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1 BE
Quenya uses forms of ná as the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns “in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another” (VT49:28). It may also denote a position, as in tanomë nauvan “I will be there” (VT49:19). PE17:68 mentions návë “being” as a “general infinitive” form; the gloss would suggest that návë may also be regarded as a gerund. Present tense ná “is” (Nam), pl. nar or nár ”are" (PE15:36, VT49:27, 30), dual nát (VT49:30). Also attested with various pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë “I am”, nalyë or natyë “you (sg.) are” (polite and familiar, respectively), nás “it is”, násë “(s)he is”, nalmë “we are” (VT49:27, 30). Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps intended as aorist forms (nain “I am”, naityë/nailyë “you are”); VT49:30 however lists aorist forms with no intruding i (nanyë *“I am”, nalyë *”thou art”, ná “is”, nassë *”(s)he is”, nalmë *“we are”, nar “are”). Pa.t. nánë or né “was”, pl. náner/nér and dual nét “were” (VT49:6, 10, 27, 30). According to VT49:31, né “was” cannot receive pronominal endings (though nésë “he was” is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29), and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen “I was”, anel “you were”, anes “(s)he/it was” (VT49:28). Future tense nauva "will be" (VT42:34, VT49:19; alternative form uva only in VT49:30) Perfect anaië “has been” (VT49:27, first written as anáyë). The form na may be used as imperative (na airë "be holy", VT43:14, alcar...na Erun "glory...be to God", VT44:34); this imperative na is apparently incorporated in the word nai "be it that" (misleading translation "maybe" in LotR). This nai can be combined with a verb to express a hope that something will happen (Nam: nai hiruvalyë Valimar, “may you find Valimar”) or if the verb is in the present rather than the future tense, that it is already happening (VT49:39: nai Eru lye mánata “God bless you” or *”may God be blessing you”). According to PE17:58, imperative na is short for á na with the imperative particle included. – Ná "is" appears with a short vowel (na) in some sources, but writers should probably maintain the long vowel to avoid confusion with the imperative na (and with the wholly distinct preposition na "to"). The short form na- may however be usual before pronominal suffixes. By one interpretation, na with a short vowel represents the aorist (VT49:27). – The word ëa is variously translated "is", "exists", "it is", "let it be". It has a more absolute meaning than ná, with reference to existence rather than being a mere copula. It may also be used (with prepositional phrases) to denote a position: i ëa han ëa “[our Father] who is beyond [the universe of] Eä” (VT43:12-14), i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa “the One who is above all thrones” (UT:305). The pa.t. of this verb is engë, VT43:38, perfect engië or rarely éyë, future euva, VT49:29. – Fíriel's Song contains a word ye "is" (compare VT46:22), but its status in LotR-style Quenya is uncertain. – NOT BE, NOT DO: Also attested is the negative copula uin and umin "I do not, am not" (1st pers. aorist), pa.t. úmë. According to VT49:29, forms like ui “it is not”, uin(yë) “I am not”, uil(yë) *“you are not”, *uis *”(s)he is not” and uilmë *”we are not” are cited in a document dating from about 1968, though some of this was struck out. The monosyllable ú is used for “was not” in one text. The negation lá can be inflected for time “when verb is not expressed”. Tense-forms given: (aorist) lanyë “I do not, am not”; the other forms are cited without pronominal suffixes: present laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva, imperative ala, alá. MAY IT BE SO, see AMEN. –VT49:27-34, Nam/RGEO:67, VT43:34/An Introduction to Elvish:5, VT42:34,Silm:21/391, FS, UGU/UMU, VT49:13 -
2 CLOUD
fanya (white cloud; pl. fanyar is attested), lumbo (pl lumbor is attested. In LT1:259, it is stated that this word applies to a "dark lowering cloud"), ungo (dark shadow). (In ancient times the Elves probably also used the word fana [in Etym fána] for "cloud" or "veil", but in Quenya it came to denote the visible bodies in which the Valar manifested themselves to incarnates. When fana no longer meant "cloud", this meaning was evidently transferred to the derivative fanya, originally probably meaning "white" or as noun "white thing".) UPPER AIRS AND CLOUDS fanyarë (skies) –SPAN/VT46:15, MC:222, UÑG, Nam, RGEO:67, SYAD, RGEO:74, MC:223 -
3 MERCY
– HAVE MERCY órava- (+ locative to denote the object of the mercy; compare English "have mercy on [someone]; Tolkien expressed "have mercy on us" as órava messë) Another form, ócama or ocama, was possibly abandoned by Tolkien. –VT44:12-14 -
4 NINE
nertë (Tolkien abandoned the "Qenya" form olma, mentioned in LT1:258). For the syntax of numerals, see THREE. NINTH nertëa. For the use of nettë ("sister") to denote the ninth digit in children's play, see FOURTH FINGER. Fraction ONE NINTH neresta, nesta, nersat –NÉTER, VT48:6, VT42:25, VT47:11
См. также в других словарях:
Denote — De*note , v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Denoted}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Denoting}.] [L. denotare; de + notare to mark, nota mark, sign, note: cf. F. d[ e]noter. See {Note}.] 1. To mark out plainly; to signify by a visible sign; to serve as the sign or name of; … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
denote — 1 signify, *mean, import Analogous words: betoken, bespeak, *indicate, attest, argue, prove: *intend, mean: *suggest, imply, hint, intimate, insinuate 2 Denote, connote and their corresponding nouns denotation, connotation are complementary… … New Dictionary of Synonyms
denote — [dē nōt′, dinōt′] vt. denoted, denoting [Fr dénoter < MFr < L denotare, to mark out, denote < de , down + notare, to mark < nota, NOTE] 1. to be a sign of; indicate [dark clouds denote rain] 2. to signify or refer to explicitly; stand … English World dictionary
dénoté — ⇒DÉNOTÉ, ÉE, part. passé et adj. I. Part. passé de dénoter. II. Adj., spéc. A. LOG. Qui se réfère à l extension d un concept. Quelle que soit la manière dont elle « coiffe » le message dénoté, la connotation ne l épuise pas (R. BARTHES, Éléments… … Encyclopédie Universelle
denote — 1590s, from M.Fr. dénoter (14c.), from L. denotare denote, mark out, from de completely + notare to mark (see NOTE (Cf. note) (v.)). Related: Denoted; denoting … Etymology dictionary
denote — ► VERB 1) be a sign of; indicate. 2) be a name or symbol for. DERIVATIVES denotation noun denotational adjective denotative adjective. USAGE On the difference between denote and connote … English terms dictionary
denote — I verb be a name for, be a sign of, be an indication of, bespeak, betoken, convey a meaning, denominate, denotate, depict, depicture, designare, designate, express, imply, indicare, indicate, label, mark, mean, note, point out, portray, refer to … Law dictionary
dénoté — dénoté, ée (dé no té, tée) part. passé. Les dispositions de l âme dénotées par signes extérieurs … Dictionnaire de la Langue Française d'Émile Littré
denote — [v] designate, mean add up, announce, argue, bespeak, betoken, connote, evidence, express, finger, flash, hang sign on*, imply, import, indicate, insinuate, intend, make, mark, peg, prove, put down for, put finger on*, show, signify, spell, stand … New thesaurus
denoté — Denoté, [denot]ée. part … Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
denote — 01. According to my book on palm reading, fingers which are short and blunt in appearance [denote] a stubborn character. 02. Each black dot which appears on the website s world map [denotes] the death of a child due to starvation. 03. Very fancy… … Grammatical examples in English
