d'académie

académie Noun

Académie f de la Police provinciale de l'Ontario

royal ['rɔɪəl]

1 adjective

(a) (seal, residence, visit) royal; (horse, household, vehicle) royal, du roi, de la reine;

∎ by royal charter par acte du souverain;

∎ the royal "we" le "nous" de majesté

(b) figurative formal (splendid) royal, princier;

∎ they gave us a (right) royal welcome ils nous ont accueillis comme des rois;

∎ to be in royal spirits être d'excellente humeur

(c) familiar (for emphasis) sombre, de première;

∎ that guy is a right royal pain in the neck ce type est un véritable emmerdeur;

∎ her whining gives me a royal pain elle me fait vraiment chier avec ses jérémiades;

∎ he's a royal idiot c'est un sombre crétin ou un crétin de première

(d) (paper) (format m) grand raisin m;

∎ royal octavo/quarto in-huit m/in-quarto m raisin

2 noun

familiar = membre de la famille royale;

∎ the Royals la famille royale^□

►► the Royal Academy (of Arts) Académie f royale britannique des beaux-arts;

the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art = Conservatoire national d'art dramatique, à Londres;

the Royal Academy of Music = conservatoire national de musique, à Londres;

the Royal Air Force armée f de l'air britannique;

Royal Ascot = événement hippique annuel, étalé sur plusieurs jours, qui entre dans le calendrier mondain de la haute société anglaise;

royal assent = signature royale qui officialise une loi;

the Royal Ballet = compagnie nationale de ballet qui a son siège à Covent Garden à Londres;

royal blue bleu m roi;

the Royal British Legion = association britannique d'anciens militaires;

royal burgh ville f établie par charte royale;

the Royal Canadian Mounted Police la Gendarmerie royale du Canada;

the Royal College of Music Collège m royal de musique (école de musique située à Londres);

the Royal College of Physicans Collège m royal de médecine (organisation de médecins);

the Royal College of Surgeons Collège m royal de chirurgie (organisation de chirurgiens);

the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons Collège m royal de médecine vétérinaire (organisation de vétérinaires);

the Royal Commission = commission nommée par le monarque sur recommandation du premier ministre;

the Royal Court = théâtre à Londres;

Royal Doulton = porcelaine fine anglaise;

the Royal Enclosure = tribune de la famille royale à Royal Ascot;

the Royal Engineers le génie militaire britannique;

the Royal Family la famille royale;

Botany royal fern osmonde f royale;

Cards royal flush quinte f royale; (in poker) flush m royal;

Royal Highland Show = grande foire agricole annuelle qui a lieu à Ingleston, près d'Édimbourg;

Your Royal Highness Votre Altesse Royale;

∎ His Royal Highness, the Prince of Wales Son Altesse Royale, le prince de Galles;

Their Royal Highnesses Leurs Altesses Royales;

the Royal Horse Guards = la garde à cheval qui assure la garde du palais et du souverain;

British Cookery royal icing = glaçage à base de sucre glace et de blancs d'œufs (utilisé pour les cakes);

the Royal Institute of British Architects = institut d'architectes, à Londres;

the Royal Institution l'Académie f des sciences britannique;

royal jelly gelée f royale;

the Royal Mail = la Poste britannique;

the Royal Marines les Marines mpl (britanniques);

Nautical royal mast mât m de cacatois;

the Royal Mile = rue d'Édimbourg qui relie le château au palais de Holyrood;

the Royal Mint = la Monnaie britannique, ≃ (l'hôtel m de) la Monnaie;

the Royal Navy la marine f nationale britannique;

the Royal Opera House l'opéra m de Covent Garden;

Botany royal palm palmier m royal;

royal prerogative prérogative f du souverain;

∎ to exercise the royal prerogative faire acte de souverain;

the Royal School of Music École f royale de musique;

Royal Scottish Academy Académie f royale écossaise des beaux-arts;

the Royal Shakespeare Company = célèbre troupe de théâtre basée à Stratford-on-Avon et à Londres;

the Royal Show = le salon annuel de l'agriculture en Grande-Bretagne;

the Royal Society l'Académie f des sciences britannique;

Royal Society of Medicine Fondation f britannique de médecine;

the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals = société britannique protectrice des animaux, ≃ SPA f;

British the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children ≃ Fondation f pour l'enfance;

the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds = ligue britannique pour la protection des oiseaux;

royal standard = drapeau représentant les armoiries de la couronne britannique, hissé lorsque le monarque est au château;

the Royal Tournament = meeting annuel destiné au public organisé par les forces armées, avec entre autres choses des démonstrations de gymnastique;

the Royal Ulster Constabulary = corps de police d'Irlande du Nord;

the Royal Variety Show = spectacle de variétés organisé à Londres en faveur de la Fédération des artistes de variétés;

royal warrant brevet m de fournisseur du souverain;

Royal Worcester = porcelaine fine anglaise

ⓘ THE ROYAL SOCIETY Cette société à vocation scientifique, fondée par Charles II en 1660, contribua à renforcer la crédibilité des hommes de science, qui jouirent également d'une plus grande liberté. En firent notamment partie Isaac Newton et Robert Boyle.

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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After graduating in chemistry from the Ecole Polytechnique in 1887, Charpy continued to work there on the physical chemistry of solutions for his doctorate. He joined the Laboratoire d'Artillerie de la Marine in 1892 and began to study the structure and mechanical properties of various steels in relation to their previous heat treatment. His first memoir, on the mechanical properties of steels quenched from various temperatures, was published in 1892 on the advice of Henri Le Chatelier. He joined the Compagnie de Chatillon Commentry Fourchamboult et Decazeville at their steelworks in Imphy in 1898, shortly after the discovery of Invar by G.E. Guillaume. Most of the alloys required for this investigation had been prepared at Imphy, and their laboratories were therefore well equipped with sensitive and refined dilatometric facilities. Charpy and his colleague L.Grenet utilized this technique in many of their earlier investigations, which were largely concerned with the transformation points of steel. He began to study the magnetic characteristics of silicon steels in 1902, shortly after their use as transformer laminations had first been proposed by Hadfield and his colleagues in 1900. Charpy was the first to show that the magnetic hysteresis of these alloys decreased rapidly as their grain size increased.

The first details of Charpy's pendulum impact testing machine were published in 1901, about two years before Izod read his paper to the British Association. As with Izod's machine, the energy of fracture was measured by the retardation of the pendulum. Charpy's test pieces, however, unlike those of Izod, were in the form of centrally notched beams, freely supported at each end against rigid anvils. This arrangement, it was believed, transmitted less energy to the frame of the machine and allowed the energy of fracture to be more accurately measured. In practice, however, the blow of the pendulum in the Charpy test caused visible distortion in the specimen as a whole. Both tests were still widely used in the 1990s.

In 1920 Charpy left Imphy to become Director-General of the Compagnie des Aciéries de la Marine et Homecourt. After his election to the Académie des Sciences in 1918, he came to be associated with Floris Osmond and Henri Le Chatelier as one of the founders of the "French School of Physical Metallurgy". Around the turn of the century he had contributed much to the development of the metallurgical microscope and had helped to introduce the Chatelier thermocouple into the laboratory and to industry. He also popularized the use of platinum-wound resistance furnaces for laboratory purposes. After 1920 his industrial responsibilities increased greatly, although he continued to devote much of his time to teaching at the Ecole Supérieure des Mines in Paris, and at the Ecole Polytechnique. His first book, Leçons de Chimie (1892, Paris), was written at the beginning of his career, in association with H.Gautier. His last, Notions élémentaires de sidérurgie (1946, Paris), with P.Pingault as co-author, was published posthumously.

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SUBJECT AREA: Horology

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Le Roy was born into a distinguished horological family: his father, Julien, was Clockmaker to the King. Pierre became Master in 1737 and continued to work with his father, taking over the business when his father died in 1759. However, he seems to have left the commercial side of the business to others so that he could concentrate on developing the marine chronometer. Unlike John Harrison, he believed that the solution lay in detaching the escapement from the balance, and in 1748 he submitted a proposal for the first detached escapement to the Académie des Sciences in Paris. He also differed from Harrison in his method of temperature compensation, which acted directly on the balance by altering its radius of gyration. This was achieved either by mounting thermometers on the balance or by using bimetallic strips which effectively reduced the diameter of the balance as the temperature rose (with refinements, this later became the standard method of temperature compensation in watches and chronometers). Le Roy had already discovered that for every spiral balance spring there was a particular length at which it would be isochronous, and this method of temperature compensation did not destroy that isochronism by altering the length, as other methods did. These innovations were incorporated in a chronometer with an improved detached escapement which he presented to Louis XV in 1766 and described in a memoir to the Académie des Sciences. This instrument contained the three essential elements of all subsequent chronometers: an isochronous balance spring, a detached escapement and a balance with temperature compensation. Its performance was similar to that of Harrison's fourth timepiece, and Le Roy was awarded prizes by the Académie des Sciences for the chronometer and for his memoir. However, his work was never fully appreciated in France, where he was over-shadowed by his rival Ferdinand Berthoud. When Berthoud was awarded the coveted title of Horloger de la Marine, Le Roy became disillusioned and shortly afterwards gave up chronometry and retired to the country.

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SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology, Photography, film and optics

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At the age of 19 Marey went to Paris to study medicine, becoming particularly interested in the problems of the circulation of the blood. In an early communication to the Académie des Sciences he described a much improved device for recording the pulse, the sphygmograph, in which the beats were recorded on a smoked plate. Most of his subsequent work was concerned with methods of recording movement: to study the movement of the horse, he used pneumatic sensors on each hoof to record traces on a smoked drum; this device became known as the Marey recording tambour. His attempts to study the wing movements of a bird in flight in the same way met with limited success since the recording system interfered with free movement. Reading in 1878 of Muybridge's work in America using sequence photography to study animal movement, Marey considered the use of photography himself. In 1882 he developed an idea first used by the astronomer Janssen: a camera in which a series of exposures could be made on a circular photographic plate. Marey's "photographic gun" was rifle shaped and could expose twelve pictures in approximately one second on a circular plate. With this device he was able to study wing movements of birds in free flight. The camera was limited in that it could record only a small number of images, and in the summer of 1882 he developed a new camera, when the French government gave him a grant to set up a physiological research station on land provided by the Parisian authorities near the Porte d'Auteuil. The new design used a fixed plate, on which a series of images were recorded through a rotating shutter. Looking rather like the results provided by a modern stroboscope flash device, the images were partially superimposed if the subject was slow moving, or separated if it was fast. His human subjects were dressed all in white and moved against a black background. An alternative was to dress the subject in black, with highly reflective strips and points along limbs and at joints, to produce a graphic record of the relationships of the parts of the body during action. A one-second-sweep timing clock was included in the scene to enable the precise interval between exposures to be assessed. The fixed-plate cameras were used with considerable success, but the number of individual records on each plate was still limited. With the appearance of Eastman's Kodak roll-film camera in France in September 1888, Marey designed a new camera to use the long rolls of paper film. He described the new apparatus to the Académie des Sciences on 8 October 1888, and three weeks later showed a band of images taken with it at the rate of 20 per second. This camera and its subsequent improvements were the first true cinematographic cameras. The arrival of Eastman's celluloid film late in 1889 made Marey's camera even more practical, and for over a decade the Physiological Research Station made hundreds of sequence studies of animals and humans in motion, at rates of up to 100 pictures per second. Marey pioneered the scientific study of movement using film cameras, introducing techniques of time-lapse, frame-by-frame and slow-motion analysis, macro-and micro-cinematography, superimposed timing clocks, studies of airflow using smoke streams, and other methods still in use in the 1990s. Appointed Professor of Natural History at the Collège de France in 1870, he headed the Institut Marey founded in 1898 to continue these studies. After Marey's death in 1904, the research continued under the direction of his associate Lucien Bull, who developed many new techniques, notably ultra-high-speed cinematography.

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See also: Demenÿ, Georges

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n. academie; college

[ əkædəmie] 〈meervoud: academies〉

1  academie ⇒ genootschap; school voor speciale opleiding

2  middelbare school 〈 meestal particulier〉

♦voorbeelden:

1   academy of music • conservatorium

     Academy of Science • Academie van Wetenschappen

n. Academie (de plaats in Athene waar Aplaton les gaf); plaats waar onderwijs gegeven wordt; academie, iem. tot de academie behorend

SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering

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Aubert was educated at the Lycée Louis-leGrand in Paris, and entered the Ecole Polytechnique in 1913. His studies were interrupted by the First World War, when he served as an artillery officer, being wounded twice and awarded the Croix de Guerre in 1916. He returned to the Ecole Polytechnique in 1919, and from 1920 to 1922 he attended the Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées; he graduated as Bachelor of Law from the University of Paris.

In 1922 he began his long career, devoted principally to river and canal works. He was engineer in charge of the navigation works in Paris until 1932; he was then appointed Professor in the Chair of Internal Navigation at the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées, a post he held until his retirement in 1961. From 1933 to 1945 he was general manager and later chairman of the Compagnie Nationale du Rhône; from 1945 to 1953, chairman of the electricity board of the Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer français; and from 1949 to 1967, chairman of the Rhine Navigation Company. Following his retirement, he was chairman of the Société des Constructions des Batignolles, and from 1966 consulting engineer and honorary chairman of SPIE Batignolles; he was also chairman of several other companies.

In 1919 he published La Probabilité dans les tires de guerre, for which he was awarded the Pierson-Perrim prize by the Académie des Sciences in 1922. During his career he wrote numerous articles and papers on technical and economic subjects, his last, entitled "Philosophic de la pente d'eau", appearing in the journal Travaux in 1984 when he was ninety years old.

Aubert's principal works included the construction of the Pont Edouard-Herriort on the Rhône at Lyon; the design and construction of the Génissiat and Lonzères-Mondragon dams on the Rhône; and the conception and design of the Denouval dam on the Seine near Andresy, completed in 1980. He was awarded the Caméré prize in 1934 by the Académie des Sciences for a new type of movable dam. Overseas governments and the United Nations consulted him on river navigation inter alia in Brazil, on the Mahanadi river in India, on the Konkomé river in Guinea, on the Vistula river in Poland, on the Paraguay river in South America and others.

In 1961 he published his revolutionary ideas on the pente d'eau, or "water slope", which was designed to eliminate delays and loss of water in transferring barges from one level to another, without the use of locks. This design consisted of a sloping flume or channel through which a wedge of water, in which the barge was floating, was pushed by a powered unit. A prototype at Mon tech on the Canal Latéral at La Garonne, bypassing five locks, was opened in 1973. A second was opened in 1984 on the Canal du Midi at Fonserannes, near Béziers.

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SUBJECT AREA: Horology, Metallurgy

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Guillaume came from a family of clock-and watchmakers. He was educated at the Gymnasium in Neuchâtel and at Zurich Polytechnic, from which he received his doctorate in 1883 for a thesis on electrolytic capacitors. In the same year he joined the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sèvres in France, where he was to spend the rest of his working life. He retired as Director in 1936. At the bureau he was involved in distributing the national standards of the metre to countries subscribing to the General Conference on Weights and Measures that had been held in 1889. This made him aware of the crucial effect of thermal expansion on the lengths of the standards and he was prompted to look for alternative materials that would be less costly than the platinum alloys which had been used. While studying nickel steels he made the surprising discovery that the thermal expansion of certain alloy compositions was less than that of the constituent metals. This led to the development of a steel containing about 36 per cent nickel that had a very low thermal coefficient of expansion. This alloy was subsequently named "invar", an abbreviation of invariable. It was well known that changes in temperature affected the timekeeping of clocks by altering the length of the pendulum, and various attempts had been made to overcome this defect, most notably the mercury-compensated pendulum of Graham and the gridiron pendulum of Harrison. However, an invar pendulum offered a simpler and more effective method of temperature compensation and was used almost exclusively for pendulum clocks of the highest precision.

Changes in temperature can also affect the timekeeping of watches and chronometers, but this is due mainly to changes in the elasticity or stiffness of the balance spring rather than to changes in the size of the balance itself. To compensate for this effect Guillaume developed another more complex nickel alloy, "elinvar" (elasticity invariable), whose elasticity remained almost constant with changes in temperature. This had two practical consequences: the construction of watches could be simplified (by using monometallic balances) and more accurate chronometers could be made.

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See also: Le Roy, Pierre

n. lid van een academie of genootschap (iemand met academische titel, afgestudeerde van hoge opleiding)

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adj. koninklijk

[ rojjəl] 〈 zelfstandig naamwoord〉

1 〈 informeel〉 lid van de koninklijke familie

2 twaalf/veertienender 〈 hert〉

♦voorbeelden:

¶ 〈 leger〉 the Royals • Eerste Regiment Infanterie; de Koninklijke Marine

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〈 bijvoeglijk naamwoord〉

1  koninklijk ⇒ van de koning(in)

2  koninklijk ⇒ vorstelijk

♦voorbeelden:

1   the Royal Academy (of Arts) • 〈 ongeveer〉de Koninklijke Academie/Maatschappij voor Schone Kunsten

     Royal Air Force • Koninklijke Luchtmacht

     〈 politiek〉 royal assent • koninklijke goedkeuring 〈 van wetsvoorstel〉

     〈Brits-Engels; leger〉 Royal Engineers • de Genie

     Royal Highness • Koninklijke Hoogheid

     Royal Navy • Koninklijke Marine

     Royal Society (of London) • 〈 ongeveer〉 Academie van Wetenschappen

¶ 〈 kaartspel〉 royal flush • de hoogste kaart

     〈 dierkunde〉 royal jelly • koninginnengelei

     royal stag • twaalf/veertienender 〈 hert〉

     treat someone royally • iemand uitstekend behandelen

academy [əˈkædəmɪ]

1. noun

   a. ( = private college) école f privée

• military/naval academy école f militaire/navale

• academy of music conservatoire m

   b. ( = society) académie f

2. compounds

► Academy Award noun oscar m

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noun ( place of learning) école f; ( learned society) académie f

royal [ˈrɔɪəl]

1. adjective

2. noun

(inf) membre m de la famille royale

• the royals la famille royale

3. compounds

► the Royal Academy (of Arts) noun (British) l'Académie f royale des Beaux-Arts

► the Royal Air Force noun (British) la Royal Air Force

► royal blue noun bleu roi m inv

► royal-blue adjective bleu roi inv

► royal family noun famille f royale

► Royal Highness noun

• Your/His Royal Highness Votre/Son Altesse Royale ► royal jelly noun gelée f royale

► the Royal Mail noun (British) le service postal britannique

► the Royal Marines plural noun (British) l'infanterie f de marine

• a Royal Marine un soldat de l'infanterie de marine ► the Royal Navy noun (British) la marine nationale

► the Royal Shakespeare Company noun (British) troupe de théâtre spécialisée dans le répertoire shakespearien

► the Royal Ulster Constabulary noun la police de l'Irlande du Nord

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La Royal Academy ou Royal Academy of Arts, fondée en 1768 par George III pour encourager la peinture, la sculpture et l'architecture, est située à Burlington House, sur Piccadilly. Une exposition-vente d'œuvres d'artistes contemporains a lieu tous les étés. L'Académie dispense également des cours en peinture, sculpture et architecture.

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adjective royal

1) (a higher school for special study: Academy of Music.) academie

2) (a society to encourage science, art etc: The Royal Academy.) Academie

3) (a type of senior school.) universitate

•

- academic

- academic year

1) (a higher school for special study: Academy of Music.) académie

2) (a society to encourage science, art etc: The Royal Academy.) académie

3) (a type of senior school.) collège

•

- academic

- academic year

academy n

1 Sch école f ; military/naval academy école militaire/navale ;

2 ( training school) école f ; academy of music conservatoire m de musique ; academy of art académie f d'art ;

3 ( learned society) académie f (of de).

RA [ɑ:'reɪ]

noun

(a) ( abbreviation rear admiral) contre-amiral m

(b) ( abbreviation Royal Academician) = membre de la "Royal Academy"

(c) ( abbreviation Royal Academy) Académie f royale britannique (académie des beaux-arts)

academy [ə'kædəmɪ] (pl academies)

noun

(a) (society) académie f, société f

(b) School (school) Scottish ≃ lycée m; English & American (private) ≃ collège m privé;

∎ an academy of music un conservatoire de musique;

∎ riding academy académie f d'équitation

►► Cinema Academy Award oscar m

college ['kɒlɪdʒ]

noun

(a) British (institution of higher education) établissement m d'enseignement supérieur;

∎ I go to college je suis étudiant;

∎ when you were at college ≃ quand tu étais à l'université;

∎ American to be college bound se destiner aux études supérieures;

∎ college of agriculture ≃ lycée m agricole;

∎ college of art école f des beaux-arts;

∎ college of music conservatoire m de musique;

∎ a college chum un (une) copain (copine) de fac;

∎ college days années fpl de fac

(b) British (within university) collège m (dans les universités traditionnelles, communauté d'enseignants et d'étudiants disposant d'une semi-autonomie administrative)

(c) (for professional training) école f professionnelle, collège m technique

(d) (organization) société f, académie f;

∎ the Royal College of Physicians/Surgeons ≃ l'Académie f de médecine/de chirurgie

►► British College of Advanced Technology ≃ institut m universitaire de technologie, IUT m;

the College of Arms = organisation statuant sur les armoiries en Grande-Bretagne;

the College of Cardinals le Sacré Collège;

American college degree diplôme m universitaire;

college education études fpl supérieures;

British College of Education ≃ institut m de formation des maîtres;

American University College Entry Examination Board = commission d'admission dans l'enseignement supérieur aux États-Unis;

British College of Further Education ≃ institut m d'éducation permanente;

the College of Heralds = organisation statuant sur les armoiries en Grande-Bretagne;

college student étudiant(e) m,f