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  • 41 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

  • 42 stuff

    A n ¢
    1 ( unnamed substance) truc ○ m, chose f ; what's that stuff in the box/on the table? qu'est-ce que c'est que ce truc ○ dans la boîte/sur la table? ; what's that stuff in the bottle? qu'est-ce que c'est dans la bouteille? ; there's some black stuff stuck to my shoe il y a un truc ○ noir collé à ma chaussure ; I don't eat pre-packaged stuff if I can help it j'évite autant que possible de manger des trucs ○ pré-emballés ; this stuff stinks! ça pue ce truc! ○ ; have we got any more of that cement stuff? est-ce qu'on a encore de cette espèce de ciment? ; she loves the stuff elle adore ça ; acid is dangerous stuff l'acide est (un truc ○) dangereux ; gin? never touch the stuff ○ le gin? je n'y touche jamais ; expensive stuff, caviar ça coute cher, le caviar ; we've sold lots of the stuff nous en avons vendu beaucoup ; it's strong stuff (of drink, drug, detergent) c'est costaud ○ ;
    2 ○ ( unnamed objects) trucs ○ mpl ; ( implying disorder) bazar ○ m ; ( personal belongings) affaires fpl ; what's all this stuff in the hall? qu'est-ce que c'est que ces trucs ○ or ce bazar ○ dans l'entrée? ; she brought down a load of stuff from the attic elle a descendu un tas de trucs ○ du grenier ; don't leave your stuff all over the floor ne laisse pas traîner les affaires or ton bazar ○ par terre ;
    3 ○ (content of speech, book, film, etc) the sort of stuff you read in the newspapers le genre de chose or de truc ○ qu'on lit dans les journaux ; who wrote this stuff? gen qui a écrit ça? ; pej qui a écrit cette chose? ; there's some good stuff in this article il y a de bonnes choses dans cet article ; this poem is good stuff c'est un bon poème ; have you read much of her stuff? as-tu lu beaucoup de ce qu'elle a écrit? ; this stuff is excellent/absolute rubbish c'est excellent/complètement nul ○ ; it's not my kind of stuff ce n'est pas mon truc ○ ; it's romantic/terrifying stuff c'est romantique/terrifiant ; I sent him a tape of my stuff je lui ai envoyé une cassette de ce que je fais ; do you believe all that stuff about his private life? tu crois à tout ce qu'on dit sur sa vie privée? ; there was a lot of stuff about the new legislation in his speech il a beaucoup parlé de la nouvelle législation dans son discours ; he likes painting and drawing and stuff like that ○ il aime la peinture et le dessin et tout ce genre de trucs ○ ; the book's all about music and stuff le livre parle de la musique et tout ça ;
    4 ( fabric) lit étoffe f ; fig essence f ; such conflicts are the very stuff of drama de tels conflits sont l'essence même du drame ; this is the stuff that heroes/traitors are made of c'est l'étoffe dont on fait les héros/les traîtres ; the stuff that dreams are made of la substance (même) des rêves ; her husband was made of somewhat coarser/finer stuff son mari était plus grossier/plus raffiné de nature ;
    5 ○ ( drugs) came ○ f, drogue f ;
    6 ○ ( stolen goods) marchandise ○ f.
    B vtr
    1 (fill, pack) garnir, rembourrer [cushion, pillow, furniture] (with de) ; (implying haste, carelessness) bourrer [pocket, cupboard, suitcase] (with de) ; ( block up) boucher [hole, crack] (with avec) ; a book stuffed with useful information un livre bourré d'informations utiles ; they stuffed his head with useless information ils lui ont bourré la tête de faits inutiles ; to stuff one's face ○ bâfrer, s'empiffrer ◑ ; get stuffed ◑ ! va te faire voir ◑ ! ; stuff the system ◑ ! au diable ○ le système! ; stuff you ◑ ! va te faire voir ◑ ! ;
    2 ( pack in) fourrer ○ [objects, clothes, paper] (in, into dans) ; we stuffed paper into the cracks nous avons fourré du papier dans les fissures ; she stuffed the papers/some clothes into a bag elle a fourré les papiers/des vêtements dans un sac ; to stuff one's hands in one's pockets se fourrer les mains dans les poches ; to stuff sth up one's jumper cacher qch sous son pull ; to stuff sth under the bed fourrer qch sous le lit ; to stuff food into one's mouth se bâfrer ○ ; you know where you can stuff it ◑ ! tu sais où tu peux te le mettre ● ; tell him he can take his precious plan and stuff it ◑ ! dis-lui que son projet il peut se le mettre où je pense ● ! ;
    3 Culin farcir [turkey, tomato, olive] ;
    4 [taxidermist] empailler [animal, bird].
    C stuffed pp adj [tomato, vine leaf, olive] farci ; [toy animal] en peluche ; [bird, fox] empaillé.
    D ○ v refl to stuff oneself bâfrer ○, s'empiffrer ◑.
    a bit of stuff ○ péj une gonzesse ○ pej, une nana ○ ; to do one's stuff ○ faire ce qu'on a à faire ; go on-do your stuff ○ ! vas-y-fais ce que tu as à faire, vas-y-à toi de jouer ; to know one's stuff ○ connaître son affaire ○ ; that's the stuff ○ ! c'est bon!, c'est ça! ; that's the stuff to give them ou to give the troops ○ ! c'est ce que demande le peuple! ; I don't give a stuff ○ ! je m'en fiche ○ !, je m'en fous ◑ !
    ■ stuff up ;
    ▶ stuff [sth] up, stuff up [sth] boucher [crack, hole] (with avec) ; I'm all stuffed up, my nose is stuffed up j'ai le nez bouché.

    Big English-French dictionary > stuff

  • 43 hot

    hot [hɒt]
    chaud ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (d), 1 (k), 1 (l), 1 (t) qui tient chaud ⇒ 1 (c) épicé ⇒ 1 (e) tout frais ⇒ 1 (f) violent ⇒ 1 (h) intense ⇒ 1 (i) enthousiaste ⇒ 1 (j) sévère ⇒ 1 (m) recherché ⇒ 1 (o), 1 (r)
    (compar hotter, superl hottest, pt & pp hotted, cont hotting)
    ∎ to be hot (person) avoir (très ou trop) chaud; (object) être chaud;
    ∎ a hot, stuffy room une pièce où il fait une chaleur étouffante ou où l'on étouffe;
    ∎ the engine/glass/oven is hot le moteur/verre/four est chaud;
    ∎ I'm getting hot je commence à avoir chaud;
    ∎ the water is getting hot l'eau devient chaude;
    ∎ how hot should the oven be? le four doit être à quelle température?;
    ∎ it was hot work le travail donnait chaud;
    ∎ there's hot and cold running water il y a l'eau courante chaude et froide;
    ∎ we sat in the hot sun nous étions assis sous un soleil brûlant;
    ∎ I'd like a hot bath j'aimerais prendre un bain bien chaud;
    ∎ the doctor said not to have any hot drinks le médecin m'a conseillé de ne pas boire chaud ou m'a déconseillé les boissons chaudes;
    ∎ a hot meal un repas chaud;
    ∎ keep the meat hot tenez la viande au chaud;
    ∎ serve the soup while it's hot servez la soupe bien chaude;
    ∎ the bread was hot from the oven le pain sortait tout chaud du four;
    ∎ hot food always available (sign) plats chauds à toute heure;
    ∎ figurative you're getting hot! (in guessing game) tu brûles!;
    ∎ familiar to be or to get (all) hot and bothered (about sth) être dans tous ses états ou se faire du mauvais sang (au sujet de qch);
    ∎ familiar to be or to get hot under the collar (about sth) être en colère ou en rogne (au sujet de qch);
    ∎ the books were selling like hot cakes les livres se vendaient comme des petits pains;
    ∎ familiar he's full of hot air c'est une grande gueule;
    ∎ all her promises are just a lot of hot air toutes ses promesses ne sont que des paroles en l'air;
    ∎ that's nothing but hot air! tout ça n'est que du vent!
    ∎ it's hot il fait très chaud;
    ∎ it's really hot! il fait vraiment très chaud!;
    ∎ it's getting hotter il commence à faire très chaud;
    ∎ I can't sleep when it's so hot je ne peux pas dormir par cette chaleur;
    ∎ it was very hot that day il faisait très chaud ce jour-là, c'était un jour de grande ou forte chaleur;
    ∎ one hot afternoon in August (par) une chaude après-midi d'août;
    ∎ in (the) hot weather pendant les chaleurs;
    ∎ we had a hot spell last week c'était la canicule la semaine dernière;
    ∎ the hottest day of the year la journée la plus chaude de l'année
    (c) (clothing) qui tient chaud;
    ∎ this jacket's too hot cette veste tient trop chaud
    (d) (colour) chaud, vif
    (e) (pungent, spicy → food) épicé, piquant, relevé; (→ spice) fort;
    ∎ a hot curry un curry relevé ou épicé
    (f) (fresh, recent) tout(e) frais (fraîche);
    ∎ the news is hot off the presses ce sont des informations de toute dernière minute;
    ∎ this book is hot off the press ce livre vient juste de paraître
    (g) (close, following closely)
    ∎ to be hot on the trail être sur la bonne piste;
    ∎ the police were hot on their heels or on their trail la police les talonnait ou était à leurs trousses;
    ∎ he fled with the police in hot pursuit il s'est enfui avec la police à ses trousses
    (h) (fiery, vehement) violent;
    ∎ she has a hot temper elle s'emporte facilement, elle est très soupe au lait
    (i) (intense → anger, shame) intense, profond
    (j) (keen) enthousiaste, passionné;
    ∎ American familiar he's hot on my sister il en pince pour ma sœur;
    ∎ they're very hot on formal qualifications (attach importance to) ils insistent beaucoup sur les diplômes;
    ∎ they're not very hot on hygiene (fussy about) ils ne sont pas très portés sur l'hygiène
    ∎ the reporter was onto a hot story le journaliste était sur un coup (fumant);
    ∎ to have a hot date avoir un rendez-vous galant□ ;
    ∎ this book is hot stuff c'est un livre très audacieux□ ;
    ∎ this issue is hot stuff, I wouldn't touch it c'est un sujet brûlant, je n'y toucherais pas
    (l) familiar (difficult, unpleasant) chaud, difficile□ ;
    ∎ we could make it or things very hot for you if you don't cooperate nous pourrions vous mener la vie dure ou vous en faire voir de toutes les couleurs si vous ne vous montrez pas coopératif;
    ∎ the presence of the army made things hot for the smugglers la présence de l'armée a rendu les choses très difficiles pour les contrebandiers□ ;
    ∎ the town had got too hot for the drug dealers l'atmosphère de la ville était devenue irrespirable pour les trafiquants de drogue;
    ∎ the situation was too hot to handle la situation était trop délicate pour qu'on s'en mêle□
    (m) British familiar (severe, stringent) sévère□, dur□ ;
    ∎ the police are really hot on drunk driving la police ne badine vraiment pas avec la conduite en état d'ivresse
    (n) familiar (very good) génial, terrible; (skilful) fort□, calé;
    ∎ how is he? - not so hot (unwell) comment va-t-il? - pas trop bien□ ;
    ∎ I don't feel so hot je ne suis pas dans mon assiette;
    ∎ I'm not so hot at maths je ne suis pas très calé en maths;
    ∎ she's hot stuff at golf c'est un as ou un crack au golf;
    ∎ his latest book isn't so hot son dernier livre n'est pas terrible ou fameux;
    ∎ that isn't such a hot idea ce n'est pas terrible ou fameux comme idée;
    ∎ that's hot! c'est super!;
    ∎ a hot tip un tuyau sûr ou increvable
    (o) familiar (in demand, popular) très recherché□ ;
    ∎ she's really hot just now elle a vraiment beaucoup de succès en ce moment□ ;
    ∎ to be hot property être très demandé□ ;
    ∎ windsurfing is hot stuff in this area la planche à voile est très en vogue dans cette région□
    ∎ to be hot (stuff) être sexy (inv);
    ∎ he's hot (sexually aroused) il a le feu au derrière;
    ∎ to be hot to trot avoir le feu aux fesses
    (q) familiar (stolen) volé□
    (r) British familiar (sought by police) recherché par la police□
    (s) Electricity (wire) sous tension
    (t) Nuclear (atom) chaud; familiar (radioactive) chaud, radioactif□
    ∎ hot damn! (in excitement) bon sang!, nom d'un chien!; (in anger) merde!
    ∎ to go hot and cold at the thought of sth avoir des sueurs froides à l'idée de qch
    ∎ familiar to have the hots for sb craquer pour qn
    ►► hot chocolate Cookery (drink) chocolat m chaud;
    hot desking = pratique qui consiste à ne pas assigner de bureaux individuels aux employés, ces derniers étant libres de s'installer à n'importe quel poste de travail inoccupé;
    1 noun
    (sausage) hot-dog m, frankfurter m; Skiing ski m acrobatique; (in surfing) surf m acrobatique; American familiar (show-off) m'as-tu-vu mf inv
    American familiar génial!, super!;
    hot dog stand stand m de hot-dogs;
    ∎ we met in front of the hot dog stand nous nous sommes retrouvés devant le vendeur de hot-dogs;
    Metallurgy hot drawing tirage m à chaud;
    British Sport hot favourite grand(e) favori(te) m,f;
    Medicine American hot flash, British hot flush bouffée f de chaleur;
    hot gospeller = prêcheur évangéliste qui harangue les foules;
    British hot gossip les tous derniers cancans mpl;
    familiar Cars hot hatch cinq-portes f inv qui pète le feu;
    familiar hot jazz (jazz m) hot m inv;
    Computing hot key touche f personnalisée;
    Telecommunications hot line numéro m d'urgence; Politics (between US and Kremlin) téléphone m rouge;
    hot line support assistance f technique téléphonique, hot line f;
    ∎ he has a hot line to the president il a une ligne directe avec le président;
    ∎ she's on the hot line to the director elle téléphone au directeur;
    ∎ the hot line to the Kremlin la téléphone rouge avec le Kremlin;
    Computing hot link lien m hypertexte;
    familiar hot money (UNCOUNT) (stolen) argent m volé□ ; Finance capitaux mpl flottants ou fébriles□ ;
    British hot news les toutes dernières nouvelles fpl;
    American hot pad dessous-de-plat m inv;
    hot pants mini-short m (très court et moulant);
    Botany & Cookery hot pepper piment m;
    familiar figurative hot potato sujet m brûlant et délicat;
    ∎ a political hot potato un sujet brûlant ou une question brûlante de politique;
    ∎ to drop sb like a hot potato laisser tomber qn comme une vieille chaussette ou savate;
    Irish hot press (airing cupboard) = placard chauffé où l'on fait sécher le linge;
    familiar Cars hot rod bagnole f trafiquée;
    Metallurgy hot rolling laminage m à chaud;
    American familiar hot seat (electric chair) chaise f électrique□ ;
    ∎ figurative to be in the hot seat (difficult situation) être sur la sellette;
    Photography hot shoe griffe f du flash, pied-sabot m;
    hot spot (dangerous area) point m chaud ou névralgique; familiar (night club) boîte f de nuit□ ; Technology point m chaud;
    ∎ let's hit the town's hot spots si on faisait la tournée des boîtes?;
    hot spring source f chaude;
    British Computing hot swap (of devices) remplacement m à chaud;
    American familiar hot ticket: to be a hot ticket faire fureur;
    ∎ the play is the hottest ticket in town c'est la pièce qui a le plus de succès actuellement□ ;
    hot tub = sorte de Jacuzzi ® qu'on installe dehors;
    hot war guerre f chaude ou ouverte;
    hot water eau f chaude;
    ∎ figurative their latest prank got them into or landed them in hot water leur dernière farce leur a attiré des ennuis;
    ∎ you'll be in hot water when she finds out tu passeras un mauvais quart d'heure quand elle s'en apercevra;
    hot wire fil m sous tension
    (a) (intensify → argument, contest) échauffer□ ; (→ bombing, fighting) intensifier□ ; (→ party) mettre de l'animation dans□ ; (→ music) faire balancer, faire chauffer;
    ∎ they hotted up the pace ils ont forcé l'allure
    ∎ to hot up a car gonfler le moteur d'une voiture
    (intensify → discussion, campaign) s'échauffer□ ; (→ fighting, situation) chauffer□, s'intensifier□ ;
    ∎ the price war has hotted up la guerre des prix s'intensifie;
    ✾ Film 'Some like it hot' Wilder 'Certains l'aiment chaud'

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > hot

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