dē-cerno

* * *

* * *

a hornet, Irish cearnabhán; from *cerno-. Cf. English hornet (*kr$$.s-en-), Latin crabro.

right, so Irish, Early Irish cert; Latin certus, certain, sure, cerno, discern; Greek $$G krínw, judge, $$G krités, a judge, English critic.

ănĭmus, i, m. [a Graeco-Italic form of anemos = wind (as ego, lego, of ego, lego); cf. Sanscr. an = to breathe, anas = breath, anilas = wind; Goth. uz-ana = exspiro; Erse, anal = breath; Germ. Unst = a storm (so, sometimes); but Curt. does not extend the connection to AФ, aêmi = to blow; a modification of animus—by making which the Romans took a step in advance of the Greeks, who used hê psuchê for both these ideas—is anima, which has the physical meaning of anemos, so that Cic. was theoretically right, but historically wrong, when he said, ipse animus ab anima dictus est, Tusc. 1, 9, 19; after the same analogy we have from psuchô = to breathe, blow, psuchê = breath, life, soul; from pneô = to breathe, pneuma = air, breath, life, in class. Greek, and = spirit, a spiritual being, in Hellenistic Greek; from spiro = to breathe, blow, spiritus = breath, breeze, energy, high spirit, and poet. and post-Aug. = soul, mind; the Engl. ghost = Germ. Geist may be comp. with Germ. giessen and cheô, to pour, and for this interchange of the ideas of gases and liquids, cf. Sol. 22: insula adspiratur freto Gallico, is flowed upon, washed, by the Gallic Strait; the Sanscr. atman = breath, soul, with which comp. aytmê = breath; Germ. Odem = breath, and Athem = breath, soul, with which group Curt. connects auô, aêmi; the Heb. = breath, life, soul; and = breath, wind, life, spirit, soul or mind].

In a general sense, the rational soul in man (in opp. to the body, corpus, and to the physical life, anima), hê psuchê:

humanus animus decerptus ex mente divina,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 38:

Corpus animum praegravat, Atque affixit humo divinae particulam aurae,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 77:

credo deos immortales sparsisse animos in corpora humana, ut essent qui terras tuerentur etc.,

Cic. Sen. 21, 77:

eas res tueor animi non corporis viribus,

id. ib. 11, 38; so id. Off. 1, 23, 79:

quae (res) vel infirmis corporibus animo tamen administratur,

id. Sen. 6, 15; id. Off. 1, 29, 102:

omnes animi cruciatus et corporis,

id. Cat. 4, 5, 10:

levantes Corpus et animum,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 141:

formam et figuram animi magis quam corporis complecti,

Tac. Agr. 46; id. H. 1, 22:

animi validus et corpore ingens,

id. A. 15, 53:

Aristides primus animum pinxit et sensus hominis expressit, quae vocantur Graece ethe, item perturbationes,

first painted the soul, put a soul into his figures, Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 98 (cf.:

animosa signa,

life-like statues, Prop. 4, 8, 9): si nihil esset in eo (animo), nisi id, ut per eum viveremus, i. e. were it mere anima, Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 56:

Singularis est quaedam natura atque vis animi, sejuncta ab his usitatis notisque naturis, i. e. the four material elements,

id. ib. 1, 27, 66: Neque nos corpora sumus. Cum igitur nosce te dicit, hoc dicit, nosce animum tuum, id. ib. 1, 22, 52:

In quo igitur loco est (animus)? Credo equidem in capite,

id. ib. 1, 29, 70:

corpora nostra, terreno principiorum genere confecta, ardore animi concalescunt,

derive their heat from the fiery nature of the soul, id. ib. 1, 18, 42:

Non valet tantum animus, ut se ipsum ipse videat: at, ut oculus, sic animus, se non videns alia cernit,

id. ib. 1, 27, 67: foramina illa ( the senses), quae patent ad animum a corpore, callidissimo artificio natura fabricata est, id. ib. 1, 20, 47: dum peregre est animus sine corpore velox, independently of the body, i. e. the mind roaming in thought, Hor. Ep. 1, 12, 13:

discessus animi a corpore,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18; 1, 30, 72:

cum nihil erit praeter animum,

when there shall be nothing but the soul, when the soul shall be disembodied, id. ib. 1, 20, 47; so,

animus vacans corpore,

id. ib. 1, 22, 50; and:

animus sine corpore,

id. ib. 1, 22, 51:

sine mente animoque nequit residere per artus pars ulla animai,

Lucr. 3, 398 (for the pleonasm here, v. infra, II. A. 1.):

Reliquorum sententiae spem adferunt posse animos, cum e corporibus excesserint in caelum pervenire,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:

permanere animos arbitramur consensu nationum omnium,

id. ib. 1, 16, 36:

Pherecydes primus dixit animos esse hominum sempiternos,

id. ib. 1, 16, 38:

Quod ni ita se haberet, ut animi immortales essent, haud etc.,

id. Sen. 23, 82: immortalitas animorum, id. ib. 21, 78; id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24; 1, 14, 30:

aeternitas animorum,

id. ib. 1, 17, 39; 1, 22, 50 (for the plur. animorum, in this phrase, cf. Cic. Sen. 23, 84); for the atheistic notions about the soul, v. Lucr. bk. iii.—

In a more restricted sense, the mind as thinking, feeling, willing, the intellect, the sensibility, and the will, acc. to the almost universally received division of the mental powers since the time of Kant (Diog. Laert. 8, 30, says that Pythagoras divided hê psuchê into ho nous, hai phrenes, and ho thumos; and that man had ho nous and ho thumos in common with other animals, but he alone had hai phrenes. Here ho nous and ho thumos must denote the understanding and the sensibility, and hai phrenes, the reason. Plutarch de Placit. 4, 21, says that the Stoics called the supreme faculty of the mind (to hêgemonikon tês psuchês) ho logismos, reason. Cic. sometimes speaks of a twofold division; as, Est animus in partes tributus duas, quarum altera rationis est particeps, altera expers (i. e. to logistikon and to alogon of Plato; cf. Tert. Anim. 16), i. e. the reason or intellect and the sensibility, Tusc. 2, 21, 47; so id. Off. 1, 28, 101; 1, 36, 132; id. Tusc 4, 5, 10; and again of a threefold; as, Plato triplicem finxit animum, cujus principatum, id est rationem in capite sicut in arce posuit, et duas partes ( the two other parts) ei parere voluit, iram et cupiditatem, quas locis disclusit; iram in pectore, cupiditatem subter praecordia locavit, i. e. the reason or intellect, and the sensibility here resolved into desire and aversion, id. ib. 1, 10, 20; so id. Ac. 2, 39, 124. The will, hê boulêsis, voluntas, arbitrium, seems to have been sometimes merged in the sensibility, ho thumos, animus, animi, sensus, and sometimes identified with the intellect or reason, ho nous, ho logismos, mens, ratio).

1.. The general power of perception and thought, the reason, intellect, mind (syn.: mens, ratio, ingenium), ho nous:

cogito cum meo animo,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 13; so Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 55:

cum animis vestris cogitare,

Cic. Agr. 2, 24:

recordari cum animo,

id. Clu. 25, 70;

and without cum: animo meditari,

Nep. Ages. 4, 1; cf. id. Ham. 4, 2:

cogitare volvereque animo,

Suet. Vesp. 5:

animo cogitare,

Vulg. Eccli. 37, 9:

statuere apud animum,

Liv. 34, 2:

proposui in animo meo,

Vulg. Eccli. 1, 12:

nisi me animus fallit, hi sunt, etc.,

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 23:

in dubio est animus,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 31; id. ib. prol. 1; cf. id. ib. 1, 1, 29:

animum ad se ipsum advocamus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 31, 75:

lumen animi, ingenii consiliique tui,

id. Rep. 6, 12 al. —

For the sake of rhet. fulness, animus often has a synonym joined with it: Mens et animus et consilium et sententia civitatis posita est in legibus,

Cic. Clu. 146:

magnam cui mentem animumque Delius inspirat vates,

Verg. A. 6, 11:

complecti animo et cogitatione,

Cic. Off. 1, 32, 117; id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

animis et cogitatione comprehendere,

id. Fl. 27, 66:

cum omnia ratione animoque lustraris,

id. Off. 1, 17, 56:

animorum ingeniorumque naturale quoddam quasi pabulum consideratio naturae,

id. Ac. 2, 41, 127.—Hence the expressions: agitatio animi, attentio, contentio; animi adversio; applicatio animi; judicium, opinio animorum, etc. (v. these vv.); and animum advertere, adjungere, adplicare, adpellere, inducere, etc. (v. these vv.).—

Of particular faculties of mind, the memory:

etiam nunc mihi Scripta illa dicta sunt in animo Chrysidis,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 46:

An imprimi, quasi ceram, animum putamus etc. (an idea of Aristotle's),

Cic. Tusc. 1, 25, 61:

ex animo effluere,

id. de Or. 2, 74, 300: omnia fert aetas, animum quoque;

... Nunc oblita mihi tot carmina,

Verg. E. 9, 51.—

Consciousness (physically considered) or the vital power, on which consciousness depends ( = conscientia, q. v. II. A., or anima, q. v. II. E.):

vae miserae mihi. Animo malest: aquam velim,

I'm fainting, my wits are going, Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 6; id. Curc. 2, 3, 33:

reliquit animus Sextium gravibus acceptis vulneribus,

Caes. B. G. 6, 38:

Una eademque via sanguis animusque sequuntur,

Verg. A. 10, 487:

animusque reliquit euntem,

Ov. M. 10, 459:

nisi si timor abstulit omnem Sensum animumque,

id. ib. 14, 177:

linqui deinde animo et submitti genu coepit,

Curt. 4, 6, 20: repente animo linqui solebat, Suet. Caes. 45:

ad recreandos defectos animo puleio,

Plin. 20, 14, 54, § 152.—

The conscience, in mal. part. (v. conscientia, II. B. 2. b.):

cum conscius ipse animus se remordet,

Lucr. 4, 1135:

quos conscius animus exagitabat,

Sall. C. 14, 3:

suae malae cogitationes conscientiaeque animi terrent,

Cic. Sex. Rosc. 67.—

In Plaut. very freq., and once also in Cic., meton. for judicium, sententia, opinion, judgment; mostly meo quidem animo or meo animo, according to my mind, in my opinion, Plaut. Men. 1, 3, 17:

e meo quidem animo aliquanto facias rectius, si, etc.,

id. Aul. 3, 6, 3:

meo quidem animo, hic tibi hodie evenit bonus,

id. Bacch. 1, 1, 69; so id. Aul. 3, 5, 4; id. Curc. 4, 2, 28; id. Bacch. 3, 2, 10; id. Ep. 1, 2, 8; id. Poen. 1, 2, 23; id. Rud. 4, 4, 94; Cic. Sest. 22:

edepol lenones meo animo novisti,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 19:

nisi, ut meus est animus, fieri non posse arbitror,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 5 (cf.:

EX MEI ANIMI SENTENTIA,

Inscr. Orell. 3665:

ex animi tui sententia,

Cic. Off. 3, 29, 108).—

The imagination, the fancy (for which Cic. often uses cogitatio, as Ac. 2, 15, 48):

cerno animo sepultam patriam, miseros atque insepultos acervos civium,

Cic. Cat. 4, 6, 11:

fingere animo jubebat aliquem etc.,

id. Sen. 12, 41: Fingite animis;

litterae enim sunt cogitationes nostrae, et quae volunt, sic intuentur, ut ea cernimus, quae videmus,

id. Mil. 29, 79:

Nihil animo videre poterant,

id. Tusc. 1, 16, 38.—

The power of feeling, the sensibility, the heart, the feelings, affections, inclinations, disposition, passions (either honorable or base; syn.: sensus, adfectus, pectus, cor), ho thumos.

a.. In gen., heart, soul, spirit, feeling, inclination, affection, passion: Medea, animo aegra, amore saevo saucia, Enn. ap. Auct. ad Her. 2, 22 (cf. Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 36:

animo hercle homo suo est miser): tu si animum vicisti potius quam animus te, est quod gaudeas, etc.,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 27 -29:

harum scelera et lacrumae confictae dolis Redducunt animum aegrotum ad misericordiam,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 27:

Quo gemitu conversi animi (sunt),

Verg. A. 2, 73:

Hoc fletu concussi animi,

id. ib. 9, 498;

4, 310: animum offendere,

Cic. Lig. 4; id. Deiot. 33; so Vulg. Gen. 26, 35.—Mens and animus are often conjoined and contrasted, mind and heart (cf. the Homeric kata phrena kai kata thumon, in mind and heart): mentem atque animum delectat suum, entertains his mind and delights his heart, Enn. ap. Gell. 19, 10:

Satin tu sanus mentis aut animi tui?

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 53:

mala mens, malus animus,

bad mind, bad heart, Ter. And. 1, 1, 137:

animum et mentem meam ipsa cogitatione hominum excellentium conformabam,

Cic. Arch. 6, 14:

Nec vero corpori soli subveniendum est, sed menti atque animo multo magis,

id. Sen. 11, 36:

ut omnium mentes animosque perturbaret,

Caes. B. G. 1, 39; 1, 21:

Istuc mens animusque fert,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 8:

Stare Socrates dicitur tamquam quodam recessu mentis atque animi facto a corpore,

Gell. 2, 1; 15, 2, 7.—

And very rarely with this order inverted: Jam vero animum ipsum mentemque hominis, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 59, 147:

mente animoque nobiscum agunt,

Tac. G. 29:

quem nobis animum, quas mentes imprecentur,

id. H. 1, 84;

and sometimes pleon. without such distinction: in primis regina quietum Accipit in Teucros animum mentemque benignam,

a quiet mind and kindly heart, Verg. A. 1, 304; so,

pravitas animi atque ingenii,

Vell. 2, 112, 7 (for mens et animus, etc., in the sense of thought, used as a pleonasm, v. supra, II. A. 1.):

Verum animus ubi semel se cupiditate devinxit mala, etc.,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 34:

animus perturbatus et incitatus nec cohibere se potest, nec quo loco vult insistere,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 18, 41:

animum comprimit,

id. ib. 2, 22, 53:

animus alius ad alia vitia propensior,

id. ib. 4, 37, 81; id. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1:

sed quid ego hic animo lamentor,

Enn. Ann. 6, 40:

tremere animo,

Cic. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 4:

ingentes animo concipit iras,

Ov. M. 1, 166:

exsultare animo,

id. ib. 6, 514.—So often ex animo, from the heart, from the bottom of one's heart, deeply, truly, sincerely:

Paulum interesse censes ex animo omnia facias an de industria?

from your heart or with some design, Ter. And. 4, 4, 55; id. Ad. 1, 1, 47:

nisi quod tibi bene ex animo volo,

id. Heaut. 5, 2, 6: verbum [p. 124] ex animo dicere, id. Eun. 1, 2, 95:

sive ex animo id fit sive simulate,

Cic. N. D. 2, 67, 168:

majore studio magisve ex animo petere non possum,

id. Fam. 11, 22:

ex animo vereque diligi,

id. ib. 9, 6, 2:

ex animo dolere,

Hor. A. P. 432:

quae (gentes) dederunt terram meam sibi cum gaudio et toto corde et ex animo,

Vulg. Ezech. 36, 5; ib. Eph. 6, 6; ib. 1 Pet. 5, 3.—And with gen.

With verbs:

Quid illam miseram animi excrucias?

Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 76; 4, 6, 65:

Antipho me excruciat animi,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 10:

discrucior animi,

id. Ad. 4, 4, 1:

in spe pendebit animi,

id. Heaut. 4, 4, 5: juvenemque animi miserata repressit, pitying him in her heart, thumôi phileousa te kêdomenê te (Hom. Il. 1, 196), Verg. A. 10, 686.—

With adjj.:

aeger animi,

Liv. 1, 58; 2, 36; 6, 10; Curt. 4, 3, 11; Tac. H. 3, 58:

infelix animi,

Verg. A. 4, 529:

felix animi,

Juv. 14, 159:

victus animi,

Verg. G. 4, 491:

ferox animi,

Tac. A. 1, 32:

promptus animi,

id. H. 2, 23:

praestans animi,

Verg. A. 12, 19:

ingens animi,

Tac. A. 1, 69 (for this gen. v. Ramsh. Gr. p. 323; Key, § 935; Wagner ad Plaut. Aul. v. 105; Draeger, Hist. Synt. I. p. 443).—

Meton., disposition, character (so, often ingenium): nimis paene animo es Molli, Pac. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 21, 49:

animo audaci proripit sese,

Pac. Trag. Rel. p. 109 Rib.:

petulans protervo, iracundo animo,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 3, 1; id. Truc. 4, 3, 1:

ubi te vidi animo esse omisso (omisso = neglegenti, Don.),

Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 9; Cic. Fam. 2. 17 fin.:

promptus animus vester,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 9, 2: animis estis simplicibus et mansuetis nimium creditis unicuique, Auct. ad Her. 4, 37:

eorum animi molles et aetate fluxi dolis haud difficulter capiebantur,

Sall. C. 14, 5:

Hecabe, Non oblita animorum, annorum oblita suorum,

Ov. M. 13, 550:

Nihil est tam angusti animi tamque parvi, quam amare divitias,

Cic. Off. 1, 20, 68:

sordidus atque animi parvi,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 10; Vell. 2, 25, 3:

Drusus animi fluxioris erat,

Suet. Tib. 52.—

In particular, some one specific emotion, inclination, or passion (honorable or base; in this signif., in the poets and prose writers, very freq. in the plur.). —

Courage, spirit:

ibi nostris animus additus est,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 94; cf. Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 31; id. And. 2, 1, 33:

deficiens animo maesto cum corde jacebat,

Lucr. 6, 1232:

virtute atque animo resistere,

Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 8:

fac animo magno fortique sis,

id. ib. 6, 14 fin.:

Cassio animus accessit, et Parthis timor injectus est,

id. Att. 5, 20, 3:

nostris animus augetur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 70:

mihi in dies magis animus accenditur,

Sall. C. 20, 6; Cic. Att. 5, 18; Liv. 8, 19; 44, 29:

Nunc demum redit animus,

Tac. Agr. 3:

bellica Pallas adest, Datque animos,

Ov. M. 5, 47:

pares annis animisque,

id. ib. 7, 558:

cecidere illis animique manusque,

id. ib. 7, 347 (cf.:

tela viris animusque cadunt,

id. F. 3, 225) et saep.—Hence, bono animo esse or uti, to be of good courage, Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5: Am. Bono animo es. So. Scin quam bono animo sim? Plaut. Am. 22, 39:

In re mala animo si bono utare, adjuvat,

id. Capt. 2, 1, 9:

bono animo fac sis,

Ter. Ad. 3, 5, 1:

quin tu animo bono es,

id. ib. 4, 2, 4:

quare bono animo es,

Cic. Att. 5, 18; so Vulg. 2 Macc. 11, 26; ib. Act. 18, 25;

so also, satis animi,

sufficient courage, Ov. M. 3, 559.—Also for hope:

magnus mihi animus est, hodiernum diem initium libertatis fore,

Tac. Agr, 30.— Trop., of the violent, stormy motion of the winds of AEolus:

Aeolus mollitque animos et temperat iras,

Verg. A. 1, 57.—Of a top:

dant animos plagae,

give it new force, quicker motion, Verg. A. 7, 383.—

Of spirit in discourse: in Asinio Pollione et consilii et animi satis,

Quint. 10, 1, 113. —

Haughtiness, arrogance, pride: quae civitas est in Asia, quae unius tribuni militum animos ac spiritus capere possit? can bear the arrogance and pride, etc., Cic. Imp. Pomp. 22, 66:

jam insolentiam noratis hominis: noratis animos ejus ac spiritus tribunicios,

id. Clu. 39, 109; so id. Caecin. 11 al.; Ov. Tr. 5, 8, 3 (cf.:

quia paululum vobis accessit pecuniae, Sublati animi sunt,

Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 56).—

Violent passion, vehemence, wrath:

animum vincere, iracundiam cohibere, etc.,

Cic. Marcell. 3:

animum rege, qui nisi paret Imperat,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 62:

qui dominatur animo suo,

Vulg. Prov. 16, 32.—So often in plur.; cf hoi thumoi: ego meos animos violentos meamque iram ex pectore jam promam, Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 43:

vince animos iramque tuam,

Ov. H. 3, 85; id. M. 8, 583; Prop. 1, 5, 12:

Parce tuis animis, vita, nocere tibi,

id. 2, 5, 18:

Sic longius aevum Destruit ingentes animos,

Luc. 8, 28:

coeunt sine more, sine arte, Tantum animis iraque,

Stat. Th. 11, 525 al. —

Moderation, patience, calmness, contentedness, in the phrase aequus animus, an even mind:

si est animus aequos tibi,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 10; id. Rud. 2, 3, 71; Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 145; and often in the abl., aequo animo, with even mind, patiently, etc.:

aequo animo ferre,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 23; Cic. Tusc. 1, 39, 93; id. Sen. 23, 84; Nep. Dion. 6, 4; Liv. 5, 39:

aequo animo esse,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 21, 7; ib. Judith, 7, 23: Aequo animo est? of merry heart (Gr. euthumei), ib. Jac. 5, 13:

animis aequis remittere,

Cic. Clu. 2, 6:

aequiore animo successorem opperiri,

Suet. Tib. 25:

haud aequioribus animis audire,

Liv. 23, 22: sapientissimus quisque aequissimo animo moritur; stultissimus iniquissimo. Cic. Sen. 23, 83; so id. Tusc. 1, 45, 109; Sall. C. 3, 2; Suet. Aug. 56:

iniquo animo,

Att. Trag. Rel. p. 150 Rib.; Cic. Tusc. 2, 2, 5; Quint. 11, 1, 66.—

Agreeable feeling, pleasure, delight:

cubat amans animo obsequens,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 134:

indulgent animis, et nulla quid utile cura est,

Ov. M. 7, 566; so, esp. freq.: animi causa (in Plaut. once animi gratia), for the sake of amusement, diversion (cf.:

haec (animalia) alunt animi voluptatisque causa,

Caes. B. G. 5, 12):

Post animi causa mihi navem faciam,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 2, 27; so id. Trin. 2, 2, 53; id. Ep. 1, 1, 43:

liberare fidicinam animi gratia,

id. ib. 2, 2, 90:

qui illud animi causa fecerit, hunc praedae causa quid facturum putabis?

Cic. Phil. 7, 6:

habet animi causa rus amoenum et suburbanum,

id. Rosc. Am. 46 Matth.; cf. id. ib. § 134, and Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 17, 56; Cic. Fam. 7, 2:

Romanos in illis munitionibus animine causa cotidie exerceri putatis?

Caes. B. G. 7, 77; Plin. praef. 17 Sill.—

Disposition toward any one:

hoc animo in nos esse debebis, ut etc.,

Cic. Fam. 2, 1 fin.:

meus animus erit in te semper, quem tu esse vis,

id. ib. 5, 18 fin.:

qui, quo animo inter nos simus, ignorant,

id. ib. 3, 6; so id. ib. 4, 15;

5, 2: In quo in primis quo quisque animo, studio, benevolentia fecerit, ponderandum est,

id. Off. 1, 15, 49:

quod (Allobroges) nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur,

to be well disposed, Caes. B. G. 1, 6 fin. —In the pregn. signif. of kind, friendly feeling, affection, kindness, liberality:

animum fidemque praetorianorum erga se expertus est,

Suet. Oth. 8:

Nec non aurumque animusque Latino est,

Verg. A. 12, 23.—Hence, meton., of a person who is loved, my heart, my soul:

salve, anime mi,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 3:

da, meus ocellus, mea rosa, mi anime, da, mea voluptas,

id. As. 3, 3, 74; so id. ib. 5, 2, 90; id. Curc. 1, 3, 9; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 48; id. Most. 1, 4, 23; id. Men. 1, 3, 1; id. Mil. 4, 8, 20; id. Rud. 4, 8, 1; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 15 et saep. —

The power of willing, the will, inclination, desire, purpose, design, intention (syn.: voluntas, arbitrium, mens, consilium, propositum), hê boulêsis:

qui rem publicam animo certo adjuverit,

Att. Trag Rel. p. 182 Rib.:

pro inperio tuo meum animum tibi servitutem servire aequom censui,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 23:

Ex animique voluntate id procedere primum,

goes forth at first from the inclination of the soul, Lucr. 2, 270; so,

pro animi mei voluntate,

Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 8 (v. Manut. ad h.l.):

teneo, quid animi vostri super hac re siet,

Plaut. Am. prol. 58; 1, 1, 187:

Nam si semel tuom animum ille intellexerit, Prius proditurum te etc.,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 69:

Prius quam tuom ut sese habeat animum ad nuptias perspexerit,

id. And. 2, 3, 4:

Sin aliter animus voster est, ego etc.,

id. Ad. 3, 4, 46:

Quid mi istaec narras? an quia non audisti, de hac re animus meus ut sit?

id. Hec. 5, 2, 19:

qui ab auro gazaque regia manus, oculos, animum cohibere possit,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 66:

istum exheredare in animo habebat,

id. Rosc. Am. 18, 52: nobis crat in animo Ciceronem ad Caesarem mittere, we had it in mind to send, etc., id. Fam. 14, 11; Serv. ad Cic. ib. 4, 12:

hostes in foro constiterunt, hoc animo, ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 7, 28:

insurrexerunt uno animo in Paulum,

with one mind, Vulg. Act. 18, 12; 19, 29: persequi Jugurtham animus ardebat, Sall. J. 39, 5 Gerlach (others, animo, as Dietsch); so id. de Rep. Ord. 1, 8: in nova fert an mus mutatas dicere formas, my mind inclines to tell of, etc., Ov. M. 1, 1.—Hence, est animus alicui, with inf., to have a mind for something, to aim at, etc.:

omnibus unum Opprimere est animus,

Ov. M. 5, 150:

Sacra Jovi Stygio perficere est animus,

Verg. A. 4, 639:

Fuerat animus conjuratis corpus occisi in Tiberim trahere,

Suet. Caes. 82 fin.; id. Oth. 6; cf. id. Calig. 56.—So, aliquid alicui in animo est, with inf., Tac. G. 3.—So, inducere in animum or animum, to resolve upon doing something; v. induco.—

Trop., of the principle of life and activity in irrational objects, as in Engl. the word mind is used.

Of brutes:

in bestiis, quarum animi sunt rationis expertes,

whose minds, Cic. Tusc. 1, 33, 80:

Sunt bestiae, in quibus etiam animorum aliqua ex parte motus quosdam videmus,

id. Fin. 5, 14, 38:

ut non inscite illud dictum videatur in sue, animum illi pecudi datum pro sale, ne putisceret,

id. ib. 5, 13, 38, ubi v. Madv.:

(apes Ingentes animos angusto in pectore versant,

Verg. G. 4, 83:

Illiusque animos, qui multos perdidit unus, Sumite serpentis,

Ov. M. 3, 544:

cum pecudes pro regionis caelique statu et habitum corporis et ingenium animi et pili colorem gerant,

Col. 6, 1, 1:

Umbria (boves progenerat) vastos nec minus probabiles animis quam corporibus,

id. 6, 1, 2 si equum ipsum nudum et solum corpus ejus et animum contemplamur, App. de Deo Socr. 23 (so sometimes mens:

iniquae mentis asellus,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 20).—

Of plants:

haec quoque Exuerint silvestrem animum, i. e. naturam, ingenium,

their wild nature, Verg. G. 2, 51.—

Transf. Of God or the gods, as we say, the Divine Mind, the Mind of God:

certe et deum ipsum et divinum animum corpore liberatum cogitatione complecti possumus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 51 (so mens, of God, id. ib. 1, 22, 66; id. Ac. 2, 41, 126):

Tantaene animis caelestibus irae?

Verg. A. 1, 11.

cēra, ae, f. [Sanscr. kar-, to scatter, throw away; cf. Gr. krinô; Lat. cerno; Gr. kêros; cf. sincerus], wax, Lucr. 6, 516; 6, 966; Cic. de Or. 3, 45, 177: id. Tusc. 1, 45, 108; Col. 9, 15, 8; 9, 16, 1; Plin. 21, 14, 49, § 83 sq. et saep.; Verg. E. 2, 32.—In plur., the wax cells of the hives, Verg. G. 4, 57; 4, 162; 4, 241; Col. 9, 15; 9, 7 sq.; Plin. 11, 8, 8, § 118 al.—

Meton., acc. to its diff. uses.

Most freq., a writing-tablet covered with wax, Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 59; id. Curc. 3, 40; Cic. Div. in Caecil. 7, 24; Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 62; Ov. M. 9, 521; Liv. 1, 24, 7; Quint. 1, 1, 27; 10, 3, 31; 11, 2, 32; Suet. Caes. 83 al. —Hence, prima, secunda, etc., cera, the first, etc., leaf or page, Suet. Ner. 17; Hor. S. 2, 5, 54; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 36, § 92.—

A seal of wax, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 96; Cic. Fl. 16, 37; Ov. Am. 2, 15, 16; Plin. 2, 51, 52, § 137.—

A waxen image of an ancestor, a wax figure:

cera illa (sc. majorum imaginum) atque figura,

Sall. J. 4, 6; Ov. F. 1, 591; Juv. 8, 19; cf.:

expressi cerā voltus,

Plin. 35, 2, 2, § 6.—

Wax used in encaustic painting, Varr. R. R. 3, 17, 4 Schneid.; Plin. 35, 7, 31, § 49; id. 35, 11, 39, § 122; and 35, 11, 41, § 149; Stat. S. 1, 1, 100.

crētĭo, ōnis, f. [cerno, II.]; jurid. t. t., the format declaration by the heir of his intention to enter upon his inheritance.

Prop., Gai Inst. 2, § 7; 2, 164 sqq.; 2, 171 sqq.; Ulp. Fragm. 22, 25 sqq.; Varr. L. L. 6, § 81 Müll.: simplex, fruitless, i. e. where there is no property, Cic. Att. 11, 12, 4:

libera,

without restrictions by the testator, id. ib. 13, 46, 3; id. de Or. 1, 22, 101 al.—

Meton., an inheritance, Plin. 2, 26, 24, § 95 fin.

crētus, a, um, Part., from cerno.

crētus, a, um, Part., from cresco. q. v. I. A. fin.

crīmen, ĭnis, n. [contr. for cernimen, from cerno, II. C.]; lit., a judicial decision, verdict, judgment; hence, transf., like the Gr. krima, of the subject of such a decision, and with partieular reference either to the accuser or to the accused.

Subject., or with reference to the accuser, a charge, accusation, reproach; esp. when unfounded, a calumny, slander (very freq. in every period and species of composition):

criminin' me habuisse fidem?

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 3, 15; cf. Ter. Hec. 5, 2, 13:

hae litterae fidem Persei criminibus fecerunt,

Liv. 40, 23, 9:

cum respondero criminibus,

Cic. Planc. 2, 4:

se falsis criminibus circumventum,

Sall. C. 34, 2; cf.:

crimen falsum,

Cic. Quint. 2, 8; Hor. C. 3, 7, 14:

criminibus adversariorum in invidiam venire,

Nep. Epam. 7, 3:

sermones pleni criminum in Patres,

Liv. 6, 14, 11:

crimina et suspiciones,

id. 40, 15, 3:

tanti maleficii crimen probare te censes posse talibus viris, si, etc.,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 26, 72:

sceleris maximi,

id. Cael. 23, 56; cf. id. ib. 27, 65; id. Sull. 24, 8:

istius conjurationis,

id. ib. 4, 12:

avaritiae,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 78, § 192; 2, 5, 1, § 2:

veneficii,

Quint. 5, 7, 37:

ubi est crimen quod reprehenditis?

i. e. the point of the accusation, Cic. Sest. 38, 80 Halm ad loc.:

quo enim illi crimine peccatoque perierunt?

id. Cael. 30, 71:

haec causa est omnium horum scelerum atque criminum,

id. ib. 25, 61;

so (approaching the signif. II. A. infra), id C. Norbano in nefario crimine atque in fraude capitali esse ponendum,

id. de Or. 2, 48, 199 Sorof ad loc.:

era in crimen veniet,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 55 (era male audiet, Don.):

quid? sciebas tibi crimini datum iri?

would be made a reproach? Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 29, § 74; cf. Ov. M. 1, 766:

crimen adferre,

Cic. Rab. Post. 10, 27; cf.:

crimen inferre, offerre,

id. Lael. 18, 65:

in quos crimen intendebatur,

Liv. 9, 26, 11:

esse in crimine,

to stand charged with, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 45, § 100:

propulsare,

id. Sull. 4, 12:

defendere,

to repel, confute, id. ib.; Ov. M. 13, 303;

and opp. obicere,

Quint. 6, 3, 69:

repellere, transferre,

id. 4, 2, 26 et saep.— Poet.: belli, pretexts (causae), Verg. A. 7, 339.—

Meton. (abstr. pro concreto), an object of reproach or invective:

perpetuae crimen posteritatis eris,

Ov. Tr. 4, 9, 26.—

Object., or with reference to the accused, the fault complained of, a crime, fault, offence (freq., but rare in ante-Aug. prose).

Lit.

Ingen.:

foedati crimine turpi,

Lucr. 3, 49:

cum haec (causa) non in crimine aliquo, quod ille posset infitiari... consisteret,

Cic. de Or. 1, 40, 182 Sorof ad loc.:

crimen meum indicare,

Liv. 40, 12, 10; 41, 25, 6:

carendum non solum crimine turpitudinis, verum etiam suspicione,

Quint. 2, 2, 14:

cum quidam crimen ultro faterentur,

Suet. Claud. 36:

velut crimen taedas exosa jugales,

Ov. M. 1, 483:

non prodere vultu,

id. ib. 2, 447:

scire,

id. ib. 2, 614:

hoc si crimen erit, crimen amoris erit,

Prop. 2 (3), 30, 24; cf.:

tuum crimen erit,

thy fault, id. 2 (3), 28, 2:

crimina et innoxios discernere,

Tac. A. 1, 55.—Ovid in his Tristia very freq. calls the offence on account of which he was banished crimina or crimen, interchanging it with error, e. g. 1, 9, 64; 2, 3; 2, 207; 3, 5, 52; 3, 6, 26 al.—

Of inanim. objects:

crimina brassicae sunt, animae gravitatem facere, etc.,

fault, defect, Plin. 20, 9, 35, § 91.—

In partic., the crime of lewdness, adultery, Ov. M. 9, 24; Sil. 6, 634.—

Meton.

An object representing a crime:

et rupit pictas, caelestia crimina, vestes, i. e. deorum adulteria,

Ov. M. 6, 131; cf.:

tum paries nullo crimine pictus erat,

Prop. 2, 6, 34 (2, 5, 26 Bip.):

impressā signat sua crimina gemmā,

a letter containing her crime, Ov. M. 9, 566.—

A cause of a crime, a criminal:

se causam clamat crimenque caputque malorum,

Verg. A. 12, 600; cf.:

a pereant Baiae, crimen amoris, aquae,

Prop. 1, 11, 30:

Crimen et illa fuit... Myrrha,

id. 3, 19 (4, 18), 15.

dēbĕo ( dehibeo, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 24 infra, cf. Ritschl, Opusc. Phil. 2, 590), ŭi, ĭtum, 2, v. a. [de-habeo], (lit., to have or keep from some one: "qui pecuniam dissolvit, statim non habet id quod reddidit, qui autem debet, aes retinet alienum," Cic. Planc. 28, 68 Wund.; hence), to owe (Gr. opheilô; opp. reddo, solvo, dissolvo, persolvo, freq. and class.).

Lit., of money and money's worth.

Act.,

with acc.:

quas (drachmas) de ratione dehibuisti,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 24; cf. Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 43:

Mylasis et Alabandis pecuniam Cluvio debent,

Cic. Fam. 13, 56; so,

pecuniam alicui,

id. ib. 13, 14 et saep.:

qui dissolverem quae debeo,

Ter. Ph. 4, 3, 51:

appellatus es de pecunia, quam pro domo, pro hortis, pro sectione debebas,

Cic. Phil. 2, 29, 71; so,

grandem pecuniam,

Sall. C. 49, 3: quadringenties HS. Cic. Phil. 2, 37:

talenta CC,

id. Att. 5, 21, 12:

quadruplum, duplum,

Quint. 7, 4, 44 et saep.—

Without acc.:

illis quibus debeo,

Ter. Ph. 5, 7, 30:

ut illi quam plurimi deberent,

Sall. J. 96, 2:

nec ipsi debeo,

Quint. 4, 4, 6: Cal. Jan. debuit;

adhuc non solvit,

Cic. Att. 14, 18; Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 3 et saep.— Part. pres. as subst.: debentes, ium, m., debtors, Liv. 6, 27, 3; cf. Sen. Ben. 1, 4, 5.—

Pass.:

dum pecunia accipitur, quae mihi ex publica permutatione debetur,

Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 4; id. Verr. 2, 3, 82; cf.:

quam ad diem legioni frumentum deberi sciebat,

Caes. B. G. 6, 33:

a publicanis suae provinciae debitam biennii pecuniam exegerat,

id. B. C. 3, 31; Quint. 5, 10, 117:

quod si omnino non debetur? Quid? praetor solet judicare deberi?

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 10; cf.:

quaeretur an debeatur,

Quint. 7, 1, 21 et saep.—Hence,

Dēbĭ-tum, i, n., what is owing, a debt, Cic. Att. 13, 23 fin.:

ne de bonis deminui paterentur priusquam Fundanio debitum solutum esset,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 10:

tamquam debito fraudetur,

id. Or. 53, 178:

ex quibus unum haec epistula in debitum solvet,

will pay a debt with one, Sen. Ep. 7, 10:

reddere,

to repay, Col. 10, pr. 1.

Prov.:

animan debere,

to be over head and ears in debt, Ter. Ph. 4, 3, 56 ("Graecum proverbium, kai autên tên psuchên opheilei," Don.).

Trop., to owe something, i. e. to be under obligation, both to and for something.

To owe, i. e. to be bound or under obligation to render, pay, etc., something (for syn. cf.: necesse est, oportet, cogo, decet, opus est, par est, meum, tuum... alicujus est).

In gen.

with acc.:

ego hoc tibi pro servitio debeo,

Ter. Andr. 4, 1, 51:

quo etiam majorem ei res publica gratiam debet,

Cic. Phil. 2, 11, 27; so,

gratiam,

Sall. J. 110; cf. no. b:

videris patriae hoc munus debere,

Cic. Leg. 1, 25:

si fidem debet tutor,

Quint. 5, 10, 73 (acc. to Cic. Top. 10, 42, si tutor fidem praestare debet); cf. no. b:

dies longa videtur opus debentibus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 21:

quos mundo debes oculos,

Ov. M. 4, 197:

debueram patriae poenas odiisque meorum,

Verg. A. 10, 853; cf. Ov. M. 6, 538; id. F. 5, 648:

juvenem nil jam caelestibus ullis debentem,

Verg. A. 11, 51; cf. Sil. 15, 371: navis, quae tibi creditum Debes Vergilium finibus Atticis, Hor. Od. 1, 3, 6; Ov. M. 1, 481 sq.:

Turnum debent haec jam mihi sacra,

Verg. A. 12, 317 Wagn. N. cr.; cf. id. ib. 11, 179:

isti tibi quid homines debent?

i. e. what business have you with those men? Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 51; cf. infra b fin. —

With inf., to be bound, in duty bound to do something; I ought, must, should, etc., do it (in class. prose always in the sense of moral necessity; in the poets sometimes for necesse est):

debetis velle quae velimus,

Plaut. Am. prol. 39:

num ferre contra patriam arma illi cum Coriolano debuerunt?

Cic. Lael. 11:

multo illa gravius aestimare debere,

Caes. B. G. 7, 14 fin.:

Africam forte Tubero obtinere debebat,

id. B. C. 1, 30:

debes hoc etiam rescribere,

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 30 et saep.:

ut agri vastari, oppida expugnari non debuerint, Caes, B. G. 1, 11: summae se iniquitatis condemnari debere, si, etc.,

id. ib. 7, 19 fin.:

scriptor... inter perfectos veteresque referri debet, etc.,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 37 (for which ib. 41: inter quos referendus erit? cf. also ultima semper Exspectanda dies homini;

dicique beatus Ante obitum nemo debet,

Ov. M. 3, 137):

ut jam nunc dicat, jam nunc debentia dici,

Hor. A. P. 43 et saep.— Poet. for necesse est, oportet, it is necessary, it must needs (so almost everywhere in Lucret.):

omnia debet enim cibus integrare novando et fulcire cibus, etc.,

Lucr. 2, 1146; 3, 188; 4, 61; 1, 232 Munro.—

Pass., to be due or owing:

Veneri jam et Libero reliquum tempus deberi arbitrabatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11:

quanta his (sc. dis) gratia debeatur,

id. Fin. 3, 22, 73; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 9 fin.:

honores non ex merito, sed quasi debitos repetere,

Sall. J. 85, 37 et saep.:

persolvant grates dignas et praemia reddant Debita!

Verg. A. 2, 538:

debita quam sulcis committas semina,

id. G. 1, 223; Prop. 1, 6, 17; 2, 28, 60 (3, 26, 14 M.):

debitae Nymphis opifex coronae,

Hor. Od. 3, 27, 30:

calentem debita sparges lacrima favillam,

id. ib. 2, 6, 23; Prop. 3, 7, 9 (4, 6, 9 M.):

soli mihi Pallas debetur,

Verg. A. 10, 443 et saep.:

quid tibi istic debetur?

what business have you there? Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 18; id. Truc. 2, 2, 8; id. Rud. 1, 1, 34; cf. supra, a

.—Hence, Dēbĭtum, i, n., what is due, debt, duty, obligation (post-Aug. and rare):

velut omni vitae debito liberatus,

Curt. 10, 5, 3:

nepotum nutriendorum,

Val. Max. 2, 9, 1:

non secundum gratiam, sed secundum debitum,

Vulg. Rom. 4, 4; 1 Cor. 7, 3:

solvere debito,

to free from obligation, Sen. Ben. 6, 4, 1.—

Poet. (esp. in Verg.) and in post-Aug. prose like the Gr. opheilô and ophliskanô.

To owe, i. e. to be bound or destined by fate or by nature (v. Lidd. and Scott sub. opheilô, no. 3).

Act.. urbem et jam cerno Phrygios debere nepotes, i. e. are destined to found, Ov. M. 15, 444:

debet multas hic legibus aevi (i. e. fato) Ante suam mortes,

Luc. 2, 82; cf. id. 6, 530.—More usually,

pass., to be due i. e. to be destined:

cui regnum Italiae Romanaque tellus Debentur,

Verg. A. 4, 276; cf. id. ib. 3, 184; 7, 120;

145: indigetem Aeneam scis Deberi caelo,

id. ib. 12, 795:

animae, quibus altera fato Corpora debentur,

id. ib. 6, 714:

sors ista senectae Debita erat nostrae,

id. ib. 11, 166:

fatis debitus Arruns,

i. e. devoted to death, id. ib. 11, 759:

dum bello Argolici vastabant Pergama reges Debita casurasque inimicis ignibus arces,

id. ib. 8, 375 (" fataliter ad exitium destinata," Serv.); cf. so absol.:

tempora Parcae debita complerant,

id. ib. 9, 108:

morbo naturae debitum reddiderunt,

Nep. Reg. 1 fin.: DEBITVM NATVRAE PERSOLVIT, etc., Inscr. Orell. no. 3453;

and simply DEBITVM PERSOLVIT,

id. ib. no. 4482.—

So, because what one is destined by the fates to suffer is regarded as his debt (ophliskanein gelôta tini):

tu nisi ventis debes ludibrium, cave,

Hor. Od. 1, 14, 16.

To owe something to some one, to be indebted to or to have to thank one for something.

With acc.:

ut hoc summum beneficium Q. Maximo debuerim,

Cic. de Or. 1, 26, 121; so magna beneficia mihi, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 12;

qui mihi laudem illam eo minus deberet,

Cic. Att. 1, 14, 3:

me paene plus tibi quam ipsi Miloni debiturum,

id. Fam. 2, 6 fin.; cf. id. Planc. 28;

and quantum cuique deberet,

Nep. Epam. 3 fin.; Plin. Pan. 30, 1 et saep.:

o cui debere salutem Confiteor,

Ov. M. 7, 164;

so vitam,

id. Pont. 4, 5, 31;

and in a like sense: se,

id. M. 7, 48; 2, 644; so,

in a bad sense, hoc quoque Tarquinio debebimus,

id. Fast. 2, 825. —

Absol., to be indebted, obliged, under obligation to one:

verum fac me multis debere, et in iis Plancio, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 28; cf.

with a clause: tibi nos debere fatemur, quod, etc.,

Ov. M. 4, 76.

To continue to owe something; i. e. to withhold, keep back:

quod praesenti tibi non tribueram, id absenti debere non potui,

Cic. Fam. 7, 19, init. —So pass.:

sic enim diximus, et tibi hoc video non posse debere,

id. Tusc. 2, 27, 67 fin.

dēbĕo ( dehibeo, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 24 infra, cf. Ritschl, Opusc. Phil. 2, 590), ŭi, ĭtum, 2, v. a. [de-habeo], (lit., to have or keep from some one: "qui pecuniam dissolvit, statim non habet id quod reddidit, qui autem debet, aes retinet alienum," Cic. Planc. 28, 68 Wund.; hence), to owe (Gr. opheilô; opp. reddo, solvo, dissolvo, persolvo, freq. and class.).

Lit., of money and money's worth.

Act.,

with acc.:

quas (drachmas) de ratione dehibuisti,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 24; cf. Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 43:

Mylasis et Alabandis pecuniam Cluvio debent,

Cic. Fam. 13, 56; so,

pecuniam alicui,

id. ib. 13, 14 et saep.:

qui dissolverem quae debeo,

Ter. Ph. 4, 3, 51:

appellatus es de pecunia, quam pro domo, pro hortis, pro sectione debebas,

Cic. Phil. 2, 29, 71; so,

grandem pecuniam,

Sall. C. 49, 3: quadringenties HS. Cic. Phil. 2, 37:

talenta CC,

id. Att. 5, 21, 12:

quadruplum, duplum,

Quint. 7, 4, 44 et saep.—

Without acc.:

illis quibus debeo,

Ter. Ph. 5, 7, 30:

ut illi quam plurimi deberent,

Sall. J. 96, 2:

nec ipsi debeo,

Quint. 4, 4, 6: Cal. Jan. debuit;

adhuc non solvit,

Cic. Att. 14, 18; Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 3 et saep.— Part. pres. as subst.: debentes, ium, m., debtors, Liv. 6, 27, 3; cf. Sen. Ben. 1, 4, 5.—

Pass.:

dum pecunia accipitur, quae mihi ex publica permutatione debetur,

Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 4; id. Verr. 2, 3, 82; cf.:

quam ad diem legioni frumentum deberi sciebat,

Caes. B. G. 6, 33:

a publicanis suae provinciae debitam biennii pecuniam exegerat,

id. B. C. 3, 31; Quint. 5, 10, 117:

quod si omnino non debetur? Quid? praetor solet judicare deberi?

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 10; cf.:

quaeretur an debeatur,

Quint. 7, 1, 21 et saep.—Hence,

Dēbĭ-tum, i, n., what is owing, a debt, Cic. Att. 13, 23 fin.:

ne de bonis deminui paterentur priusquam Fundanio debitum solutum esset,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 10:

tamquam debito fraudetur,

id. Or. 53, 178:

ex quibus unum haec epistula in debitum solvet,

will pay a debt with one, Sen. Ep. 7, 10:

reddere,

to repay, Col. 10, pr. 1.

Prov.:

animan debere,

to be over head and ears in debt, Ter. Ph. 4, 3, 56 ("Graecum proverbium, kai autên tên psuchên opheilei," Don.).

Trop., to owe something, i. e. to be under obligation, both to and for something.

To owe, i. e. to be bound or under obligation to render, pay, etc., something (for syn. cf.: necesse est, oportet, cogo, decet, opus est, par est, meum, tuum... alicujus est).

In gen.

with acc.:

ego hoc tibi pro servitio debeo,

Ter. Andr. 4, 1, 51:

quo etiam majorem ei res publica gratiam debet,

Cic. Phil. 2, 11, 27; so,

gratiam,

Sall. J. 110; cf. no. b:

videris patriae hoc munus debere,

Cic. Leg. 1, 25:

si fidem debet tutor,

Quint. 5, 10, 73 (acc. to Cic. Top. 10, 42, si tutor fidem praestare debet); cf. no. b:

dies longa videtur opus debentibus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 21:

quos mundo debes oculos,

Ov. M. 4, 197:

debueram patriae poenas odiisque meorum,

Verg. A. 10, 853; cf. Ov. M. 6, 538; id. F. 5, 648:

juvenem nil jam caelestibus ullis debentem,

Verg. A. 11, 51; cf. Sil. 15, 371: navis, quae tibi creditum Debes Vergilium finibus Atticis, Hor. Od. 1, 3, 6; Ov. M. 1, 481 sq.:

Turnum debent haec jam mihi sacra,

Verg. A. 12, 317 Wagn. N. cr.; cf. id. ib. 11, 179:

isti tibi quid homines debent?

i. e. what business have you with those men? Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 51; cf. infra b fin. —

With inf., to be bound, in duty bound to do something; I ought, must, should, etc., do it (in class. prose always in the sense of moral necessity; in the poets sometimes for necesse est):

debetis velle quae velimus,

Plaut. Am. prol. 39:

num ferre contra patriam arma illi cum Coriolano debuerunt?

Cic. Lael. 11:

multo illa gravius aestimare debere,

Caes. B. G. 7, 14 fin.:

Africam forte Tubero obtinere debebat,

id. B. C. 1, 30:

debes hoc etiam rescribere,

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 30 et saep.:

ut agri vastari, oppida expugnari non debuerint, Caes, B. G. 1, 11: summae se iniquitatis condemnari debere, si, etc.,

id. ib. 7, 19 fin.:

scriptor... inter perfectos veteresque referri debet, etc.,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 37 (for which ib. 41: inter quos referendus erit? cf. also ultima semper Exspectanda dies homini;

dicique beatus Ante obitum nemo debet,

Ov. M. 3, 137):

ut jam nunc dicat, jam nunc debentia dici,

Hor. A. P. 43 et saep.— Poet. for necesse est, oportet, it is necessary, it must needs (so almost everywhere in Lucret.):

omnia debet enim cibus integrare novando et fulcire cibus, etc.,

Lucr. 2, 1146; 3, 188; 4, 61; 1, 232 Munro.—

Pass., to be due or owing:

Veneri jam et Libero reliquum tempus deberi arbitrabatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11:

quanta his (sc. dis) gratia debeatur,

id. Fin. 3, 22, 73; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 9 fin.:

honores non ex merito, sed quasi debitos repetere,

Sall. J. 85, 37 et saep.:

persolvant grates dignas et praemia reddant Debita!

Verg. A. 2, 538:

debita quam sulcis committas semina,

id. G. 1, 223; Prop. 1, 6, 17; 2, 28, 60 (3, 26, 14 M.):

debitae Nymphis opifex coronae,

Hor. Od. 3, 27, 30:

calentem debita sparges lacrima favillam,

id. ib. 2, 6, 23; Prop. 3, 7, 9 (4, 6, 9 M.):

soli mihi Pallas debetur,

Verg. A. 10, 443 et saep.:

quid tibi istic debetur?

what business have you there? Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 18; id. Truc. 2, 2, 8; id. Rud. 1, 1, 34; cf. supra, a

.—Hence, Dēbĭtum, i, n., what is due, debt, duty, obligation (post-Aug. and rare):

velut omni vitae debito liberatus,

Curt. 10, 5, 3:

nepotum nutriendorum,

Val. Max. 2, 9, 1:

non secundum gratiam, sed secundum debitum,

Vulg. Rom. 4, 4; 1 Cor. 7, 3:

solvere debito,

to free from obligation, Sen. Ben. 6, 4, 1.—

Poet. (esp. in Verg.) and in post-Aug. prose like the Gr. opheilô and ophliskanô.

To owe, i. e. to be bound or destined by fate or by nature (v. Lidd. and Scott sub. opheilô, no. 3).

Act.. urbem et jam cerno Phrygios debere nepotes, i. e. are destined to found, Ov. M. 15, 444:

debet multas hic legibus aevi (i. e. fato) Ante suam mortes,

Luc. 2, 82; cf. id. 6, 530.—More usually,

pass., to be due i. e. to be destined:

cui regnum Italiae Romanaque tellus Debentur,

Verg. A. 4, 276; cf. id. ib. 3, 184; 7, 120;

145: indigetem Aeneam scis Deberi caelo,

id. ib. 12, 795:

animae, quibus altera fato Corpora debentur,

id. ib. 6, 714:

sors ista senectae Debita erat nostrae,

id. ib. 11, 166:

fatis debitus Arruns,

i. e. devoted to death, id. ib. 11, 759:

dum bello Argolici vastabant Pergama reges Debita casurasque inimicis ignibus arces,

id. ib. 8, 375 (" fataliter ad exitium destinata," Serv.); cf. so absol.:

tempora Parcae debita complerant,

id. ib. 9, 108:

morbo naturae debitum reddiderunt,

Nep. Reg. 1 fin.: DEBITVM NATVRAE PERSOLVIT, etc., Inscr. Orell. no. 3453;

and simply DEBITVM PERSOLVIT,

id. ib. no. 4482.—

So, because what one is destined by the fates to suffer is regarded as his debt (ophliskanein gelôta tini):

tu nisi ventis debes ludibrium, cave,

Hor. Od. 1, 14, 16.

To owe something to some one, to be indebted to or to have to thank one for something.

With acc.:

ut hoc summum beneficium Q. Maximo debuerim,

Cic. de Or. 1, 26, 121; so magna beneficia mihi, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 12;

qui mihi laudem illam eo minus deberet,

Cic. Att. 1, 14, 3:

me paene plus tibi quam ipsi Miloni debiturum,

id. Fam. 2, 6 fin.; cf. id. Planc. 28;

and quantum cuique deberet,

Nep. Epam. 3 fin.; Plin. Pan. 30, 1 et saep.:

o cui debere salutem Confiteor,

Ov. M. 7, 164;

so vitam,

id. Pont. 4, 5, 31;

and in a like sense: se,

id. M. 7, 48; 2, 644; so,

in a bad sense, hoc quoque Tarquinio debebimus,

id. Fast. 2, 825. —

Absol., to be indebted, obliged, under obligation to one:

verum fac me multis debere, et in iis Plancio, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 28; cf.

with a clause: tibi nos debere fatemur, quod, etc.,

Ov. M. 4, 76.

To continue to owe something; i. e. to withhold, keep back:

quod praesenti tibi non tribueram, id absenti debere non potui,

Cic. Fam. 7, 19, init. —So pass.:

sic enim diximus, et tibi hoc video non posse debere,

id. Tusc. 2, 27, 67 fin.

dē-sŭesco, sŭēvi, sŭētum, 3, v. a. and n. (mostly poet., or in post-Aug. prose; in Cic. and Caes. not at all; cf., however, desuefacio).

Act., to disuse, to lay aside a custom or habit, to disaccustom, to put out of use: desuevi, ne quo ad cenam iret, Titin. ap. Non. 95, 1:

arma diu desueta,

Verg. A. 2, 509; cf.:

rem desuetam usurpare,

Liv. 3, 38:

desueta sidera cerno (i. e. quae cernere desuevi),

Ov. M. 5, 503; cf.:

voces jam mihi desuetae,

id. ib. 7, 646:

desueta verba,

id. Tr. 5, 7, 63:

in desuescendis morari,

Quint. 3, 8, 70.—With inf.:

desueto Samnite clamorem Romani exercitus pati,

Liv. 8, 38, 10.—

Neutr., to become unaccustomed, to disaccustom one's self; or in the perf., to be unaccustomed:

paullatim antiquo patrum honori,

Sil. 3, 576:

jam desueta triumphis (i. e. bellis) agmina,

Verg. A. 6, 815; cf. id. ib. 7, 693:

fera rabiem desueta,

Stat. Th. 5, 231:

desueta corda,

Verg. A. 1, 722.

dis-cerno, crēvi, crētum, 3, v. a., to separate, set apart.

Lit., to separate, part, divide (freq. since the Aug. per.):

equas, ne inter se pugnare possint,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 10: ordines (preceded by senatus a populo secretus), Liv. 34, 54:

lignum a carnibus,

Plin. 13, 4, 7, § 33:

Lusitaniam a Baetica,

id. 4, 21, 35, § 116:

neque mons erat, qui fines eorum discerneret,

i. e. to mark out, determine, Sall. J. 79, 3; cf. poet.:

(saxum) telas auro,

to interweave with gold, Verg. A. 4, 264; 11, 75:

haec ipsa fortuna huc illucve discernit,

divides, distributes, Cels. 7, 3.—In the part. perf., divided, separated:

duae urbes, magno inter se spatio discretae,

Liv. 27, 39 fin.; cf.:

Peraea a ceteris Judaeis Jordane amne,

Plin. 5, 14, 15, § 70:

Philippus mari tantum Ionio discretus,

Liv. 23, 33; so,

sol tanto intervallo,

Plin. 2, 11, 8, § 50:

uxor velo,

id. Ep. 4, 19, 3:

ager saxo,

Stat. Th. 5, 559:

decurias pluribus nominibus,

Plin. 33, 2, 7, § 31 et saep.— Of the hair, parted:

discretaque collo Caesaries,

Grat. Cyn. 272:

divisa discretaque tellus,

divided and separated, Lucr. 5, 1441:

tellus (opp. permixta),

id. 691:

ubi discretas insula rumpit aquas,

Ov. F. 2, 194:

sedes piorum,

set apart, retired, Hor. C. 2, 13, 23:

quae cum sint turpissima discreta ac separata, turpius junguntur,

Plin. Ep. 2, 6 fin.:

septem discretus in ostia Nilus,

Ov. M. 5, 324 (for which: septem digestum in cornua Nilum, id. ib. 9, 774); cf. Quint. 7, 1, 1.

Trop.

To separate things according to their different qualities, to distinguish between, discern (freq. and class.):

alba et atra,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 39, 114:

discernere et dispicere insidiatorem et petitum insidiis,

Liv. 40, 10:

jus et injuriam,

Tac. A. 2, 66:

probanda atque improbanda,

Quint. 2, 2, 11:

fas atque nefas,

Hor. C. 1, 18, 11 et saep.:

id quod visum erit a falso,

Cic. Ac. 2, 8, 25:

pantheras a pardis solo candore,

Plin. 8, 17, 23, § 63 et saep.:

verba discerni articulatim,

Lucr. 4, 555: suos, * Caes. B. G. 7, 75:

piceam visu,

Plin. 16, 10, 18, § 40:

temperantiam duobus modis,

Cic. Part. Or. 22, 77 et saep.:

animus discernit, quid sit ejusdem generis, quid alterius,

id. Univ. 8:

pecuniae an famae minus parceret haud facile dis cerneres,

Sall. C. 25, 3; so with an, Tac. A. 5, 6; id. H. 3, 28; Suet. Calig. 25; cf.: nec discernatur, jussu injussu imperatoris pugnent, [p. 587] Liv. 8, 34 fin. —

To determine, settle:

limes agro positus litem ut discerneret arvis,

Verg. A. 12, 898:

discerne causam meam,

Vulg. Psa. 42, 1.—

To except, omit, Amm. 14, 8, 7.—Hence, *

discernen-ter, adv., with a distinction, Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 4, no. 81.—

discrētim, adv., separately, distinctly, App. M. 6, p. 173:

singillatim ac discretim,

id. Flor. 9, p. 347:

adoriri,

Amm. 29, 6:

tradi,

id. 28, 1; Hilar. in Psa. 138, 23.

discrīmen, ĭnis, n. [contr. from discerimen à discerno; cf. crimen from cerno], lit., that which separates or divides two things from each other (for syn. cf.: differentia, discrepantia, diversitas, distantia); hence,

Lit., an intervening space, interval, distance, division, separation:

cum (duo maria) pertenui discrimine separarentur,

Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87:

minimum quos inter et hostem Discrimen murus clausaque porta facit,

Ov. Pont. 1, 8, 62:

aequo discrimine,

Lucr. 5, 690; Verg. A. 5, 154:

parvum leti,

Ov. M. 7, 426; Verg. A. 9, 143:

dare discrimina costis,

i. e. to separate them, id. ib. 10, 382:

quae (sc. littera F) inter discrimina dentium efflanda est,

Quint. 12, 10, 29:

agminum,

Curt. 4, 12 fin.:

ungulae,

Col. 6, 15 fin.:

comae,

Ov. A. A. 2, 302; and in like manner poet.: telluris pectitae, i. e. furrow, Col. Poët. 10, 94; Claud. Nupt. Honor. 103:

medium luci,

Grat. Cyneg. 486.—Hence, med. t. t., the dividing membrane, the midriff, diaphragm, Cael. Aur. Tard. 2, 11, 127; 5, 10, 124 al.—

Trop. (so most frequent).

In gen., a distinction, difference: amabat omnes, nam discrimen non facit, Lucil. ap. Non. 282, 27:

iste, qui omnia jura pretio exaequasset omniumque rerum delectum atque discrimen pecunia sustulisset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 50; cf.:

officia tollebantur delectu omni et discrimine remoto,

id. Fin. 4, 25, 69:

sit hoc discrimen inter gratiosos cives atque fortes, ut illi, etc.,

id. Balb. 21 fin.:

sine ullo sexus discrimine,

Suet. Calig. 8; cf.:

rapti per agros viatores sine discrimine liberi servique,

id. Aug. 32:

omisso sui alicuique discrimine,

Liv. 5, 55:

divinarum humanarumque rerum,

id. 5, 40:

recti pravique,

Quint. 12, 3, 7:

vocum,

id. 1, 5, 25; cf.

so of the different tones of the strings: septem discrimina vocum,

Verg. A. 6, 646 et saep.— Poet.:

tenues parvi discriminis umbrae,

i. e. of easy gradation, Ov. M. 6, 62. —

In partic.

With respect to disputed matters, which are to be distinguished between, and thus decided upon, the decisive point, turning-point, critical moment, determination, decision:

quoniam res in id discrimen adducta est, utrum ille poenas rei publicae luat, an nos serviamus,

to this point, Cic. Phil. 3, 11, 29; cf.:

ea res nunc in discrimine versatur, utrum... an, etc.,

id. Quint. 30, 92; Liv. 29, 17:

vicit disciplina militaris, vicit imperii majestas, quae in discrimine fuerunt, an ulla post hanc diem essent,

id. 8, 35, 4: haec et his similia haud in magno equidem ponam discrimine, shall not regard as of great moment, id. praef. §

8: postquam adesse discrimen ultimum belli animadvertit,

id. 44, 23:

instant enim (adversarii) et saepe discrimen omne committunt,

abandon the most decisive points, Quint. 6, 4, 17 et saep.— Poet.:

experiar, deus hic, discrimine aperto, An sit mortalis,

the test, Ov. M. 1, 222.—

Transf., a dangerous, decisive moment, crisis, dangerous condition; risk, danger, hazard:

in ipso discrimine periculi aliquem destituere,

Liv. 6, 17; so,

periculi,

id. 8, 24: in summo rem esse discrimine, * Caes. B. G. 6, 38, 2; cf.:

adducta est res in maximum periculum et extremum pene discrimen,

Cic. Phil. 7, 1:

salus sociorum summum in periculum ac discrimen vocatur,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 5, 12:

in extremo discrimine ac dimicatione fortunae,

id. Sull. 28:

in veteris fortunae discrimen adducitur,

id. Mur. 27, 55; cf.:

aliquem in discrimen capitis adducere,

id. Deiot. 1, 2; so,

capitis,

Quint. 11, 1, 49:

si ei subito sit allatum periculum discrimenque patriae,

Cic. Off. 1, 43, 154:

rem publicam in discrimen committere,

Liv. 8, 32; 33, 7; cf.:

fuitque dies illa tenebrarum et discriminis,

Vulg. Esth. 11, 8.

ex-cerno, crēvi, crētum, 3, v. a., to sift out, to separate (perh. not ante-Aug.).

In gen.:

furfures a farina,

Col. 8, 4, 1:

frumenta,

i. e. to cleanse, id. 2, 20, 5; cf.:

caementa cribris,

Vitr. 7, 6:

ex captorum numero excretos Saguntinos in patriam remisit,

Liv. 28, 39, 10; cf.:

excernere parvos,

Grat. Cyneg. 289:

omnem forensem turbam excretam in quatuor tribus conjecit,

Liv. 9, 46 fin.—Part. perf. subst.:

excreta tritici,

what is sifted out, the chaff, Col. 8, 4, 1; 8, 8, 6.—

In partic.

To keep apart, keep away:

multi jam excretos prohibent a matribus haedos,

Verg. G. 3, 398 Heyne and Forbig. ad loc.—

To carry off, discharge (from the body):

venter excernit mollia,

Cels. 2, 8:

quae excreturi sumus,

id. 4, 1 al.