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121 Dassault (Bloch), Marcel
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 22 January 1892 Paris, Franced. 18 April 1986 Paris, France[br]French aircraft designer and manufacturer, best known for his jet fighters the Mystère and Mirage.[br]During the First World War, Marcel Bloch (he later changed his name to Dassault) worked on French military aircraft and developed a very successful propeller. With his associate, Henri Potez, he set up a company to produce their Eclair wooden propeller in a furniture workshop in Paris. In 1917 they produced a two-seater aircraft which was ordered but then cancelled when the war ended. Potez continued to built aircraft under his own name, but Bloch turned to property speculation, at which he was very successful. In 1930 Bloch returned to the aviation business with an unsuccessful bomber followed by several moderately effective airliners, including the Bloch 220 of 1935, which was similar to the DC-3. He was involved in the design of a four-engined airliner, the SNCASE Languedoc, which flew in September 1939. During the Second World War, Bloch and his brothers became important figures in the French Resistance Movement. Marcel Bloch was eventually captured but survived; however, one of his brothers was executed, and after the war Bloch changed his name to Dassault, which had been his brother's code name in the Resistance. During the 1950s, Avions Marcel Dassault rapidly grew to become Europe's foremost producer of jet fighters. The Ouragon was followed by the Mystère, Etendard and then the outstanding Mirage series. The basic delta-winged Mirage III, with a speed of Mach 2, was soon serving in twenty countries around the world. From this evolved a variable geometry version, a vertical-take-off aircraft, an enlarged light bomber capable of carrying a nuclear bomb, and a swept-wing version for the 1970s. Dassault also produced a successful series of jet airliners starting with the Fan Jet Falcon of 1963. When the Dassault and Breguet companies merged in 1971, Marcel Dassault was still a force to be reckoned with.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsGuggenheim Medal. Deputy, Assemblée nationale 1951–5 and 1958–86.Bibliography1971, Le Talisman, Paris: Editions J'ai lu (autobiography).Further Reading1976, "The Mirage Maker", Sunday Times Magazine (1 June).Jane's All the World's Aircraft, London: Jane's (details of Bloch and Dassault aircraft can be found in various years' editions).JDSBiographical history of technology > Dassault (Bloch), Marcel
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122 Kurtz, Thomas E.
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. USA[br]American mathematician who, with Kemeny developed BASIC, a high-level computer language.[br]Kurtz took his first degree in mathematics at the University of California in Los Angeles (UCLA), where he also gained experience in numerical methods as a result of working in the National Bureau of Standards Institute for Numerical Analysis located on the campus. In 1956 he obtained a PhD in statistics at Princeton, after which he took up a post as an instructor at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. There he found a considerable interest in computing was already in existence, and he was soon acting as the Dartmouth contact with the New England Regional Computer Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an initiative partly supported by IBM. With Kemeny, he learned the Share Assembly Language then in use, but they were concerned about the difficulty of programming computers in assembly language and of teaching it to students and colleagues at Dartmouth. In 1959 the college obtained an LGP-30 computer and Kurtz became the first Director of the Dartmouth Computer Center. However, the small memory (4 k) of this 30-bit machine precluded its use with the recently available high-level language Algol 58. Therefore, with Kemeny, he set about developing a simple language and operating system that would use simple English commands and be easy to learn and use. This they called the Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC). At the same time they jointly supervised the design and development of a time-sharing system suitable for college use, so that by 1964, when Kurtz became an associate professor of mathematics, they had a fully operational BASIC system; by 1969 a sixth version was already in existence. In 1966 Kurtz left Dartmouth to become a Director of the Kiewit Computer Center, and then, in 1975, he became a Director of the Office of Academic Computing; in 1978 he returned to Dartmouth as Professor of Mathematics. He also served on various national committees.[br]Bibliography1964, with J.G.Kemeny, BASIC Instruction Manual: Dartmouth College (for details of the development of BASIC etc.).1968, with J.G.Kemeny "Dartmouth time-sharing", Science 223.Further ReadingR.L.Wexelblat, 1981, History of Programming Languages, London: Academic Press (a more general view of the development of computer languages).KF -
123 Popov, Aleksandr Stepanovich
[br]b. 16 March 1859 Bogoslavsky, Zamod, Ural District, Russiad. 13 January 1906 St Petersburg, Russia[br]Russian physicist and electrical engineer acclaimed by the former Soviet Union as the inventor of radio.[br]Popov, the son of a village priest, received his early education in a seminary, but in 1877 he entered the University of St Petersburg to study mathematics. He graduated with distinction in 1883 and joined the faculty to teach mathematics and physics. Then, increasingly interested in electrical engineering, he became an instructor at the Russian Navy Torpedo School at Krondstadt, near St Petersburg, where he later became a professor. On 7 May 1895 he is said to have transmitted and received Morse code radio signals over a distance of 40 m (130 ft) in a demonstration given at St Petersburg University to the Russian Chemical Society, but in a paper published in January 1896 in the Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society, he in fact described the use of a coherer for recording atmospheric disturbances such as lightning, together with the design of a modified coherer intended for reception at a distance of 5 km (3 miles). Subsequently, on 26 November 1897, after Marconi's own radio-transmission experiments had been publicized, he wrote a letter claiming priority for his discovery to the English-language journal Electrician, in the form of a translated précis of his original paper, but neither the original Russian paper nor the English précis made specific claims of either a receiver or a transmitter as such. However, by 1898 he had certainly developed some form of ship-to-shore radio for the Russian Navy. In 1945, long after the Russian revolution, the communist regime supported his claim to be the inventor of radio, but this is a matter for much debate and the priority of Marconi's claim is generally acknowledged outside the USSR.[br]Bibliography1896, Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society (his original paper in Russian).1897, Electrician 40:235 (the English précis).Further ReadingC.Susskind, 1962, "Popov and the beginnings of radio telegraphy", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 50:2,036.——1964, Marconi, Popov and the dawn of radiocommunication', Electronics and Power, London: Institution of Electrical Engineers, 10:76.KFBiographical history of technology > Popov, Aleksandr Stepanovich
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124 внутреннее размещение
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > внутреннее размещение
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125 представление размещения
размещение файла; описание структуры файла — file layout
Русско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > представление размещения
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126 размещение
1. layoutразмещение файла; описание структуры файла — file layout
2. allocationтерриториальное размещение; планирование — space location
3. arrangementРусско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > размещение
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127 сбалансированный
Русско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > сбалансированный
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128 сетевой стандарт
1. networking standard2. network standardРусско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > сетевой стандарт
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