develop+intelligence

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

former [fɔʀme]

➭ TABLE 1

1. transitive verb

   a. [+ liens d'amitié] to form ; [+ équipe] to set up

• former le projet de faire qch to have the idea of doing sth

   b. ( = être le composant de) to make up

• ceci forme un tout this forms a whole

• ils forment un beau couple they make a nice couple

   c. ( = dessiner) to form

• ça forme un rond it makes a circle

   d. ( = éduquer) to train ; [+ caractère, goût] to form

• les voyages forment la jeunesse travel broadens the mind

2. reflexive verb

► se former

   a. ( = se développer) to form

   b. ( = apprendre un métier) to train o.s. ; ( = éduquer son goût, son caractère) to educate o.s.

* * *

1) ( prendre l'aspect de) to form [rectangle]

2) ( constituer) to form

3) ( donner une formation à) to train [personnel] ( à faire to do); ( éduquer) to educate [personne, goût]; to develop [intelligence]; to form [opinion]

4) ( produire) to form [abcès, pellicule]

5) ( mettre en forme) to form [lettres, phrases]

se former verbe pronominal

1) ( se créer) to form

2) ( être créé) to be formed

3) ( acquérir une formation) to train, to be trained (à in)

4) ( s'éduquer) [caractère, personnalité, style] to develop; [personne] to educate oneself

5) ( concevoir) to form

* * *

1) (= créer) to form

2) (= éduquer) [soldat, ingénieur] to train

* * *

former verb table: aimer

A vtr

1 ( prendre l'aspect de) to form [cercle, rectangle]; la rivière forme un coude the river forms a bend;

2 ( constituer) to form, constitute; les personnes formant le comité the people forming the committee; ils forment un couple très uni they are a very close couple; il forme avec son partenaire une brillante équipe he and his partner make a brilliant team; formez des groupes de cinq get into groups of five;

3 (réunir les éléments de, réaliser) to form; former un gouvernement to form a government; former un train to form a train; former une équipe/une commission/une association to form a team/a commission/an association;

4 ( donner une formation à) to train [personnel] (à faire to do); ( éduquer) to educate [personne, goût]; to develop, form [personnalité, caractère, esprit]; to develop [intelligence]; to form [opinion]; former qn au traitement de texte to train sb in word processing; enseignement qui permet de former des individus responsables teaching which produces responsible people; ⇒ jeunesse;

5 ( produire) to form [abcès, pellicule];

6 ( mettre en forme) to form [lettres, phrases];

7 ( concevoir) fml to conceive [projet]; je forme le vœu que tout se passe bien I hope that everything goes well.

B se former vpr

1 ( se créer) to form; un caillot s'est formé dans l'artère a clot has formed in the artery; l'image qui se forme sur la rétine the image that forms on the retina; il se forme de la buée condensation forms;

2 ( être créé) to be formed; le gouvernement s'est formé autour d'une politique commune the government was formed around a common policy;

3 ( acquérir une formation) to train, to be trained (à in); se former à la vente/au marketing to train in sales/in marketing; il est allé se former au Japon he went to train in Japan;

4 ( s'éduquer) [caractère, personnalité, style] to develop; [personne] to educate oneself; son style s'est formé peu à peu his style developed gradually; il s'est formé à l'école de la vie he was educated in the university of life;

5 ( concevoir) to form.

[fɔrme] verbe transitif

1. [donner un contour à - lettre] to shape, to form ; [ - phrase] to put together, to shape

2. [créer - gouvernement, association] to form

3. [se constituer en] to form

4. [dessiner] to form

5. [constituer] to form

6. [faire apparaître] to make, to form

7. (soutenu) [créer, faire par la pensée]

8. LINGUISTIQUE to form

9. ÉDUCATION & INDUSTRIE to train

10. [développer - caractère, goût] to develop

————————

se former verbe pronominal intransitif

1. [apparaître - croûte, pellicule, peau] to form ; [ - couche, dépôt] to form, to build up

2. [se placer en]

3. [se perfectionner] to train oneself

se former sur le tas to learn on the job ou as one goes along

————————

se former verbe pronominal transitif

se former une opinion to form an opinion

1) General subject: get a line on (smb.), get a line (о-on), develop intelligence

2) Military: obtain information

3) Law: acquire information

éveiller [eveje]

➭ TABLE 1

1. transitive verb

   a. ( = réveiller) to waken

   b. [+ curiosité, sentiment, souvenirs] to awaken ; [+ passion] to kindle

• pour ne pas éveiller l'attention so as not to attract attention

• sans éveiller les soupçons without arousing suspicion

• éveiller l'intelligence de l'enfant to awaken the child's intelligence

2. reflexive verb

► s'éveiller

   a. ( = se réveiller) to wake up

   b. [sentiment, curiosité, soupçons] to be aroused ; [amour] to be born

   c. [intelligence, esprit] to develop

   d. (literary) s'éveiller à [+ amour] to awaken to

* * *

1) to arouse [intérêt, curiosité, méfiance]; to stimulate [intelligence, imagination]; to awaken [conscience, goût]

2) ( du sommeil) to wake [dormeur]

s'éveiller verbe pronominal

1) lit to awake

2) fig [imagination, intelligence] to start to develop

* * *

1) [soupçons, convoitise, intérêt] to arouse

2) (= réveiller) to wake

* * *

éveiller verb table: aimer

A vtr

1 to arouse [intérêt, curiosité, méfiance]; to stimulate [intelligence, imagination]; éveiller la conscience/le goût de qn to awaken sb's conscience/taste; sans éveiller l'attention without attracting attention; qu'est-ce qui a éveillé votre vocation de médecin? what made you want to become a doctor?; éveiller un enfant à la poésie/musique to introduce a child to poetry/music;

2 ( du sommeil) to wake [dormeur]; être éveillé to be awake.

B s'éveiller vpr liter

1 lit [personne, ville] to awake;

2 fig [imagination, intelligence] to start to develop; s'éveiller à l'amour/à d'autres cultures to discover love/other cultures.

[eveje] verbe transitif

1. (littéraire) [tirer du sommeil] to awaken, to waken, to arouse (soutenu)

2. [susciter - désir, jalousie, passion] to kindle, to arouse ; [ - amour, méfiance] to arouse ; [ - curiosité, soupçons] to arouse, to awaken ; [ - espoir] to awaken ; [ - attention, intérêt] to attract

3. [stimuler - intelligence] to stimulate, to awaken

————————

s'éveiller verbe pronominal intransitif

1. [animal, personne] to awaken, to wake up, to waken

2. (littéraire) [s'animer - campagne, village] to come to life, to wake up

3. [se révéler - intelligence, talent] to reveal itself, to come to light

4. [naître - curiosité, jalousie, méfiance] to be aroused ; [ - amour] to dawn, to stir

————————

s'éveiller à verbe pronominal plus préposition

s'éveiller à l'amour to discover love

1 to develop (mejorar) (crecimiento, país).

desarrolló un sexto sentido para las finanzas she developed o acquired a sixth sense for money

El orador desarrolló el tema The orator developed the subject.

El programador desarrolla sistemas The programmer develops systems.

2 to expound, to explain (exponer) (teoría, tema, fórmula).

¿podrías desarrollar esa idea un poco más? could you expand on that idea a little more?

3 to carry out (realizar) (actividad, trabajo).

4 to expand (Mat).

5 to unroll, to unfold.

El camarero desarrolló la alfombra The waiter unrolled the rug.

6 to train.

7 to rear, to raise.

* * *

► verbo transitivo

1 (gen) to develop

■ desarrolló una gran inteligencia he showed great intelligence

■ desarrollar el cuerpo to develop one's body

2 (deshacer un rollo) to unroll, unfold

3 (exponer) to expound, explain

4 (llevar a cabo) to carry out

■ desarrollar un proyecto to carry out a project

5 MATEMÁTICAS to expand, develop

► verbo pronominal desarrollarse

1 (crecer) to develop

2 (transcurrir) to take place

■ la novela se desarrolla en el siglo XIX the novel is set in the 19th century

■ la representación se desarrolló perfectamente the performance went off without a hitch

* * *

- desarrollarse

* * *

1. VT

1) [+ economía, industria, mercado] to develop

2) (=explicar) [+ teoría, tema, punto] to develop

3) (=realizar) [+ trabajo, proyecto] to carry out; [+ técnica, método] to develop

4) [+ capacidad, músculos, memoria] to develop

5) (Mec)

6) (Mat) [+ ecuación, función] to expand

7) (=desenrollar) [+ algo enrollado] to unroll; [+ algo plegado] to unfold, open (out)

desarrollarse

* * *

verbo transitivo

1)

a) <facultad/inteligencia> to develop; < músculos> to develop, build up

b) <industria/comercio> to develop

c) <teoría/plan> to develop

2)

a) ( exponer) <teoría/tema> to explain

b) ( llevar a cabo) <actividad/labor> to carry out; < plan> to put into practice

3) (Chi) (Fot) to develop

desarrollarse v pron

1) cuerpo/planta to develop, grow; pueblo/economía to develop; teoría/idea to develop, evolve

2) acto/entrevista/escena to take place

* * *

= cultivate, develop, evolve, work out, realise [realize, -USA], flesh out, come along, stitch together.

Ex. Such familiarity can be cultivated with experience, and will consider the following features of data bases.

Ex. Various large abstracting and indexing co-operative ventures or networks have developed their own formats.

Ex. Virtually all software packages offer the purchaser the opportunity to evolve a record format which suits a specific application.

Ex. The details of how the assignment of numbers by authorized agencies would be controlled have yet to be worked out.

Ex. Librarians, information scientists, and keepers of the archives have to realise the meaning of the so-called electronic library (e-library).

Ex. The modern world has seen two documentary disciplines -- library science and archival science -- arise and flesh out a theory, methodology, and practice.

Ex. However, we have not heard the final word by any means for there are new products and improved examples of existing products coming along.

Ex. Adolescence is a time when teens 'start to stitch together a personal culture: the things they like to do with their time'.

----

* acontecimientos + desarrollarse = events + unfold.

* desarrollar al máximo = develop + Nombre + to its full potential.

* desarrollar aun más = take + one stage further, progress + one stage further, carry + one stage further, develop + one stage further, take + a step further, extend + one step further, carry + one step further, take + one step further, develop + further.

* desarrollar el amor a/por = build + a love of.

* desarrollar el carácter de Uno = build + Posesivo + character.

* desarrollar el instinto para = develop + a nose for.

* desarrollar el potencial de Algo = develop + potential, develop + Posesivo + (full) potential, achieve + Posesivo + potential, achieve + Posesivo + full potential.

* desarrollar la capacidad de = gain in + the ability to.

* desarrollar las capacidades = fulfil + potential.

* desarrollar las posibilidades = live up to + Posesivo + potential.

* desarrollar + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work.

* desarrollarse = proceed, grow, build up, burgeon, unfold, grow up, come up, shape up.

* desarrollarse a uno mismo = self-actualise [self-actualize, -USA].

* desarrollarse demasiado pronto = peak + too early.

* desarrollarse en un sentido determinado = develop along + lines.

* desarrollarse sin problemas = go + smoothly.

* desarrollar una definición = explode + definition.

* desarrollar una destreza = develop + skill, build + skill.

* desarrollar una idea = amplify + idea.

* desarrollar una personalidad propia = develop + identity.

* desarrollar una técnica = develop + skill, build + skill.

* desarrollar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.

* desarrollar un proyecto = develop + project.

* lograr desarrollar el potencial de Algo = achieve + Posesivo + full potential, achieve + Posesivo + potential.

* persona que se desarrolla tarde = late bloomer.

* que permite desarrollar menús de consulta = menu-making.

* que se desarrollan = at play.

* que se está desarrollando = evolving.

* seguir desarrollando = develop + further.

* * *

verbo transitivo

1)

a) <facultad/inteligencia> to develop; < músculos> to develop, build up

b) <industria/comercio> to develop

c) <teoría/plan> to develop

2)

a) ( exponer) <teoría/tema> to explain

b) ( llevar a cabo) <actividad/labor> to carry out; < plan> to put into practice

3) (Chi) (Fot) to develop

desarrollarse v pron

1) cuerpo/planta to develop, grow; pueblo/economía to develop; teoría/idea to develop, evolve

2) acto/entrevista/escena to take place

* * *

* * *

desarrollar [A1 ]

1 ‹facultad/inteligencia› to develop; ‹músculos› to develop, build up

tiene el sentido del olfato muy desarrollado it has a very highly developed sense of smell

2 ‹industria/comercio› to develop

3 (ampliar, desenvolver) ‹idea/teoría/plan› to develop

1 (exponer) ‹teoría/idea› to explain, expound ( frml); ‹tema› to explain

2 ( Mat) to develop

3 (llevar a cabo) ‹actividad/labor› to carry out; ‹plan› to put into practice

«coche/motor»: desarrolla una velocidad de … it can reach a speed of …

desarrolla 75 caballos it develops o generates 75 horsepower

D ( Chi) ( Fot) to develop

1 (crecer) «niño/cuerpo/planta» to develop, grow

2 «adolescente» to develop, go through puberty

3 «pueblo/industria/economía» to develop

4 «teoría/idea» to develop, evolve

B «acto/entrevista» to take place

habrá que esperar a ver cómo se desarrollan los acontecimientos we shall have to wait and see how things develop o turn out

la acción se desarrolla en una aldea gallega the action unfolds o takes place in a Galician village

* * *

a) ( exponer) ‹teoría/tema› to explain

b) ( llevar a cabo) ‹actividad/labor› to carry out

* * *

♦ vt

1. [mejorar] [economía, capacidades, musculatura] to develop;

desarrolló un sexto sentido para las finanzas she developed o acquired a sixth sense for money

2. [exponer] [tema] to explain, to develop;

¿podrías desarrollar esa idea un poco más? could you expand on that idea a little more?

3. [realizar] [actividad, trabajo, proyecto] to carry out

4. [crear] [prototipos, técnicas, estrategias] to develop

5. [velocidad]

6. Mat [término] to expand;

♦ See also the pronominal verb desarrollarse

* * *

1 develop

2 tema explain

3 trabajo carry out

* * *

desarrollar vt

: to develop

♦ See also the reflexive verb desarrollarse

* * *

desarrollar vb

1. (en general) to develop

2. (realizar) to carry out [pt. & pp. carried]

1 to reject.

el gobierno rechazó las acusaciones de corrupción the government rejected o denied the accusations of corruption

Ellos rechazan el grano malo They reject the bad grain.

2 to push away (repeler) (a una persona).

3 to reject (medicine) (órgano).

4 to clear (sport).

el portero rechazó la pelota y la mandó fuera the goalkeeper tipped the ball out of play

5 to refuse, to pass up, to decline, to disregard.

Ellos rechazan el café They refuse the coffee.

6 to refuse to.

Ellos rechazan comprar eso They refuse to buy that.

7 to turn one's back on.

8 to dishonor, to refuse to accept, to repudiate, to disavow.

Ellos rechazan el reconocimiento They dishonor the recognition.

* * *

Conjugation model [ REALIZAR], like realizar

► verbo transitivo

1 (gen) to reject, turn down, refuse

2 (ataque) to repel, repulse, drive back

3 MEDICINA to reject

* * *

1) to reject, decline

2) refuse

* * *

1) [+ persona] to push away; [+ ataque] to repel, beat off; [+ enemigo] to drive back

2) [+ acusación, idea] to reject; [+ oferta] to turn down, refuse; [+ tentación] to resist

3) [+ luz] to reflect; [+ agua] to throw off

4) (Med) [+ órgano] to reject

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) <invitación/propuesta/individuo> to reject; <moción/enmienda> to defeat; <oferta/trabajo> to turn down

b) <ataque/enemigo> to repel, repulse

c) (Med) < órgano> to reject

* * *

= condemn, decline, discard, eschew, reject, set + aside, flinch at/from, refuse, negative, discountenance, repulse, shun, be hostile to, ditch, renounce, snub, nix, defeat, disavow, deselect, turn down, spurn, repudiate, fight off, hold off, dismiss with + the wave of the hand, fend off, overrule, push aside, turn + Nombre + away.

Ex. It must, however, also be considered as a major source of the 'subject index illusion' so trenchantly condemned by Bliss, as mentioned below.

Ex. The title 'Unsolicited marginal gift collections: saying no or coping with the unwanted' deals with the problem of how to cope with collections which should have been declined, but were not.

Ex. The dates should be checked regularly and updated so that old dates are discarded and new ones entered.

Ex. However, most contributors to the debate about the future of SLIS have eschewed practicalities in favour of sweeping and dramatic generalizations.

Ex. Any reliance on principles alone is rejected, and an attempt is made to codify experience.

Ex. Such championship cannot be lightly set aside, nevertheless it is now quiet certain that 'bibliography', incorrect and unfortunate as it may be, is here to stay and the situation must be accepted.

Ex. It is increasingly obvious that we are as a nation one and indivisible, that divisive tendencies are a thing of the past, but there are still too many inheritors of the old indifference, and who flinch at co-operation as at an evil.

Ex. In this novel, if you remember, Henry Crawford, having been refused by the heroine Fanny, goes off and elopes with an old flame, Mrs Rushworth.

Ex. Bough negatived the suggestion instantly.

Ex. Balzac discountenanced virtually every idea Hernandez and children's librarian, Kate Lespran, had the courage to suggest.

Ex. Leforte blew forth a long breath, as if trying to repulse the oppressive heat of the September morning.

Ex. Traditionally these books have been shunned because of their fragile nature, but librarians are finding that a small collection can enliven story times.

Ex. Although he recognized the need for some forms of synthesis, Bliss was hostile to the idea of complete analysis and synthesis put forward by Ranganathan.

Ex. It is time that higher education institutions accepted the wisdom of collaboration and ditched, once and for all, the rhetoric of competition = Ya es hora de que las instituciones de enseñanza superior acepten la colaboración y rechacen, de una vez por todas, la competitividad.

Ex. 'Classification by attraction', i.e. the placing of a subject as the most concrete element represented in it, without regard to the basic discipline concerned, is renounced = Se rechaza la "Clasificación por atracción", es decir, la asignación de una materia según el elemento más concreto representado en ella, sin tener en cuenta la disciplina en cuestión.

Ex. Some black librarian see little progress towards race-neutral attitudes and finds themselves either directly or indirectly snubbed, patronised or completely ignored by users as well as staff members.

Ex. This play was nixed by school officials on the grounds that the subject of sweatshops was not appropriate for that age group.

Ex. The author focuses on the campaign of the Idaho Library Association to defeat this initiative.

Ex. Feminists disavow biology & biologists who reduce human biology to anatomy.

Ex. There is a need to provide public access to the Internet and to develop guidelines for selecting and deselecting appropriate resources.

Ex. Public school, strapped for cash, find offers from advertising revenue hard to turn down.

Ex. The government seems to spurns the architecture profession and there is a growing rift between architects who assert their utility and those who cleave to artistic prerogatives.

Ex. The author attempts to repudiate Cherniavsky's argument to show that machine intelligence cannot equal human intelligence.

Ex. These pillboxes were originally built to help fight off a Nazi invasion.

Ex. A dam at the Strait of Gibraltar could be constructed to limit the outflow and reverse the climate deterioration, thus holding off the next ice age.

Ex. International 'rules' are often dismissed with the wave of the hand or a snort of contempt one week, and gilded and placed on a pedestal the next.

Ex. During the rutting season, they are used to fend off other males in an attempt to gather a harem of females to breed with.

Ex. President Eisenhower overruled some of his military commanders in summer 1958, ordering them not to use nuclear weapons against China.

Ex. She's just an airheaded bimbo, with an endless capacity to push aside unpleasant realities in favor of her more satisfying interests: young men and jewels.

Ex. They will be patrolling in plain clothes to spot doormen who turn away people apparently on the basis of their ethnicity.

----

* cheque + ser rechazado = cheque + bounce.

* rechazar Algo/Alguien = turn + Nombre + down.

* rechazar la responsabilidad = disclaim + responsibility.

* rechazarse = go by + the board.

* rechazar sin más = dismiss + out of hand.

* rechazar una hipótesis = reject + hypothesis, negate + hypothesis.

* rechazar una idea = turn + idea + down.

* rechazar una ley = defeat + legislation.

* rechazar una moción = defeat + motion.

* rechazar una sugerencia = turn + idea + down.

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) <invitación/propuesta/individuo> to reject; <moción/enmienda> to defeat; <oferta/trabajo> to turn down

b) <ataque/enemigo> to repel, repulse

c) (Med) < órgano> to reject

* * *

* * *

rechazar [A4 ]

1 ‹invitación/propuesta› to reject; ‹oferta/trabajo› to turn down

la moción fue rechazada the motion was defeated

rechazó su proposición de matrimonio she rejected o turned down his proposal of marriage

se sienten rechazados por la sociedad they feel rejected by society

2 ‹ataque/enemigo› to repel, repulse

3 ‹luz› to reflect

4 ( Med) ‹órgano› to reject

* * *

a) ‹invitación/propuesta/individuo› to reject;

b) ‹ataque/enemigo› to repel, repulse

c) (Med) ‹ órgano› to reject

* * *

rechazar vt

1. [no aceptar] to reject;

2. [negar] to deny;

el gobierno rechazó las acusaciones de corrupción the government rejected o denied the accusations of corruption;

rechazó que vaya a presentarse a la presidencia he denied that he was going to run for the presidency

3. [órgano] to reject;

el paciente rechazó el órgano the patient rejected the organ

4. [repeler] [a una persona] to push away;

rechazaron el ataque de los enemigos they repelled the enemy attack

5. Dep to clear;

el portero rechazó la pelota y la mandó fuera the goalkeeper tipped the ball out of play

* * *

v/t reject; MIL repel

* * *

rechazar {21} vt

1) : to reject

2) : to turn down, to refuse

* * *

rechazar vb to reject / to turn down

insult.

insultos verbal abuse

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: insultar.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 insult

* * *

* * *

1) (=ofensa) insult ( para to)

2) Méx * (=indigestión) bellyache *, stomachache

* * *

masculino insult

* * *

= insult, taunt, jeer, abuse, slap in the face, diss, slur.

Ex. Some student users resorted to using an online conferencing system as the medium for insults and invective aimed at each other.

Ex. Taunts from her Hispanic students spurred a Japanese-American teacher to develop a multicultural unit that helped children appreciate the culture they had previously jeered.

Ex. Members of congress paid more attention to each other than to the president, responding with partisan jeers and cheers.

Ex. I believe that the emphasis on abuse of title entry in the name of speeding up cataloging is not the question of a title entry versus other entries, it is the question of simplification.

Ex. To reward him with a major committee chairmanship would be a slap in the face of millions of Americans who want to see real change in our country.

Ex. I think the disses come from frustration with the way his work was handled rather than from desperation.

Ex. I can also remember a time when slurs were uttered about Jewish people and if you didn't laugh you were considered a wet blanket.

----

* insulto de género = sexual insult.

* insulto machista = sexual insult.

* insultos = name-calling.

* insulto sexista = sexual insult.

* insulto sexual = sexual insult.

* insultos y amenazas racistas = hate speech.

* ser un insulto a la inteligencia = be an insult to the intelligence.

* tolerar insultos = tolerate + abuse.

* * *

masculino insult

* * *

* * *

insult

* * *

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

a) ( proferir insultos) to insult

b) ( ofender) to insult, offend

* * *

insulto nm

insult;

proferir insultos to hurl insults;

sus declaraciones son un insulto a la inteligencia his statements are an insult to people's intelligence

* * *

m insult

* * *

insulto nm

: insult

* * *

insulto n insult

   1) The Basic Idea of Cognitive Science

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense.... [P]eople and intelligent computers turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

   2) Experimental Psychology, Theoretical Linguistics, and Computational Simulation of Cognitive Processes Are All Components of Cognitive Science

   I went away from the Symposium with a strong conviction, more intuitive than rational, that human experimental psychology, theoretical linguistics, and computer simulation of cognitive processes were all pieces of a larger whole, and that the future would see progressive elaboration and coordination of their shared concerns.... I have been working toward a cognitive science for about twenty years beginning before I knew what to call it. (G. A. Miller, 1979, p. 9)

   3) The Nature of Cognitive Science

    Cognitive Science studies the nature of cognition in human beings, other animals, and inanimate machines (if such a thing is possible). While computers are helpful within cognitive science, they are not essential to its being. A science of cognition could still be pursued even without these machines.

    Computer Science studies various kinds of problems and the use of computers to solve them, without concern for the means by which we humans might otherwise resolve them. There could be no computer science if there were no machines of this kind, because they are indispensable to its being. Artificial Intelligence is a special branch of computer science that investigates the extent to which the mental powers of human beings can be captured by means of machines.

   There could be cognitive science without artificial intelligence but there could be no artificial intelligence without cognitive science. One final caveat: In the case of an emerging new discipline such as cognitive science there is an almost irresistible temptation to identify the discipline itself (as a field of inquiry) with one of the theories that inspired it (such as the computational conception...). This, however, is a mistake. The field of inquiry (or "domain") stands to specific theories as questions stand to possible answers. The computational conception should properly be viewed as a research program in cognitive science, where "research programs" are answers that continue to attract followers. (Fetzer, 1996, pp. xvi-xvii)

   4) The Nature of Cognitive Science

   What is the nature of knowledge and how is this knowledge used? These questions lie at the core of both psychology and artificial intelligence.

   The psychologist who studies "knowledge systems" wants to know how concepts are structured in the human mind, how such concepts develop, and how they are used in understanding and behavior. The artificial intelligence researcher wants to know how to program a computer so that it can understand and interact with the outside world. The two orientations intersect when the psychologist and the computer scientist agree that the best way to approach the problem of building an intelligent machine is to emulate the human conceptual mechanisms that deal with language.... The name "cognitive science" has been used to refer to this convergence of interests in psychology and artificial intelligence....

   This working partnership in "cognitive science" does not mean that psychologists and computer scientists are developing a single comprehensive theory in which people are no different from machines. Psychology and artificial intelligence have many points of difference in methods and goals.... We simply want to work on an important area of overlapping interest, namely a theory of knowledge systems. As it turns out, this overlap is substantial. For both people and machines, each in their own way, there is a serious problem in common of making sense out of what they hear, see, or are told about the world. The conceptual apparatus necessary to perform even a partial feat of understanding is formidable and fascinating. (Schank & Abelson, 1977, pp. 1-2)

   5) The New Field of Cognitive Science

   Within the last dozen years a general change in scientific outlook has occurred, consonant with the point of view represented here. One can date the change roughly from 1956: in psychology, by the appearance of Bruner, Goodnow, and Austin's Study of Thinking and George Miller's "The Magical Number Seven"; in linguistics, by Noam Chomsky's "Three Models of Language"; and in computer science, by our own paper on the Logic Theory Machine. (Newell & Simon, 1972, p. 4)

1 top.

la parte superior (de algo) the top (of something)

la mitad superior the top o upper half

2 higher.

ser superior en número, ser numéricamente superior to have a numerical advantage

3 superior.

es superior a la media it's above average

4 excellent (excelente).

5 upper (anatomy & geography).

6 higher (education).

superior (jefe).

* * *

► adjetivo

1 (encima de) upper, top

■ labio superior upper lip

■ está en la planta superior it's on the upper floor

2 (por encima de) greater (a, than), higher (a, than), above (a, -)

■ es superior a cuatro it's greater than four

3 figurado (persona - que supera) superior; (- mejor) better

4 figurado (calidad etc) superior, high, excellent

5 EDUCACIÓN higher

► nombre masculino

1 (jefe) superior

2 RELIGIÓN superior

\

calidad superior top quality, high quality

* * *

1) superior

2) higher

3) upper

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (=más alto) [estante, línea] top antes de s ; [labio, mandíbula] upper

2) (=mejor) superior, better

3) (=excelente)

4) [cantidad]

5) [en categoría] [animal, especie] higher

6) (Educ) [curso, nivel] advanced; [enseñanza] higher

SM [en rango] superior

ADJ superior

SM / F superior/mother superior

* * *

1)

a) <parte/piso> top (before n), upper (before n); < nivel> higher

b) <labio/mandíbula> upper (before n)

2)

a) ( en calidad) superior

b) ( en jerarquía) < oficial> superior; < clase social> higher

c) (en cantidad, número)

- riora masculino, femenino

a) (Relig) (m) Superior; (f) Mother Superior

b) superior masculino ( en rango) superior

* * *

1)

a) <parte/piso> top (before n), upper (before n); < nivel> higher

b) <labio/mandíbula> upper (before n)

2)

a) ( en calidad) superior

b) ( en jerarquía) < oficial> superior; < clase social> higher

c) (en cantidad, número)

- riora masculino, femenino

a) (Relig) (m) Superior; (f) Mother Superior

b) superior masculino ( en rango) superior

* * *

superior¹

¹ = superior, superordinate.

Nota: Nombre y adjetivo.

superior²

² = better, high [higher -comp., highest -sup.], higher, pre-eminent [preeminent], superior, upper, heightened, enriched, high-end, preemptive [pre-emptive], top-tier [top tier].

* * *

1 ‹parte/piso› top ( before n), upper ( before n)

en el ángulo superior derecho de la hoja in the top right-hand corner of the page

en los pisos superiores del edificio on the upper o uppermost o top floors of the building

2 ‹labio› upper ( before n), top ( before n); ‹mandíbula› upper ( before n)

3 ( Astron) ‹planeta› superior

1 (en calidad) superior

un vino de calidad superior a superior o an excellent wine, a wine of superior quality

superior A algo/algn superior TO sth/sb

es muy superior al modelo anterior it is far better than o far superior to the previous model

se siente superior a los demás he thinks he's above o superior to everyone else, he thinks he's better than everyone else

una inteligencia superior a la media above-average intelligence

2 (en una jerarquía) superior

un oficial superior a mí an officer superior to me, a superior o higher-ranking officer

alumnos de los cursos superiores students from higher o more advanced courses

órdenes superiores orders from above

educación

(en cantidad, número): los atacantes eran superiores en número the attackers were greater o more in number

superior A algo above sth

temperaturas superiores a los cuarenta grados temperatures above o higher than forty degrees

un número superior a 9 a number greater than o higher than o above 9

el peso es superior a los 20 kilos the weight is above 20 kilos, the weight exceeds 20 kilos

es superior a mis fuerzas it's more than I can bear

1 ( Relig) ( masculine) Superior; ( feminine) Mother Superior

superior masculine (en rango) superior

¿quién es su superior? who is your superior?

* * *

a) ( en calidad) superior;

◊ se siente superior a los demás he thinks he's better than everyone else;

b) ( en jerarquía) ‹ oficial› superior;

c) (en cantidad, número):

◊ los atacantes eran superiores en número the attackers were greater o more in number;

◊ - riora sustantivo masculino, femenino

a) (Relig) (m) Superior;

◊ superior sustantivo masculino ( en rango) superior

* * *

♦ adj

1. [de arriba] top;

los pisos superiores tienen mejores vistas the upper floors have better views;

la parte superior (de algo) the top (of sth);

la mitad superior the top o upper half

2. [mayor] higher (a than);

temperaturas superiores a los 12 grados temperatures above 12 degrees;

una cifra superior a 100 a figure greater than 100;

lo venden a un precio un 30 por ciento superior al del mercado they are selling it at 30 percent above the market price;

por un periodo no superior a tres años for a period not exceeding three years

3. [mejor] superior (a to);

una mujer de inteligencia superior a la media a woman of above-average intelligence;

no me creo superior a nadie I don't consider myself superior to anyone

4. [excelente] excellent;

productos de calidad superior superior-quality products

5. Fam

6. Biol

7. Anat upper;

el labio/la mandíbula superior the upper lip/jaw

8. Geog upper

9. Educ higher

10. Rel superior

11. Geol upper;

el Paleolítico superior the Upper Palaeolithic

♦ nm,f

♦ nm

* * *

I adj

1 labio, piso etc upper

2 en jerarquía superior;

ser superior a be superior to

II m superior

* * *

superior adj

1) : superior

2) : upper

nivel superior: upper level

3) : higher

educación superior: higher education

superior a : above, higher than, in excess of

superior nm

: superior

* * *

superior¹ adj

1. (en general) higher

2. (más alto) top

3. (en calidad) superior

superior² n superior

advisory, consulting, counseling, instructional.

adviser, advisor, assessor, consultant.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 advisory

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 adviser, consultant

\

asesor,-ra de imagen image consultant

asesor,-ra fiscal tax advisor

* * *

(n.) = keynote speech, theme address, keynote talk

Ex. In the keynote speech each nation was urged to assume responsibility for preserving its own imprint while working cooperatively through IFLA to develop international bibliographic control.

Ex. The following are the abstracts of the theme address and 7 papers presented at conference.

Ex. This paper is based on the keynote talk presented at the Thirteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence.

* * *

catering, hotel.

hotelkeeper, hotelier.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 hotel

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 hotel manager, hotelier

* * *

ADJ hotel antes de s

SM / F hotelkeeper, hotel manager/manageress, hotelier

* * *

- ra adjetivo hotel (before n)

- ra masculino, femenino hotel manager, hotelier

* * *

= hotelier.

Ex. Text-mining can be used by hoteliers to develop competitive and strategic intelligence.

----

* industria hotelera, la = hotel industry, the.

* paquete hotelero = hotel package.

* tasa de ocupación hotelera = hotel occupancy rate.

* * *

- ra adjetivo hotel (before n)

- ra masculino, femenino hotel manager, hotelier

* * *

* * *

hotel ( before n)

hotel manager, hotelier

* * *

◊ -ra adjetivo

* * *

♦ adj

hotel;

hay escasez de plazas hoteleras there is a shortage of hotel accommodation

♦ nm,f

* * *

I adj hotel atr ;

industria hotelera hotel industry o trade

II m, hotelera f hotelier

* * *

hotelero, -ra adj

: hotel

la industria hotelera: the hotel business

hotelero, -ra n

: hotel manager, hotelier

1 assembly.

2 staging (Teatro).

3 montage (photography).

4 editing (Cine).

5 put-up job (farsa).

6 setting.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 (de piezas) assembly

2 (de una película) editing

3 (de un espectáculo) staging

4 (en foto) montage

5 familiar (farsa) setup

\

montaje fotográfico montage

* * *

* * *

1) (Téc) [de estantería, aparato] assembly; [de ordenador] set up; [de joyas] setting

2) [de exposición] mounting, setting up; [de obra de teatro] staging

3) * (=engaño) set-up *

4) (Cine, Fot) montage

5) (Radio) hookup

* * *

a) (de máquina, mueble) assembly

b) ( de obra) staging; ( de película) editing

- montaje fotográfico

* * *

= set-up, staging, assembly, montage, editing.

Nota: Acto de revisar y preparar un documento o un registro.

Ex. Areas of particular concern are: equipment set-up and use; helping develop search strategies, logon/logoff procedures; and emergency assistance when things go wrong.

Ex. The author describes the success of a library in staging a series of music concerts as a public relations exercise.

Ex. This is an application area of artificial intelligence that deals with the assembly of complex systems from a set of simple components.

Ex. With this method, the original text, illustration or montage must be on a flat sheet of paper.

Ex. To ensure further that all the index entries generated by chain procedure are indeed helpful, the initial analysis of the chain may require editing.

----

* cadena de montaje = assembly line.

* línea de montaje de coches = car assembly line.

* montaje de vídeos = video editing.

* montaje fotográfico = photomontage.

* planta de montaje = assembly plant.

* programa de montaje de aplicaciones = software packager.

* sala de montaje de vídeos = video editing suite.

* * *

a) (de máquina, mueble) assembly

b) ( de obra) staging; ( de película) editing

- montaje fotográfico

* * *

= set-up, staging, assembly, montage, editing.

Nota: Acto de revisar y preparar un documento o un registro.

* * *

1 (de una máquina, un mueble) assembly

la estantería es de fácil montaje the shelves are easy to put up o put together o assemble

cadena de fabricación y de montaje production and assembly line

instrucciones para el montaje assembly instructions

el montaje de la red the setting up of the network

2 (de una obra) staging, mise en scène; (de una película) editing, montage

3 (para incriminar a alguien) frame-up ( colloq); set-up

seguro que todo es un montaje I bet it's all a big con o a set-up ( colloq)

photomontage

* * *

a) (de máquina, mueble) assembly

b) ( de obra) staging;

◊ seguro que todo es un montaje I bet it's all a big con o a set-up (colloq)

* * *

montaje nm

1. [de máquina, estructura] assembly;

montaje de andamios putting up o erecting scaffolding

2. Teatro staging

3. Fot, Arte montage;

un montaje fotográfico a photomontage

4. Cine editing

5. [farsa]

la enfermedad fue un montaje para poder quedarse en casa his illness was a ruse to enable him to stay at home

* * *

1 TÉC assembly

2 de película editing

3 TEA staging; fig fam

con fam

* * *

montaje nm

1) : assembling, assembly

2) : montage

pupil.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 pupil

* * *

* * *

1) (Anat) pupil

2) (=perspicacia) sharpness, intelligence

3) Arg * (=prostituta) prostitute, whore, hooker (EEUU) *

* * *

femenino pupil

* * *

= eye pupil, pupil.

Ex. A mannequin head is used to teach the swinging flashlight test for examining eye pupils.

Ex. The mannequin simulates pupil reactions and hence helps develop psychomotor skills.

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* de la pupila = populary.

* dilatación de las pupilas = pupil dilation.

* pupila dilatada = dilated pupil.

* * *

femenino pupil

* * *

* * *

[ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ]

pupil

siempre tuvo mucha pupila para los negocios she always had a good head for business

* * *

* * *

pupila nf

1. [de ojo] pupil

2. ver pupilo

* * *

f pupil

m, pupila f pupil

* * *

pupila nf

: pupil (of the eye)

* * *

pupila n pupil

1 system (conjunto ordenado).

por sistema systematically

sistema circulatorio circulatory system

sistema decimal decimal system

sistema fiscal o impositivo tax system

sistema inmunológico immune system

sistema internacional de unidades SI system

sistema métrico (decimal) metric (decimal) system

sistema monetario europeo European Monetary System

sistema montañoso mountain chain o range

sistema nervioso nervous system

sistema periódico de los elementos periodic table of elements

sistema de seguridad security system

sistema solar solar system

2 method.

3 system (computing).

sistema experto/operativo expert/operating system

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 system

\

por sistema as a rule

sistema cableado hard-wired system

sistema de ecuaciones simultaneous equations plural

sistema experto expert system

sistema métrico decimal decimal metric system

sistema montañoso mountain chain

sistema nervioso nervous system

sistema operativo operative system

sistema planetario planetary system

sistema solar solar system

* * *

* * *

1) (=conjunto ordenado) system

2) (=método) method

* * *

1) ( método) system

2) ( conjunto organizado) system

•

- sistema métrico decimal

- Sistema Monetario Europeo

- sistema montañoso

- sistema nervioso

- sistema operativo de disco

- sistema solar

* * *

= framework, machinery, system, regime [régime], ways and means.

Ex. The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.

Ex. We can choose to turn our backs on these principles with fatuous arguments which posit their anachronism and the nonexistent intelligence of computing machinery.

Ex. The training of users of On-line Public Access Catalogues (OPACs) should be attuned to the characteristics of the system = La formación de usuarios de los catálogos en linea de acceso público (CEAP) debería estar en consonancia con las características del sistema.

Ex. This study found that online access to scientific serials is most appropriate in the third world, principally due to the presence of a small number of scientists with a broad range of interests which makes the fixed-price regimes of print, microform or CD-ROM disadvantageous.

Ex. Teachers need to be more familiar with bibliographical ways and means: librarians should be more aware of problems from the teachers' perspective and make active efforts to inform teachers of sources of help.

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* abusar del sistema = game + the system, milk + the system.

* activar un sistema = activate + system.

* administrador del sistema = system administrator.

* ADONIS (Distribución automática de documentos a través de sistemas de inform = ADONIS (Automated Document Delivery Over Networked Information Systems).

* alterar el sistema = perturb + the system.

* análisis de sistemas = system(s) analysis.

* analista de sistemas = system(s) analyst.

* analista de sistemas de gestión bibliotecaria = library systems analyst.

* aprovecharse del sistema = game + the system, milk + the system.

* auditoría de sistemas = systems audit, systems auditing.

* auditoría de sistemas de información = information systems auditing, information systems audit.

* bibliotecario de sistemas = systems librarian.

* brecha del sistema de seguridad = security leak.

* brecha en el sistema de seguridad = security hole.

* burlar el sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.

* caída del sistema = system crash.

* catálogo del sistema = system catalogue.

* Comité Conjunto para Sistemas de Información (JISC) = Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC).

* configurador del sistema = system configurator.

* controlador del sistema = system controller.

* conversión al sistema decimal = decimalisation [decimalization, -USA].

* conversión al sistema métrico = metrication.

* convertir al sistema decimal = decimalise [decimalize, -USA].

* copia de seguridad del sistema = system backup.

* desafiar al sistema = beat + the system.

* desarrollo de sistemas = system(s) development.

* de todo el sistema = systemwide.

* diseñador de sistemas = systems designer, system designer, system developer.

* diseño de sistemas = systems design.

* documentación del sistema = system documentation.

* engañar al sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.

* en todo el sistema = systemwide.

* entre el hombre y el sistema = human-system.

* en varios sistemas = cross-system.

* evaluación de sistemas = system(s) evaluation.

* fichero de existencias del sistema = system holdings file.

* fichero de usuarios del sistema = system user file.

* funcionar por un sistema de turnos = work on + a rota system, work on + a rota, work + shifts.

* interfaz usuario-sistema = user/system interface.

* ir en contra del sistema = buck + the system.

* ISDS (Sistema Internacional de Datos sobre Publicaciones Seriadas) = ISDS (International Serials Data System).

* mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.

* mostrar el prompt del sistema = prompt.

* NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).

* nombre de acceso al sistema = system logon name.

* organizar un sistema de turnos de + Nombre = organise + a rota of + Nombre.

* PADIS (Sistema de Información para el Desarrollo de Africa) = PADIS (Pan-African Development Information System).

* parecido a un sistema experto = expert-type.

* promovido por el propio sistema de información = information-led.

* prompt del sistema = system prompt.

* propio del sistema = built-in.

* protección del sistema = system security.

* proveedor de sistemas = systems supplier, system supplier [systems supplier].

* Proyecto para Sistemas Conectados (LSP) = Linked Systems Project (LSP).

* responsable del sistema = system programmer.

* seguridad del sistema = system security.

* sistema abierto = open system.

* sistema agrícola = farming system.

* sistema anglosajón de medidas = imperial measures.

* sistema anticuado = legacy system.

* sistema antiguo = legacy system.

* sistema antirrobo de libros = book security system, library security system.

* sistema auditivo, el = auditory system, the.

* sistema automatizado = data system, automated system, computerised system.

* sistema automatizado de bibliotecas = automated library information system, library computer system.

* sistema automatizado de indización = computer-based indexing system.

* sistema automatizado de préstamo = automated lending system, computerised issue system.

* sistema automatizado multimedia = multimedia computer system.

* sistema automatizado para la recuperación = computerised document retrieval system, computerised information retrieval system.

* sistema automatizado para la recuperación de documentos = computerised document retrieval system.

* sistema automatizado para la recuperación de información = computerised information retrieval system.

* sistema automatizado por microordenador = microcomputer-based system.

* sistema bancario, el = banking system, the.

* sistema basado en el conocimiento = knowledge-base system.

* sistema basado en las imágenes = image-based system.

* sistema bibliotecario = library system.

* sistema bibliotecario automatizado = automated library system.

* sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de un sólo tipo = single-type library system.

* sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de varios tipos = multitype library system.

* sistema bibliotecario nacional = national library system.

* sistema bibliotecario regional = regional library system.

* sistema bibliotecario universitario = university library system.

* sistema + caerse = system + crash.

* sistema cardiovascular = cardiovascular system.

* sistema cerebroespinal, el = cerebrospinal system, the.

* sistema circulatorio = circulatory system.

* sistema comercial = market system, commercial system.

* sistema de abastecimiento de agua = waterworks.

* sistema de acceso mediante tarjeta = card access system.

* sistema de aire acondicionado = air conditioning system, air cooling system.

* sistema de alarma = alarm system, detection system.

* sistema de alcantarillado = sewerage system, sewerage.

* sistema de alerta = early warning system.

* sistema de alerta de novedades tecnológicas = technology watch.

* sistema de alerta temprana = early warning system.

* sistema de alimentación = fuel system.

* sistema de almacenamiento y recuperación de la información = information storage and retrieval system.

* sistema de altas presiones = high-pressure system, ridge of high pressure.

* sistema de alumbrado = lighting system.

* sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support system, decision making system.

* sistema de archivo = archiving system.

* sistema de arranque = starting system.

* sistema de asignaturas optativas = course elective system.

* sistema de asistencia sanitaria = health care system.

* sistema de autoedición = desktop system.

* sistema de automatización de bibliotecas = library automation system.

* sistema de aviso de reclamaciones = claims warning system.

* sistema de ayuda = help system.

* sistema de ayuda a la gestión = management support system (MSS).

* sistema de bajas presiones = ridge of low pressure, low pressure system.

* sistema de becas = grant scheme.

* sistema de bibliotecas públicas = public library system.

* sistema de búsqueda = paging system.

* sistema de cableado = wiring system.

* sistema de cables eléctricos = electrical wiring.

* sistema de calefacción = heating system.

* sistema de castas = caste system.

* sistema de cierre = locking system.

* sistema decimal = decimal system.

* sistema de circulación automatizado = automated circulation system.

* sistema de circulación del agua = water circulation system.

* sistema de clases sociales = class system.

* sistema de clasificación = classification scheme, scheme, classification system, classification schedules, grading system.

* sistema de clasificación analítico = analytical classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación de Bliss = Bliss classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación decimal = decimal classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso = LCC (Library of Congress Classification).

* sistema de clasificación dicotomizado = dichotomized classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación enciclopédica = general classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación enumerativo = enumerative classification scheme, enumerative scheme.

* sistema de clasificación especializado = special classification scheme, special scheme.

* sistema de clasificación facetado = faceted classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación general = general scheme, general classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación jerárquico = hierarchical classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación lineal = linear classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación multidimensional = multidimensional classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación por disciplinas = discipline-oriented scheme.

* sistema de clasificación sintético = synthetic classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación universal = universal classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación verbal = verbal classification system.

* sistema de cobro por la información usada = information metering.

* sistema de codificación = coding system.

* sistema de compañías = companionship system.

* sistema de comunicación = communication system.

* sistema de comunicaciones = communication system.

* Sistema de Comunicaciones y de Archivo Fotográfico (PACS) = Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS).

* sistema de comunicación óptica = optical communication system.

* Sistema de Comunicación por Paquetes (PSS) = Packet-Switching System (PSS).

* sistema de conductos eléctricos = ducting system.

* sistema de conferencia en línea = online conferencing system.

* sistema de control = monitoring system, vetting system.

* sistema de control de la salida = exit control system.

* sistema de control de publicaciones seriadas = serials system, serials control system.

* sistema de conversión de texto a voz = text-to-speech system.

* sistema de copias de seguridad = backup system.

* sistema de creencias = belief system.

* sistema de criba = vetting system.

* sistema de deducción de puntos = points system.

* sistema de defensa = defence system.

* sistema de detección = detection system.

* sistema de detección de libros = book detection system.

* sistema de digitalización de documentos = document imaging system.

* sistema de discos ópticos = optical disc system.

* sistema de distribución = distribution system.

* sistema de drenaje = drainage system.