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  • 81 момент

    instance, moment, ( времени) point
    * * *
    моме́нт м.
    1. физ., мех. moment
    моме́нт возника́ет в, напр. пло́скости — moment occurs in, e. g., a plane
    моме́нт возника́ет в, напр. сече́нии — moment occurs in [at], e. g., a cross-section
    затя́гивать (болт, гайку) [m2]с моме́нтом … кг м — torque (a nut, bolt) to … kg m
    моме́нт, напр. ли́нии или пове́рхности относи́тельно оси́ — moment, e. g., of a line or surface with respect to an axis
    моме́нт относи́тельно, напр. це́нтра или оси́ — a moment about, e. g., the origin or axis
    прикла́дывать моме́нт к оси́ — apply a torque about an axis
    развива́ть (враща́ющий) моме́нт — develop a torque
    уравнове́шивать моме́нт — balance a moment
    уравнове́шивать моме́нты — place moments in equilibrium
    2. ( время) moment, instant, time
    абсолю́тный моме́нт — absolute moment
    аэродинами́ческий моме́нт — aerodynamic [air] moment
    ба́лочный моме́нт — girder moment
    ветрово́й моме́нт — wind moment
    моме́нт в коло́нне — column moment
    возмуща́ющий моме́нт — disturbing [exciting] moment
    восстана́вливающий моме́нт — restoring [righting, stabilizing] moment
    моме́нт в пролё́те — moment of span
    враща́ющий моме́нт — torque
    моме́нт вре́мени, нача́льный — zero time
    моме́нт выгора́ния то́плива — burn-out time
    моме́нт вы́зова тлф.call moment
    моме́нт выключе́ния дви́гателя — cut-off time
    гироскопи́ческий моме́нт — gyroscopic moment
    демпфи́рующий моме́нт — damping moment
    дестабилизи́рующий моме́нт — destabilizing [disturbing] moment
    дипо́льный моме́нт — dipole moment
    дифференту́ющий моме́нт — trimming moment
    дополни́тельный моме́нт — excess torque
    моме́нт жё́сткости — moment of stiffness
    моме́нт зажига́ния двс. — firing point, firing position
    замедля́ющий моме́нт — retarding moment
    моме́нт затуха́ния — damping moment
    моме́нт затя́жки (напр. винта, гайки) — tightening torque
    изгиба́ющий моме́нт — bending moment
    изгиба́ющий моме́нт в консо́ли — cantilever bending moment
    изгиба́ющий, волново́й моме́нт — wave bending moment
    изгиба́ющий моме́нт на ти́хой воде́ — still water bending moment
    изгиба́ющий, приведё́нный моме́нт — equivalent bending moment
    моме́нт и́мпульса — angular momentum, moment of momentum
    моме́нт ине́рции — moment of inertia
    моме́нт ине́рции, гла́вный — principal moment of inertia
    моме́нт ине́рции, осево́й — centroidal moment of inertia
    моме́нт ине́рции относи́тельно норма́льной оси́ — directional moment of inertia, inertia yawing moment
    моме́нт ине́рции относи́тельно попере́чной оси́ — longitudinal moment of inertia, inertia pitching moment
    моме́нт ине́рции относи́тельно продо́льной оси́ — lateral moment of inertia, inertia rolling moment
    моме́нт ине́рции, поля́рный — polar moment of inertia
    моме́нт ине́рции, приведё́нный — equivalent moment of inertia
    моме́нт ине́рции, сме́шанный — product of inertia
    моме́нт ине́рции, центробе́жный — product of inertia
    квадрупо́льный моме́нт — quadrupole moment
    кинети́ческий моме́нт — angular momentum, moment of momentum
    моме́нт коли́чества движе́ния — angular momentum, moment of momentum
    моме́нт коли́чества движе́ния, со́бственный — intrinsic angular momentum, spin
    концево́й моме́нт — end moment
    моме́нт корре́кции ( в гироскопических приборах) — slaving torque
    моме́нт кре́на ав.roll(ing) moment
    креня́щий моме́нт мор.heeling moment
    крити́ческий моме́нт — critical moment
    крутя́щий моме́нт — torque
    крутя́щий моме́нт дви́гателя — engine torque
    крутя́щий моме́нт несу́щего винта́ ав.rotor torque
    крутя́щий, пи́ковый моме́нт — maximum [peak] torque
    крутя́щий, пусково́й моме́нт — starting torque
    моме́нт круче́ния — torsional moment
    моме́нт крыла́ — wing moment
    магни́тный моме́нт — magnetic moment
    моме́нт нагру́зки — load moment, load torque
    неуравнове́шенный моме́нт — unbalanced [unstable] moment
    обра́тный моме́нт — back moment
    одноо́сный моме́нт — single-axis torque
    опо́рный моме́нт — moment of a support
    опроки́дывающий моме́нт
    1. tilting [overturning] moment; pull-out torque
    2. мор. capsizing [overturning] moment
    3. ав. disturbing moment
    орбита́льный моме́нт — orbital moment
    моме́нт осто́йчивости — stability moment
    моме́нт осто́йчивости ма́ссы — weight-stability moment
    моме́нт осто́йчивости фо́рмы — form-stability moment
    моме́нт относи́тельно пере́дней кро́мки ав.leading-edge moment
    моме́нт относи́тельно середи́ны хо́рды ав.half-chord moment
    моме́нт отпира́ния — запира́ния ( в функциональных преобразователях) вчт., элк.breakpoint
    моме́нт от постоя́нной нагру́зки — dead-load moment
    моме́нт отсе́чки дви́гателя косм.cut-off time
    моме́нт от со́бственного ве́са — dead-load moment
    моме́нт отце́пки косм.time of release
    моме́нт па́ры сил — moment of a couple (of forces)
    перехо́дный моме́нт — transient torque
    моме́нт пло́щади, стати́ческий — area-moment ratio
    моме́нт по што́пору ав.prospin(ning) moment
    моме́нт прока́тки — rolling torque
    противоде́йствующий моме́нт — countertorque, restoring torque
    моме́нт про́тив што́пора ав.antispin(ning) moment
    пусково́й моме́нт — starting torque
    разруша́ющий моме́нт — breaking moment, moment of rupture
    моме́нт распределе́ния вероя́тности — moment of a frequency distribution
    расчё́тный моме́нт — design moment
    реакти́вный моме́нт — reactive moment; reactive torque
    результи́рующий моме́нт — net [resulting] moment
    моме́нт руля́ высоты́ — elevator moment
    моме́нт руля́ направле́ния — rudder moment
    моме́нт ры́скания ав.yawing moment
    сва́ливающий моме́нт ав.stalling moment
    моме́нт си́лы — moment of force
    синхронизи́рующий моме́нт — synchronizing torque
    скру́чивающий моме́нт — twisting moment
    сме́шанный моме́нт ( в теории вероятностей) — product moment
    моме́нт сно́са ав.drifting moment
    со́бственный моме́нт — intrinsic moment
    моме́нт сопротивле́ния — moment of resistance
    моме́нт сопротивле́ния враще́нию — antitorque moment
    моме́нт сопротивле́ния попере́чного сече́ния — section modulus
    спи́новый магни́тный моме́нт — spin magnetic moment
    моме́нт сре́за — moment of shearing
    моме́нт сры́ва — break-away torque
    стабилизи́рующий моме́нт — stabilizing moment
    стати́ческий моме́нт — static moment
    моме́нт стра́гивания на ли́нии ста́рта ав.starting point
    моме́нт тангажа́ — pitching moment
    моме́нт те́ла, магни́тный — magnetic moment of a body
    моме́нт те́ла, электри́ческий — electric moment of a body
    тормозно́й моме́нт — braking [drag, retarding] torque
    моме́нт тре́ния — friction(al) torque
    моме́нт тро́гания ( электродвигателя) — break-away torque, жарг. kick-off torque
    моме́нт тя́ги — thrust moment
    моме́нт упру́гости — moment of elasticity
    ускоря́ющий моме́нт — accelerating moment
    моме́нт успокое́ния — damping torque
    моме́нт усто́йчивости — moment of stability
    моме́нт центробе́жной па́ры — centrifugal couple moment
    моме́нт центробе́жной си́лы — centrifugal moment
    шарни́рный моме́нт — hinge moment
    электри́ческий моме́нт — electric (dipole) moment
    моме́нт ядра́ — nuclear spin; nuclear magnetic moment

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > момент

  • 82 сила

    ж.
    1) физ., тех. force

    си́ла тя́ги — tractive force

    си́ла сцепле́ния — cohesive [kəʊ-] force, cohesion [kəʊ-]

    си́ла тя́жести — gravity

    си́ла тяготе́ния — attraction, gravity

    си́ла сопротивле́ния — resistance

    подъёмная си́ла — carrying capacity / power; авиа lift

    си́ла зву́ка — sound intensity

    си́ла ве́тра — strength of wind

    си́ла то́ка — current strength / intensity

    уда́рная си́ла — striking / hitting power; impact

    2) (степень проявления, интенсивность чего-л) power, force

    уда́р большо́й си́лы — powerful / strong / forceful blow

    си́ла взры́ва — explosive power / force

    землетрясе́ние си́лой 5 ба́ллов — 5-point earthquake

    ве́тер си́лой 6 ба́ллов — wind force 6

    развива́ть си́лу — develop strength

    набира́ть си́лу — gain strength, become stronger

    уда́рить с си́лой — deal a forceful / powerful blow

    4) мн. (способность действовать, энергия) power(s) (pl), strength sg

    собира́ться с си́лами — collect one's strength, gather oneself up

    по́лный сил — full of strength

    испы́тывать чьи-л си́лы — test smb's strength

    приложи́ть все си́лы — do everything in one's power

    выбива́ться из сил — strain oneself to the utmost, lead oneself to exhaustion

    вы́биться из сил, быть без сил — be exhausted [drained; worn out; played out]

    набира́ться сил — gather strength

    быть ещё в си́лах — be still vigorous enough

    си́лы оста́вили / поки́нули его́ книжн.his strength failed him

    5) (крепость, стойкость - о человеческих качествах) power

    си́ла во́ли — willpower

    си́ла ду́ха / хара́ктера — strength of mind, fortitude

    6) (мощное воздействие, влияние) force; power

    си́ла обстоя́тельств — the force of circumstances

    си́ла его́ аргуме́нтов — the force of his arguments

    си́ла привы́чки — the force of habit

    зна́ние - си́ла — knowledge is power

    си́ла красоты́ — the power of beauty

    си́ла её актёрского мастерства́ — the force of her acting

    когда́ мы вме́сте, мы - си́ла — we are strong when we are together

    7) ( мощь) strength

    вое́нная си́ла госуда́рства — the military strength of a nation

    8) ( власть) powerfulness, power

    он в большо́й си́ле — he is very powerful

    си́лой ору́жия — by force of arms

    без примене́ния си́лы — without the use of force

    с по́мощью гру́бой си́лы — by brute force

    поли́тика с пози́ции си́лы — position-of-strength / power policy

    10) юр. ( действенность по закону) force, effect; validity

    си́ла зако́на — validity / force of the law

    входи́ть / вступа́ть в си́лу — come into force, take effect

    обра́тная си́ла зако́на — retroactive effect of the law

    име́ющий си́лу — valid

    остава́ться в си́ле — remain valid, hold good / true; (о судебном решении, приговоре) remain in force

    оставля́ть в си́ле (вн.; о решении, приговоре)confirm (d)

    утра́тить си́лу — lose validity, become invalid

    11) уст. и высок. ( войско) force, army

    собрала́сь огро́мная си́ла — a huge army was formed

    12) мн. воен. forces

    вооружённые си́лы — armed forces

    вое́нно-возду́шные си́лы — air force(s)

    морские́ си́лы — naval forces

    сухопу́тные си́лы — land forces

    гла́вные си́лы — main body sg

    накопле́ние сил — build-up

    13) мн. (люди, общественные группы) forces

    консервати́вные си́лы — conservative forces

    тво́рческие си́лы — creative talent sg

    14) мн. рел. ( чин ангелов) virtues ( an order of angels)

    си́лы небе́сные / беспло́тные — angels; hosts

    15) (в мистических учениях - одна из субстанций, способствующих или мешающих действиям человека) power
    ••

    си́лы небе́сные! в знач. межд. уст. — good heavens!, goodness gracious!

    в си́лу (рд.) в знач. предл. — because of, on account of, owing to, by virtue (of)

    в си́лу э́того — on that ground, accordingly

    в си́лу обстоя́тельств — owing to the force of circumstances

    в си́лу зако́на — by / in virtue of the law

    в си́лу привы́чки — by force of habit, from sheer force of habit

    все́ми си́лами — in every way possible, as hard as one can, with all one's might

    жива́я си́ла воен.manpower

    изо всех си́л, что есть си́лы — with all one's strength / might

    бежа́ть изо всех си́л — run as fast / quickly as one can

    крича́ть изо всех си́л — cry at the top of one's voice

    лошади́ная си́ла тех.horsepower (сокр. HP, h.p.)

    не в си́лах (+ инф.)unable (+ to inf)

    нечи́стая си́ла — см. нечистый

    никаки́ми си́лами (не + инф. или буд. вр.)no power on earth can (+ inf)

    о́бщими си́лами — with combined forces / effort

    от си́лы — at the very most; maximum

    рабо́чая си́ла — labour force, manpower

    сверх / свы́ше сил, не по си́лам, не под си́лу кому́-лbeyond smb's power(s)

    свои́ми си́лами — without outside help

    сил (бо́льше) нет (+ инф.)I can't bear (+ to inf)

    сил нет, как хо́чется (+ инф.)I'm dying (+ to inf)

    с на́ми кре́стная си́ла! как межд. — may the Lord God protect us!, heaven help us!

    со стра́шной си́лой (очень) — terribly; like hell

    э́то в на́ших си́лах — it is within our power; it is quite possible

    че́рез си́лу — 1) ( с трудом) with difficulty; barely 2) ( без желания) unwillingly

    ходи́ть че́рез си́лу — be hardly able to walk

    есть че́рез си́лу — force oneself to eat

    Христо́с в си́ле рел., иск. — Christ [kraɪst] in glory

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > сила

  • 83 отрабатывать

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > отрабатывать

  • 84 stoop

    [stuːp]
    1. verb
    1) to bend the body forward and downward:

    She stooped down to talk to the child.

    يَنْحَني
    2) to lower one's (moral) standards by doing something:

    Surely he wouldn't stoop to cheating!

    يَنْحَدِر مُسْتَواه، يَنْزِل إلى مُسْتَوى أدنى من مَرْتَبَتِه
    2. noun
    a stooping position of the body, shoulder etc:

    Many people develop a stoop as they grow older.

    إنْحِناء، تَنازُل، إنْحِدار المُسْتَوى

    Arabic-English dictionary > stoop

  • 85 выдавать


    output, put out signal to...
    (сигнал на...)
    - информацию (о приборе)display
    ино измеряет и автоматически выдает информацию о месте ла, определяемому методом счисления пути. — ground-position indicator determines and displays automatically dead-reckoning роsition of aircraft.
    - мощностьproduce power
    - свидетельствоissue the certificate
    - сигналы в... — feed /supply/ signals to...

    the ons feeds the autopilot.
    - тягу — develop thrust

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > выдавать

  • 86 тяга


    thrust
    (пропульсивное усилие, создаваемое реактивным двигателем или возд. винтом) — pushing or pulling force developed by aircraft engine or propeller
    - (проводки управления) — rod, link
    - (соединительный элемент)link
    -, асимметричная — asymmetric thrust
    для путевого управления (при пробеге) используются тормоза и асимметричная тяга двигателей. — the brakes and asymmetric thrust are used, if required, for directional control.
    - без впрыска водыdry thrust
    - без потерь (чистая)net thrust
    тяга гтд без учета потерь на сопротивление, создаваемое набегающим потоком, — the gross thrust of а jet engine minus the drag due to the momentum of the incoming air.
    -, бесфорсажная — non-afterburning thrust, dry thrust
    -, бесфорсажная, максимальная — dry (thrust) rating
    -, взлетная (дв.) — takeoff /liftoff/ thrust
    тяга, развиваемая двигателем на взлетном режиме его работы. — а thrust developed by an engine at takeoff power (setting).
    -, взлетная...кг — take-off thrust rated at...rq
    - винтового типа, раздвижная (напр., рулевой агрегат элерона) — screwjack link
    - винтового типа, электромеханическая, раздвижная (механизм рау) — electically-driven screwjack link
    - воздушного винтаpropeller thrust
    -, гарантированная (дв.) — guaranteed thrust
    - двигателяengine thrust
    - двигателя в условиях пониженной температуры — engine thrust on cold day /at low ambient temperature/
    - замка выпущенного положения (шасси)down-lock actuating rod
    -, избыточная (дв.) — excess thrust
    разность между располагаемой и потребной тягами для данного режима полета. — а difference between the thrust available and required for the given flight condition.
    -, клапанная (пд) — valve push rod
    -, компенсирующая — compensating rod
    - крестовины (хвостового винта)spider link
    - малого газа, обратная — reverse idle thrust
    - малого газа, прямая — forward idle thrust

    set the reverse levers to fwd idle position.
    - на большом газе — full throttle thrust /power/
    - на взлетном режиме — takeoff /liftoff/ thrust
    - на всех режимахthrust at any operating condition
    - на максимальном продолжительном режиме (дв.) — maximum continuous thrust
    остальные двигатели работают на мпр. — the remaining engines at the available maximum continuous power or thrust.
    - на стороне исправного шасси (при посадке на одну основную опору)reverse thrust on the good (landing) gear side
    - на установившемя режиме (дв.) — steady thrust
    -, нежелательная реверсивная — unwanted reverse thrust
    одиночный отказ или неисправность системы реверса тяги не должен создавать нежелательной реверсивной тяги на всех режимах, — no single failure or malfunction of the reversing system shall result in an unwanted reverse thrust under any operating conditions.
    -, номинальная (дв.) — rated thrust, normal standard rating thrust
    - (или мощность), номинальная (дв.) — rating rating is а designated limit of operating characteristics based on definite conditions.
    -, обратная, на малом газе — reverse idle thrust
    - несущего винта (создающая подъемную силу или учитываемая при копровых испытаниях) — rotor lift а rotor lift may be assumed to act through the center of gravity.
    - несущего винта при управлении общим и циклическим шагомrotor thrust
    - несущего винта (создающая вертикальное, поступательнoe движение вертолета, или его движение вправо, влево или назад) — (vertical, forward, right, left or aft) rotor thrust
    -, обратная — reverse /backward/ thrust
    тяга в направлении обратном направлению движения самолета. — thrust applied to а moving aircraft in а direction to орpose the aircraft motion.
    -, общая обратная (реверсивная) — otal reverse thrust
    общ. обратная тяга может составлять (50 %) от прямой тяги при одинаковой степени повышения давления двигателя. — the total reverse thrust is аррох. (50) percent of the forward thrust at the same epr.
    -, отрицательная (возд. винта при шаге около оо) — (propeller) drag
    -, отрицательная (реверсивная) — reverse thrust
    - подвески двигателя — engine mount/ support, suspension/ arm
    - полная прямаяfull forward thrust
    -, полная реверсивная — full reverse thrust
    использование полной реверсивной тяги допускается в течение...сек. — the reverser need only be operated at full reverse thrust for...
    -, пониженная (ниже расчетного номинала) — derated thrust
    -, потребная (дв.) — thrust required
    тяга, необходимая для выдерживания данного режима полета. — а thrust needed to maintain the set light condition.
    -, приведенная тяга двигателя, приведенная к стандартным атмосферным условиям (или мса) — thrust based upon standard atmosphere conditions, thrust in isa conditions
    -, пружинная — spring-loaded link/rod
    -, пружинная, загрузочная — feel spring link
    -, прямая (создающая поступательное движение) — forward thrust
    -, прямая (на режиме малого газа) — forward (idle) thrust
    -, прямая, на малом газе — forward idle thrust reverser levers at fwd idle.
    -, развязывающая, пружинная — spring-loaded override link
    для обеспечения возможности управления исправными секциями руля (элерона) при заклинивании одной из секций.
    -, располагаемая (дв.) — thrust available
    наибольшая тяга, развиваемая двигателем на данных высоте и скорости полета при работе на номинальном режиме (иногда на взлетном ипи форсированном). — the maximum thrust developed by the engine at the given altitude and speed with the engine operating at maximum continuous (or takeoff, augmented) power.
    -, распорная (шасси) (рис. 27) — lock strut
    -, расчетная — design /rated/ thrust
    - (или мощность), расчетная (дв.) — rating
    -, реактивная — jet thrust
    тяга, создаваемая турбореактивным двигателем. — the thrust of а jet engine.
    - реверса, эффективная — effective reverse thrust
    эффективная реверсивная тяга должна обеспечивать сокращение дистанции торможения не менее чем на 10%. — reverse thrust is regarded as effective if its use results in а reduction in groundborne stopping distance of at least 10%.
    -, реверсивная (воздушного винта) — propeller reverse thrust
    -, реверсивная (двигателя) — engine reverse thrust
    -, реверсивная, создаваемая реверсированием потока воздуха за (передним) вентилятором — reverse thrust (obtained) from front fan cold steam airflow
    -, регулируемая (дв.) — variable thrust
    -, режимная — operating thrust
    -, режимная (полетная) — flight thrust
    -, регулируемая (проводка управления) — djustable control rod
    - с вспрыскам водыwet thrust
    - с вспрыскам воды при взлете — wet takeoff thrust turn off water injection pumps after 2 minutes of wet takeaff thrust.
    - сервопривода (звено сервосистемы)servo link
    -, силовая — drive rod
    - синхронизации закрылковflap interconnection rod
    -, соединительная — link
    -, статическая (дв.) — static thrust
    тяга, развиваемая двигателем на земле (на месте). — а thrust developed by eпgine on the ground (at rest).
    - статическая, взлетная (на уровне моря, в условиях стандартной атмосферы) — static takeoff thrust (at sea level, standard conditions)
    - створки реверсивного устройства, силовая — thrust reverser bucket drive /linkage, actuator/ rod
    - створки шасси — landing gear door drive /linkage, actuator/ rod
    - страгивания (ла)break-away thrust
    -, суммарная (двигателей) — total/ powerplant/ thrust
    - толкателя клапана (дв.) — valve tappet push rod
    -, тормозная (компенсирующая) — brake compensating rod
    -, удельная (дв.) — specific thrust
    тяга, развиваемая двигателем и отнесенная к секундному весовому расходу воздуха в нем.
    - управленияcontrol rod
    - управления общим шагом (несущего винта)(rotor) collective pitch control rod
    - управления, раздвижная, — screwjack link
    - управления створкой шасси — landing gear door linkage/ drive, actuator/ rod
    - управления циклическим шагом (несущего винта)(rotor) cyclic pitch control rod
    - управления шагом (хвостового или несущего винта)(rotor) pitch control rod
    -, фактическая (полученная) — actual /observed/ thrust
    -, форсажная — reheat/ afterburning/ thrust
    -, форсированная (усиленная) — augmented thrust
    -, чистая — net thrust
    тяга без потерь на преодоление сопротивления, создаваемого набегающим потоком. — the gross thrust of a jet спgine minus the drag due to the momentum of the incoming air.
    -, эффективная — effective thrust
    запас т. — thrust reserve
    избыток т. — margin of engine thrust
    избыток т. над сопротивлением — thrust/drag margin
    килограмм на килограмм т. в час (кг/кг тяги/час) — kg/kg thrust/hr
    падение т. — thrust dacay
    форсирование т. — thrust augmentation
    центр т. — thrust axis
    восстанавливать т. — regain thrust
    работать на прямой (обратной) т. (дв.) — operate at forward (reverse) thrust
    развивать (создавать) т. — develop thrust
    реверсировать т. — reverse thrust
    форсировать т. — augment thrust

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > тяга

  • 87 устойчивость


    stability
    (самолета)
    способность самолета самостоятельно уменьшать разности между возникшим под действием возмущения отклонением и предшествующим ему движением. — the property of an aircraft to maintain its attitude or to resist displacement, and, if displaced, to develop forces and moments tending to restore the original condition.
    -, аэродинамическая — aerodynamic stability
    -, боковая (поперечная) — lateral stability
    -, боковая (динамическая) — lateral-directional stability
    способность самолета самостоятельно устранять возникающие под действием возмущения боковые движения (скольжение, крен, рыскание). — the stability of those motions (side-slipping, rolling and yawing) which occur out of the plane of symmetry.
    -, боковая статическая способность самолета сохранять или восстанавливать равновесие статич. моментов крена и рыскания. — static lateral-directional stability
    -, динамическая — dynamic stability
    способность самолета после отклонения от исходного установившегося прямолинейного режима полета, вызванного действием возмущения, демпфировать колебания восстанавливающих моментов и плавно возвращаться к исходному положению. — the characteristics of an aircraft that causes it, when disturbed from an original state of steady flight or motion, to damp the oscillations set up by restoring moments and gradually return to its original state.
    -, коррозионная — corrosion resistance
    -, курсовая — directional stability
    - на водной поверхностиwater stability
    -, нейтральная — neutral stability
    способность самолета, находящегося в к-л режиме установившегося движения, легко переходить в другой режим также установившегося движения (не возвращаясь к исходному без вмешательства летчика). — the property of an aircraft in steady flight, to readily accomplish transition to another steady flight condition (not returning to the original state with the pilot not interferring with the aircraft control).
    -, ограниченная — limited stability
    - пограничного слояboundary layer stability
    - пo кренуrolling stability
    -, поперечная — lateral stability
    устойчивость в полете к возмущениям относительно продольной оси, т.е. возмущениям, вызывающим крен или боковое скольжение. — stability with reference to disturbances about the longitudinal axis of an aircraft, i.e. disturbances involving rolling or side-slipping.
    - поперечная (по крену)rolling stability
    - поперечная статическаяstatic lateral stability
    способность самолета при нейтральном положении элеронов автоматически устранять возникший при скольжении крен, или крениться в сторону, противоположную скольжению. — the static lateral stability is shown by the aircraft tendency to raise the low wing in а side-slip with the aileron controls free (or neutral).
    - по рысканиюyaw stability
    - по скоростиspeed stability
    - по тангажуpitch stability
    - потокаflow stability
    - пo углу атакиangle-of-attack stability
    - при скольженииside-slipping stability
    -, продольная — longitudinal stability
    способность самолета самостоятельно устранять возникающие под действием возмущения продольные движения в вертикальной плоскости. — the stability of those motions (vertical and forward motions and pitching) in the plane of symmetry.
    -, продольная статическая — static longitudinal stability
    -, путевая — directional stability
    способность самолета восстанавливать устойчивое путевое равновесие моментов рыскания, бокового скольжения. — the property of an aircraft to restore itself from a yawing or side-slipping condition.
    -, путевая статическая — static directional stability
    способность самолета с освобожденным или зажатым рулем направления сохранять устойчивое путевое равновесие. — the static directional stability (as shown by the tendency to recover from a skid with the rudder free) must be positive for any landing gear and flap position and symmetrical power condition.
    -, собственная — inherent stability
    -, статическая — static stability
    способность самолета восстанавливать нарушенное равновесие под действием стабилизирующих (восстанавливающих) аэродинамических моментов. — if the static margin is positive, the aircraft possesses static stability, and in general will not diverge when disturbed from a trimmed speed.
    -, флюгерная — weathercock stability
    изолированная путевая статическая устойчивость самолета, т.е. способность самолета сохранять или восстанавливать путевое равновесие (моментов рыскания). — the tendency to turn into the relative wind as determined by the change in aerodynamic moment about the center of gravity with change in wind direction, used for motion either in pitch or yaw.
    потеря у. (ла) — loss of stability
    потеря у. (конструкции, работающей на сжатие) — buckling
    обладать у. — possess stability
    повышать у. — improve stability

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > устойчивость

  • 88 corporate strategy

    Gen Mgt
    the direction an organization takes with the objective of achieving business success in the long term. A number of models such as Michael Porter’s Five Forces model and Gary Hamel and C. K. Prahalad’s model of core competencies have been used to develop corporate strategy. More recent approaches have focused on the need for companies to adapt to and anticipate changes in the business environment. The formulation of corporate strategy involves establishing the purpose and scope of the organization’s activities and the nature of the business it is in, taking the environment in which it operates, its position in the marketplace, and the competition it faces into consideration. Corporate planning and business plans are used to implement corporate strategy.

    The ultimate business dictionary > corporate strategy

  • 89 Crossley, Sir Francis

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 26 October 1817 Halifax, England
    d. 5 January 1872 Belle Vue, Halifax, England
    [br]
    English developer of a power loom for weaving carpets.
    [br]
    Francis Crossley was the youngest of three brothers employed in their father's carpet-weaving business in Halifax and who took over the running of the company on their father's death in 1837. Francis seems to have been the one with technical ability, for it was he who saw the possibilities of weaving by power. Growth of the company was rapid through his policy of acquiring patents and then improving them, and it was soon at the forefront of the carpet-manufacturing trade. He had taken out rights on the patents of John Hill of Manchester, but his experiments with Hill's looms for weaving carpets were not successful.
    In the spring of 1850 Francis asked a textile inventor, George Collier of Barnsley, to develop a power loom for carpet manufacture. Collier produced a model that was a distinct advance on earlier looms, and Francis engaged him to perfect a power loom for weaving tapestry and Brussels carpets. After a great deal of money had been expended, a patent was taken out in 1850 in the name of his brother, Joseph Crossley, for a loom that could weave velvet as well as carpets and included some of the ideas of the American E.B. Bigelow. This new loom proved to be a great advance on all the earlier ones, and thus brought the Crossleys a great fortune from both sales of patent rights and the production of carpets from their mills, which were soon enlarged.
    According to the Dictionary of National Biography, Francis Crossley was Mayor of Halifax in 1849 and 1850, but Hogg gives this position to his elder brother John. In 1852 Francis was returned to Parliament as the Liberal member for Halifax, and in 1859 he became the member for the West Riding. Among his benefactions, in 1855 he gave to the town of Halifax a twelve-acre park that cost £41,300; a statue of him was erected there. In the same year he endowed twenty-one almshouses. In 1863 a baronetcy was conferred upon him in recognition of his commercial and public services, which he continued to perform until his death. In 1870 he gave the London Missionary Society £20,000, their largest single donation up to that time, and another £10,000 to the Congregational Pastor's Retiring Fund. He became ill when on a journey to the Holy Land in 1869, but although he made a partial recovery he grew worse again towards the end of 1871 and died early in the following year. He left £800,000 in his will.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Baronet 1863.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1872, The Times 6 January.
    Dictionary of National Biography.
    J.Hogg (ed.), n.d., Fortunes Made in Business, London (provides an account of Crossley's career).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Crossley, Sir Francis

  • 90 Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie

    [br]
    b. August 1860 Brittany, France
    d. 28 September 1935 Twickenham, England
    [br]
    Scottish inventor and photographer.
    [br]
    Dickson was born in France of English and Scottish parents. As a young man of almost 19 years, he wrote in 1879 to Thomas Edison in America, asking for a job. Edison replied that he was not taking on new staff at that time, but Dickson, with his mother and sisters, decided to emigrate anyway. In 1883 he contacted Edison again, and was given a job at the Goerk Street laboratory of the Edison Electric Works in New York. He soon assumed a position of responsibility as Superintendent, working on the development of electric light and power systems, and also carried out most of the photography Edison required. In 1888 he moved to the Edison West Orange laboratory, becoming Head of the ore-milling department. When Edison, inspired by Muybridge's sequence photographs of humans and animals in motion, decided to develop a motion picture apparatus, he gave the task to Dickson, whose considerable skills in mechanics, photography and electrical work made him the obvious choice. The first experiments, in 1888, were on a cylinder machine like the phonograph, in which the sequence pictures were to be taken in a spiral. This soon proved to be impractical, and work was delayed for a time while Dickson developed a new ore-milling machine. Little progress with the movie project was made until George Eastman's introduction in July 1889 of celluloid roll film, which was thin, tough, transparent and very flexible. Dickson returned to his experiments in the spring of 1891 and soon had working models of a film camera and viewer, the latter being demonstrated at the West Orange laboratory on 20 May 1891. By the early summer of 1892 the project had advanced sufficiently for commercial exploitation to begin. The Kinetograph camera used perforated 35 mm film (essentially the same as that still in use in the late twentieth century), and the kinetoscope, a peep-show viewer, took fifty feet of film running in an endless loop. Full-scale manufacture of the viewers started in 1893, and they were demonstrated on a number of occasions during that year. On 14 April 1894 the first kinetoscope parlour, with ten viewers, was opened to the public in New York. By the end of that year, the kinetoscope was seen by the public all over America and in Europe. Dickson had created the first commercially successful cinematograph system. Dickson left Edison's employment on 2 April 1895, and for a time worked with Woodville Latham on the development of his Panoptikon projector, a projection version of the kinetoscope. In December 1895 he joined with Herman Casier, Henry N.Marvin and Elias Koopman to form the American Mutoscope Company. Casier had designed the Mutoscope, an animated-picture viewer in which the sequences of pictures were printed on cards fixed radially to a drum and were flipped past the eye as the drum rotated. Dickson designed the Biograph wide-film camera to produce the picture sequences, and also a projector to show the films directly onto a screen. The large-format images gave pictures of high quality for the period; the Biograph went on public show in America in September 1896, and subsequently throughout the world, operating until around 1905. In May 1897 Dickson returned to England and set up as a producer of Biograph films, recording, among other subjects, Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 1897, Pope Leo XIII in 1898, and scenes of the Boer War in 1899 and 1900. Many of the Biograph subjects were printed as reels for the Mutoscope to produce the "what the butler saw" machines which were a feature of fairgrounds and seaside arcades until modern times. Dickson's contact with the Biograph Company, and with it his involvement in cinematography, ceased in 1911.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Gordon Hendricks, 1961, The Edison Motion Picture Myth.
    —1966, The Kinetoscope.
    —1964, The Beginnings of the Biograph.
    BC

    Biographical history of technology > Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie

  • 91 Ford, Henry

    [br]
    b. 30 July 1863 Dearborn, Michigan, USA
    d. 7 April 1947 Dearborn, Michigan, USA
    [br]
    American pioneer motor-car maker and developer of mass-production methods.
    [br]
    He was the son of an Irish immigrant farmer, William Ford, and the oldest son to survive of Mary Litogot; his mother died in 1876 with the birth of her sixth child. He went to the village school, and at the age of 16 he was apprenticed to Flower brothers' machine shop and then at the Drydock \& Engineering Works in Detroit. In 1882 he left to return to the family farm and spent some time working with a 1 1/2 hp steam engine doing odd jobs for the farming community at $3 per day. He was then employed as a demonstrator for Westinghouse steam engines. He met Clara Jane Bryant at New Year 1885 and they were married on 11 April 1888. Their only child, Edsel Bryant Ford, was born on 6 November 1893.
    At that time Henry worked on steam engine repairs for the Edison Illuminating Company, where he became Chief Engineer. He became one of a group working to develop a "horseless carriage" in 1896 and in June completed his first vehicle, a "quadri cycle" with a two-cylinder engine. It was built in a brick shed, which had to be partially demolished to get the carriage out.
    Ford became involved in motor racing, at which he was more successful than he was in starting a car-manufacturing company. Several early ventures failed, until the Ford Motor Company of 1903. By October 1908 they had started with production of the Model T. The first, of which over 15 million were built up to the end of its production in May 1927, came out with bought-out steel stampings and a planetary gearbox, and had a one-piece four-cylinder block with a bolt-on head. This was one of the most successful models built by Ford or any other motor manufacturer in the life of the motor car.
    Interchangeability of components was an important element in Ford's philosophy. Ford was a pioneer in the use of vanadium steel for engine components. He adopted the principles of Frederick Taylor, the pioneer of time-and-motion study, and installed the world's first moving assembly line for the production of magnetos, started in 1913. He installed blast furnaces at the factory to make his own steel, and he also promoted research and the cultivation of the soya bean, from which a plastic was derived.
    In October 1913 he introduced the "Five Dollar Day", almost doubling the normal rate of pay. This was a profit-sharing scheme for his employees and contained an element of a reward for good behaviour. About this time he initiated work on an agricultural tractor, the "Fordson" made by a separate company, the directors of which were Henry and his son Edsel.
    In 1915 he chartered the Oscar II, a "peace ship", and with fifty-five delegates sailed for Europe a week before Christmas, docking at Oslo. Their objective was to appeal to all European Heads of State to stop the war. He had hoped to persuade manufacturers to replace armaments with tractors in their production programmes. In the event, Ford took to his bed in the hotel with a chill, stayed there for five days and then sailed for New York and home. He did, however, continue to finance the peace activists who remained in Europe. Back in America, he stood for election to the US Senate but was defeated. He was probably the father of John Dahlinger, illegitimate son of Evangeline Dahlinger, a stenographer employed by the firm and on whom he lavished gifts of cars, clothes and properties. He became the owner of a weekly newspaper, the Dearborn Independent, which became the medium for the expression of many of his more unorthodox ideas. He was involved in a lawsuit with the Chicago Tribune in 1919, during which he was cross-examined on his knowledge of American history: he is reputed to have said "History is bunk". What he actually said was, "History is bunk as it is taught in schools", a very different comment. The lawyers who thus made a fool of him would have been surprised if they could have foreseen the force and energy that their actions were to release. For years Ford employed a team of specialists to scour America and Europe for furniture, artefacts and relics of all kinds, illustrating various aspects of history. Starting with the Wayside Inn from South Sudbury, Massachusetts, buildings were bought, dismantled and moved, to be reconstructed in Greenfield Village, near Dearborn. The courthouse where Abraham Lincoln had practised law and the Ohio bicycle shop where the Wright brothers built their first primitive aeroplane were added to the farmhouse where the proprietor, Henry Ford, had been born. Replicas were made of Independence Hall, Congress Hall and the old City Hall in Philadelphia, and even a reconstruction of Edison's Menlo Park laboratory was installed. The Henry Ford museum was officially opened on 21 October 1929, on the fiftieth anniversary of Edison's invention of the incandescent bulb, but it continued to be a primary preoccupation of the great American car maker until his death.
    Henry Ford was also responsible for a number of aeronautical developments at the Ford Airport at Dearborn. He introduced the first use of radio to guide a commercial aircraft, the first regular airmail service in the United States. He also manufactured the country's first all-metal multi-engined plane, the Ford Tri-Motor.
    Edsel became President of the Ford Motor Company on his father's resignation from that position on 30 December 1918. Following the end of production in May 1927 of the Model T, the replacement Model A was not in production for another six months. During this period Henry Ford, though officially retired from the presidency of the company, repeatedly interfered and countermanded the orders of his son, ostensibly the man in charge. Edsel, who died of stomach cancer at his home at Grosse Point, Detroit, on 26 May 1943, was the father of Henry Ford II. Henry Ford died at his home, "Fair Lane", four years after his son's death.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1922, with S.Crowther, My Life and Work, London: Heinemann.
    Further Reading
    R.Lacey, 1986, Ford, the Men and the Machine, London: Heinemann. W.C.Richards, 1948, The Last Billionaire, Henry Ford, New York: Charles Scribner.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Ford, Henry

  • 92 Gabor, Dennis (Dénes)

    [br]
    b. 5 June 1900 Budapest, Hungary
    d. 9 February 1979 London, England
    [br]
    Hungarian (naturalized British) physicist, inventor of holography.
    [br]
    Gabor became interested in physics at an early age. Called up for military service in 1918, he was soon released when the First World War came to an end. He then began a mechanical engineering course at the Budapest Technical University, but a further order to register for military service prompted him to flee in 1920 to Germany, where he completed his studies at Berlin Technical University. He was awarded a Diploma in Engineering in 1924 and a Doctorate in Electrical Engineering in 1927. He then went on to work in the physics laboratory of Siemens \& Halske. He returned to Hungary in 1933 and developed a new kind of fluorescent lamp called the plasma lamp. Failing to find a market for this device, Gabor made the decision to abandon his homeland and emigrate to England. There he joined British Thompson-Houston (BTH) in 1934 and married a colleague from the company in 1936. Gabor was also unsuccessful in his attempts to develop the plasma lamp in England, and by 1937 he had begun to work in the field of electron optics. His work was interrupted by the outbreak of war in 1939, although as he was not yet a British subject he was barred from making any significant contribution to the British war effort. It was only when the war was near its end that he was able to return to electron optics and begin the work that led to the invention of holography. The theory was developed during 1947 and 1948; Gabor went on to demonstrate that the theories worked, although it was not until the invention of the laser in 1960 that the full potential of his invention could be appreciated. He coined the term "hologram" from the Greek holos, meaning complete, and gram, meaning written. The three-dimensional images have since found many applications in various fields, including map making, medical imaging, computing, information technology, art and advertising. Gabor left BTH to become an associate professor at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in 1949, a position he held until his retirement in 1967. In 1971 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on holography.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Royal Society Rumford Medal 1968. Franklin Institute Michelson Medal 1968. CBE 1970. Nobel Prize for Physics 1971.
    Bibliography
    1948. "A new microscopic principle", Nature 161:777 (Gabor's earliest publication on holography).
    1949. "Microscopy by reconstructed wavefronts", Proceedings of the Royal Society A197: 454–87.
    1951, "Microscopy by reconstructed wavefronts II", Proc. Phys. Soc. B, 64:449–69. 1966, "Holography or the “Whole Picture”", New Scientist 29:74–8 (an interesting account written after laser beams were used to produce optical holograms).
    Further Reading
    T.E.Allibone, 1980, contribution to Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 26: 107–47 (a full account of Gabor's life and work).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Gabor, Dennis (Dénes)

  • 93 Kettering, Charles Franklin

    [br]
    b. 29 August 1876 near Londonsville, Ohio, USA
    d. 25 November 1958 Dayton, Ohio, USA
    [br]
    American engineer and inventor.
    [br]
    Kettering gained degrees in mechanical and electrical engineering from Ohio State University. He was employed by the National Construction Register (NCR) of Dayton, Ohio, where he devised an electric motor for use in cash registers. He became Head of the Inventions Department of that company but left in 1909 to form, with the former Works Manager of NCR, Edward A. Deeds, the Dayton Engineering Laboratories (later called Delco), to develop improved lighting and ignition systems for automobiles. In the first two years of the new company he produced not only these but also the first self-starter, both of which were fitted to the Cadillac, America's leading luxury car. In 1914 he founded Dayton Metal Products and the Dayton Wright Airplane Company. Two years later Delco was bought by General Motors. In 1925 the independent research facilities of Delco were moved to Detroit and merged with General Motors' laboratories to form General Motors Research Corporation, of which Kettering was President and General Manager. (He had been Vice-President of General Motors since 1920.) In that position he headed investigations into methods of achieving maximum engine performance as well as into the nature of friction and combustion. Many other developments in the automobile field were made under his leadership, such as engine coolers, variable-speed transmissions, balancing machines, the two-way shock absorber, high-octane fuel, leaded petrol or gasoline, fast-drying lacquers, crank-case ventilators, chrome plating, and the high-compression automobile engine. Among his other activities were the establishment of the Charles Franklin Kettering Foundation for the Study of Chlorophyll and Photosynthesis at Antioch College, and the founding of the Sloan- Kettering Institute for Cancer Research in New York City. He sponsored the Fever Therapy Research Project at Miami Valley Hospital at Dayton, which developed the hypertherm, or artificial fever machine, for use in the treatment of disease. He resigned from General Motors in 1947.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Kettering, Charles Franklin

  • 94 Norton, Charles Hotchkiss

    [br]
    b. 23 November 1851 Plainville, Connecticut, USA
    d. 27 October 1942 Plainville, Connecticut, USA
    [br]
    American mechanical engineer and machine-tool designer.
    [br]
    After an elementary education at the public schools of Plainville and Thomaston, Connecticut, Charles H.Norton started work in 1866 at the Seth Thomas Clock Company in Thomaston. He was soon promoted to machinist, and further progress led to his successive appointments as Foreman, Superintendent of Machinery and Manager of the department making tower clocks. He designed many public clocks.
    In 1886 he obtained a position as Assistant Engineer with the Brown \& Sharpe Manufacturing Company at Providence, Rhode Island, and was engaged in redesigning their universal grinding machine to give it more rigidity and make it more suitable for use as a production machine. In 1890 he left to become a partner in a newly established firm, Leland, Faulconer \& Norton Company at Detroit, Michigan, designing and building machine tools. He withdrew from this firm in 1895 and practised as a consulting mechanical engineer for a short time before returning to Brown \& Sharpe in 1896. There he designed a grinding machine incorporating larger and wider grinding wheels so that heavier cuts could be made to meet the needs of the mass-production industries, especially the automobile industry. This required a heavier and more rigid machine and greater power, but these ideas were not welcomed at Brown \& Sharpe and in 1900 Norton left to found the Norton Grinding Company in Worcester, Massachusetts. Here he was able to develop heavy-production grinding machines, including special machines for grinding crank-shafts and camshafts for the automobile industry.
    In setting up the Norton Grinding Company, Charles H.Norton received financial support from members of the Norton Emery Wheel Company (also of Worcester and known after 1906 as the Norton Company), but he was not related to the founder of that company. The two firms were completely independent until 1919 when they were merged. From that time Charles H.Norton served as Chief Engineer of the machinery division of the Norton Company, until 1934 when he became their Consulting Engineer.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    City of Philadelphia, John Scott Medal 1925.
    Bibliography
    Further Reading
    Robert S.Woodbury, 1959, History of the Grinding Machine, Cambridge, Mass, (contains biographical information and details of the machines designed by Norton).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Norton, Charles Hotchkiss

  • 95 Thomson, Sir William, Lord Kelvin

    [br]
    b. 26 June 1824 Belfast, Ireland (now Northern Ireland)
    d. 17 December 1907 Largs, Scotland
    [br]
    Irish physicist and inventor who contributed to submarine telegraphy and instrumentation.
    [br]
    After education at Glasgow University and Peterhouse, Cambridge, a period of study in France gave Thomson an interest in experimental work and instrumentation. He became Professor of Natural Philosophy at Glasgow in 1846 and retained the position for the rest of his career, establishing the first teaching laboratory in Britain.
    Among his many contributions to science and engineering was his concept, introduced in 1848, of an "absolute" zero of temperature. Following on from the work of Joule, his investigations into the nature of heat led to the first successful liquefaction of gases such as hydrogen and helium, and later to the science of low-temperature physics.
    Cable telegraphy gave an impetus to the scientific measurement of electrical quantities, and for many years Thomson was a member of the British Association Committee formed in 1861 to consider electrical standards and to develop units; these are still in use. Thomson first became Scientific Adviser to the Atlantic Telegraph Company in 1857, sailing on the Agamemnon and Great Eastern during the cable-laying expeditions. He invented a mirror galvanometer and more importantly the siphon recorder, which, used as a very sensitive telegraph receiver, provided a permanent record of signals. He also laid down the design parameters of long submarine cables and discovered that the conductivity of copper was greatly affected by its purity. A major part of the success of the Atlantic cable in 1866 was due to Thomson, who received a knighthood for his contribution.
    Other instruments he designed included a quadrant electrostatic voltmeter to measure high voltages, and his "multi-cellular" instrument for low voltages. They could be used on alternating or direct current and were free from temperature errors. His balances for precision current measurement were widely used in standardizing laboratories.
    Thomson was a prolific writer of scientific papers on subjects across the whole spectrum of physics; between 1855 and 1866 he published some 110 papers, with a total during his life of over 600. In 1892 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Kelvin of Largs. By the time of his death he was looked upon as the "father" of British physics, but despite his outstanding achievements his later years were spent resisting change and progress.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1866. Created Lord Kelvin of Largs 1892. FRS 1851. President, Royal Society 1890–4. An original member of the Order of Merit 1902. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers 1874. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1889 and 1907. Royal Society Royal Medal 1856, Copley Medal 1883.
    Bibliography
    1872, Reprints of Papers on Electrostatics and Magnetism, London; 1911, Mathematical and Physical Papers, 6 vols, Cambridge (collections of Thomson's papers).
    Further Reading
    Silvanus P.Thompson, 1910, The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs, 2 vols, London (an uncritical biography).
    D.B.Wilson, 1987, Kelvin and Stokes: A Comparative Study in Victorian Physics, Bristol (provides a present-day commentary on all aspects of Thomson's work).
    J.G.Crowther, 1962, British Scientists of the 19th Century, London, pp. 199–257 (a short critical biography).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Thomson, Sir William, Lord Kelvin

  • 96 Wasborough, Matthew

    [br]
    b. 1753 Bristol, England
    d. 21 October 1781 Bristol, England
    [br]
    English patentee of an application of the flywheel to create a rotative steam engine.
    [br]
    A single-cylinder atmospheric steam engine had a power stroke only when the piston descended the cylinder: a means had to be found of returning the piston to its starting position. For rotative engines, this was partially solved by the patent of Matthew Wasborough in 1779. His father was a partner in a Bristol brass-founding and clockmaking business in Narrow Wine Street where he was joined by his son. Wasborough proposed to use some form of ratchet gear to effect the rotary motion and added a flywheel, the first time one was used in a steam engine, "in order to render the motion more regular and uniform". He installed one engine to drive the lathes in the Bristol works and another at James Pickard's flour mill at Snow Hill, Birmingham, where Pickard applied his recently patented crank to it. It was this Wasborough-Pickard engine which posed a threat to Boulton \& Watt trying to develop a rotative engine, for Wasborough built several engines for cornmills in Bristol, woollen mills in Gloucestershire and a block factory at Southampton before his early death. Matthew Boulton was told that Wasborough was "so intent upon the study of engines as to bring a fever on his brain and he dyed in consequence thereof…. How dangerous it is for a man to wade out of his depth" (Jenkins 1936:106).
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1779, British patent no. 1,213 (rotative engine with flywheel).
    Further Reading
    J.Tann, 1978–9, "Makers of improved Newcomen engines in the late 18th century, and R.A.Buchanan", 1978–9, "Steam and the engineering community in the eighteenth century", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 ("Thomas Newcomen. A commemorative symposium") (both papers discuss Wasborough's engines).
    R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (examines his patent).
    R.Jenkins (ed.), 1936, Collected Papers, 106 (for Matthew Boulton's letter of 30 October 1781).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Wasborough, Matthew

  • 97 أساسي

    أَسَاسِيّ \ basic: very necessary or important; forming a starting point on which to develop: I have only a basic knowledge of science. Experience in foreign countries is basic for this kind of job. chief: most important; main: Our chief crop is corn. essential: belonging especially to sth. and showing its real nature: Kindness was an essential part of his character. indispensable: adj. very necessary; what one must have for a certain purpose: A sharp knife is indispensable for cutting meat. key: important, so that others depend on it: The ship’s engineer holds a key position. main: chief; most important: my main reasons; a main road. material: important; necessary: We must make a material change in our plans. radical: concerning the most important parts of anything; (of change) complete; (of people) in favour of complete political change: radical changes in the laws of a country; radical improvements; radical opinions. vital: very important; necessary to life: It was a vital decision. The heart is a vital organ. \ See Also هامّ جدًّا، رئيسي (رئيسيّ)، جوهري (جَوْهَرِيّ)، لا غنى عنه (لا غِنًى عنه)‏

    Arabic-English dictionary > أساسي

  • 98 basic

    أَسَاسِيّ \ basic: very necessary or important; forming a starting point on which to develop: I have only a basic knowledge of science. Experience in foreign countries is basic for this kind of job. chief: most important; main: Our chief crop is corn. essential: belonging especially to sth. and showing its real nature: Kindness was an essential part of his character. indispensable: adj. very necessary; what one must have for a certain purpose: A sharp knife is indispensable for cutting meat. key: important, so that others depend on it: The ship’s engineer holds a key position. main: chief; most important: my main reasons; a main road. material: important; necessary: We must make a material change in our plans. radical: concerning the most important parts of anything; (of change) complete; (of people) in favour of complete political change: radical changes in the laws of a country; radical improvements; radical opinions. vital: very important; necessary to life: It was a vital decision. The heart is a vital organ. \ See Also هامّ جدًّا، رئيسي (رئيسيّ)، جوهري (جَوْهَرِيّ)، لا غنى عنه (لا غِنًى عنه)‏

    Arabic-English glossary > basic

  • 99 chief

    أَسَاسِيّ \ basic: very necessary or important; forming a starting point on which to develop: I have only a basic knowledge of science. Experience in foreign countries is basic for this kind of job. chief: most important; main: Our chief crop is corn. essential: belonging especially to sth. and showing its real nature: Kindness was an essential part of his character. indispensable: adj. very necessary; what one must have for a certain purpose: A sharp knife is indispensable for cutting meat. key: important, so that others depend on it: The ship’s engineer holds a key position. main: chief; most important: my main reasons; a main road. material: important; necessary: We must make a material change in our plans. radical: concerning the most important parts of anything; (of change) complete; (of people) in favour of complete political change: radical changes in the laws of a country; radical improvements; radical opinions. vital: very important; necessary to life: It was a vital decision. The heart is a vital organ. \ See Also هامّ جدًّا، رئيسي (رئيسيّ)، جوهري (جَوْهَرِيّ)، لا غنى عنه (لا غِنًى عنه)‏

    Arabic-English glossary > chief

  • 100 essential

    أَسَاسِيّ \ basic: very necessary or important; forming a starting point on which to develop: I have only a basic knowledge of science. Experience in foreign countries is basic for this kind of job. chief: most important; main: Our chief crop is corn. essential: belonging especially to sth. and showing its real nature: Kindness was an essential part of his character. indispensable: adj. very necessary; what one must have for a certain purpose: A sharp knife is indispensable for cutting meat. key: important, so that others depend on it: The ship’s engineer holds a key position. main: chief; most important: my main reasons; a main road. material: important; necessary: We must make a material change in our plans. radical: concerning the most important parts of anything; (of change) complete; (of people) in favour of complete political change: radical changes in the laws of a country; radical improvements; radical opinions. vital: very important; necessary to life: It was a vital decision. The heart is a vital organ. \ See Also هامّ جدًّا، رئيسي (رئيسيّ)، جوهري (جَوْهَرِيّ)، لا غنى عنه (لا غِنًى عنه)‏

    Arabic-English glossary > essential

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