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1 Constitution, the French
France is a republic; the institutions of governance of France are defined by the Constitution, more specifically by the current constitution, being that of the Cinquième République, or Fifth Republic. The Constitution has been modified several times since the start of the Fifth Republic, most recently in July 2008, when the French Congrès approved - by 1 vote over the 60% majority required - constitutional changes proposed by President Sarkozy.The Fifth Republic was established in 1958, and was largely the work of General de Gaulle - its first president, and Michel Debré his prime minister. It has been amended 17 times. Though the French constitution is parliamentary, it gave relatively extensive powers to the executive (President and Ministers) compared to other western democracies.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Constitution, the French
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2 Article 49
Controversial article in the constitution of the Fifth Republic (the current French constitution), allowing a government to push unpopular measures through pariliament without a vote. In 2008, President Sarkozy introduced a constitutional reform which, among other things, limited the scope of application of this article.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Article 49
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3 Cinquième République
The Fifth Republic, the current constitutional structure of France, set up in 1958. It is a parliamentary democracy, with unusually strong presidential powers. See Constitution of FranceDictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Cinquième République
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