Расширение файла: Canonical Encoding Rules, Security certificate, Compilation error messages (Lahey Fortran)23) Маркетология: Customer Experience Registration24) Фармация: Clinical Expert Report26) НАСА: Controlled Energy Release -
94 Cer
1) Медицина: control event rate2) Военный термин: Comprehensive Evaluation Reports, Controller of Research and Development Establishments and Research, Cryptographic Equipment Room, certification evaluation review, change evaluation request, combat effectiveness report, commanders evaluation report, complete engine repair, control of electromagnetic radiation, cost estimating relationship3) Техника: condition evaluation report, country evaluation review, critical experiment reactor, керамический (сокр. от "ceramic")4) Сельское хозяйство: Controlled Environment Rooms5) Строительство: объективная оценка (экспертная оценка, CER( cold eyes review))6) Железнодорожный термин: Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies7) Юридический термин: cross-product master agreement8) Австралийский сленг: Closer Economic Relations9) Автомобильный термин: cold enrichment rod (Ford)10) География: Регион континентальной Европы (Continental European Region)11) Оптика: contactless electroreflectance12) Сокращение: Communication Equipment Room, Cost Estimating Relationships, certified emission reductions (термин в Киотском протоколе)13) Университет: Center For Educational Restoration14) Физиология: Capsule, Extended Release15) Вычислительная техника: cellular radio, Cell Error Ratio (ATM)16) Холодильная техника: controlled environment room17) Экология: (Certified Emission Reductions) Сертифицированные сокращения выбросов (ССВ) (термин в Киотском протоколе)18) Деловая лексика: Capital Expenditure Request19) Океанография: Coordinated Ecosystem Research20) Сахалин А: central equipment room21) Медицинская техника: пользовательский лог, пользовательский лог событий, Customer Event Report22) Расширение файла: Canonical Encoding Rules, Security certificate, Compilation error messages (Lahey Fortran)23) Маркетология: Customer Experience Registration24) Фармация: Clinical Expert Report26) НАСА: Controlled Energy Release -
95 DRIVE
1) Американизм: Democrat Republican Independent Voter Education3) Электроника: Dynamic Resolution Intensive Vector Enhancement5) Деловая лексика: Directional Reasonable Inspiring Visible And Eventual6) Общественная организация: Development Research Innovation Vision And Excellence -
96 Drive
1) Американизм: Democrat Republican Independent Voter Education3) Электроника: Dynamic Resolution Intensive Vector Enhancement5) Деловая лексика: Directional Reasonable Inspiring Visible And Eventual6) Общественная организация: Development Research Innovation Vision And Excellence -
97 NIFDC
Военный термин: NATO Infrastructure Financing and Development Committee -
98 PAID
1) Компьютерная техника: Procedures Applications Infrastructure And Data2) Военный термин: parked aircraft intrusion detector, personnel and accounting integrated data3) Сокращение: Pan-African Institute for Development4) Сахалин А: piping and instrument diagram (old terminology)5) НАСДАК: Sales Online Direct, Inc. -
99 SPID
1) Военный термин: Strategic Power Infrastructure Defense, standard performance indicator dictionary2) Техника: Simple Plastic Incremental Deformation3) Сокращение: Service Profile Identifier4) Физиология: Summed Pain Intensity Difference5) Вычислительная техника: Service Protocol IDentifier, service profile ID, Service Profile IDentifier (ISDN)6) Сетевые технологии: Secure Protocol Implementation Development7) Расширение файла: Service Profile/Provider Identifier8) Майкрософт: код SPID -
100 VDI
1) Компьютерная техника: Video Display Interface, voice2) Американизм: Virtual Diplomacy Initiative3) Военный термин: vertical display indicator4) Техника: vertical deviation indicator, video data interrogator, visual Doppler indicator, visual display indicator5) Физиология: Visual Discrimination Indicator6) Вычислительная техника: virtual device interface, Video Device Interface (Intel), интерфейс видеоустройств, интерфейс виртуального устройства7) Фирменный знак: Virtual Development, Inc.8) Сетевые технологии: Video Device Interface, voice/data integration9) Программирование: virtual desktop infrastructure10) Расширение файла: GEM VDI file Bitmap graphics11) Электротехника: variable duration impulse
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