cupidinis+n+m

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* * *

ignārus, a, um (also, ‡ ignarures agnoountes, Gloss. Philox.; v. gnarus init.), adj. [in-gnarus, like ignavus, ignotus, from the negative in and gnavus, gnotus], ignorant of a thing, not knowing, unacquainted with, inexperienced, unaware (syn.: inscius, nescius, insciens).

Lit. (freq. and class.); constr. usu. with the gen.; less frequently with a rel.-clause, with acc. and inf., with inf. alone, or absol.

With gen.:

ait se peregrinum esse, hujus ignarum oppidi,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 43:

imprudens harum rerum ignarusque omnium,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 56:

audi, ne te ignarum fuisse dicas meorum morum,

id. Ad. 2, 1, 6; id. Hec. 4, 4, 53:

ignara artis meretriciae,

id. Heaut. 2, 1, 14:

oratorem ne physicorum quidem esse ignarum volo,

Cic. Or. 34, 119; cf.:

physicae rationis ignari,

id. N. D. 2, 21, 54:

ignarus si sit facundiae ac poliendae orationis,

id. de Or. 1, 14, 63:

alicujus rei ignarus atque insolens,

id. ib. 1, 48, 207:

magna pars Pisonis ignari,

i. e. not knowing him, Tac. H. 4, 50; cf.:

alter alterius ignarus,

Plin. 11, 30, 36, § 109:

ignara puella mariti,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 132:

formica haud ignara ac non incauta futuri,

id. S. 1, 1, 35.—Of inanim. and abstr. things:

qui gurges aut quae flumina lugubris Ignara belli,

Hor. C. 2, 1, 34; Stat. S. 2, 2, 149:

non ignara philosophiae grammatice,

Quint. 1, 4, 4:

ignara hujusce doctrinae loquacitas,

id. 12, 2, 20.—

With rel. clause:

ignari, quid gravitas, quid integritas... quid denique virtus valeret,

Cic. Sest. 28, 60; id. Top. 20, 75:

cum quid ageretur in locis reliquis, essent ignari,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 43, 2:

haud ignari quanta invidiae immineret, tempestas,

Liv. 3, 38, 6:

quo essent in loco ignari,

Quint. 8, 3, 4.—

With acc. and inf.:

quamquam non sumus ignari multos studiose contra esse dicturos,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 1, 3:

ignari venisse dictatorem,

Liv. 8, 36, 2; 21, 22, 1:

ignarus, non omnes esse rogandos,

Ov. M. 6, 263:

non quidem sibi ignarum, posse argui quod, etc.,

i. e. he well knew, Tac. A. 4, 8.—

With inf. alone:

placito ignara moveri Atropos,

Stat. Th. 3, 67.—

Absol.:

tu me ignaro nec opinante, inscio notes et tuos et tuorum amicorum necessarios, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 16, 40:

ubi imperium ad ignaros pervenit, etc.,

Sall. C. 51, 27; id. J. 91, 1; cf. id. Quint. 20, 64: obpressit igitur necopinantes ignarosque omnes Perseus. Liv. 40, 57, 1:

si quis laudat Arelli Sollicitas ignarus opes,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 79:

quisnam ignarum nostris deus appulit oris?

Verg. A. 3, 338.— Sup.: Ba. An nescis quae sit haec res? Si. Juxta cum ignarissimis, Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 62.—

Transf.

Unmindful, regardless of any thing:

o socii (neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum), O passi graviora, etc.,

Verg. A. 1, 198.—

Pass. (like gnarus), not known, unknown, = ignotus (mostly poet.;

not in Cic.): ignarus aeque (ac nescius) utroqueversum dicitur, non tantum qui ignorat, sed et qui ignoratur. Sallustius: more humanae cupidinis ignara visundi. Vergilius (A. 10, 706),

Gell. 9, 12, 20 sq.; cf. Non. 129, 18 sq.:

mare magnum et ignara lingua commercia prohibebant,

Sall. J. 18, 6:

quibus agrestis vita est, circumscriptio ignara est et fraus, Sen. de Ira, 3, 2: quem (amorem) non Fors ignara dedit, sed saeva Cupidinis ira,

unknown, obscure, Ov. M. 1, 453. —

With dat.: pauci interiere: plerosque velocitas et regio hostibus ignara tutata [p. 880] sunt, Sall. J. 52, 4; cf. Tac. A. 2, 13:

jamque aderat Theseus, proles ignara parenti,

Ov. M. 7, 404:

non quidem sibi ignara, quae de Silano vulgabantur,

Tac. A. 3, 69.— Sup.:

quaedam (sidera) sunt aliis omnino ignarissima,

Gell. 14, 1, 13.

* * *

āla, ae, f. [for axla, contr. from axilla, Cic. Or. 45, 153; cf. anchos = ômos (Hesych.) = shoulder = O. H. Germ. Ahsala; Germ. Achsel].

Lit., a wing, as of a bird: galli plausu premunt alas, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 2, 26; Verg. A. 3, 226 al.: Me. Vox mihi ad aurīs advolavit. So. Ne ego homo infelix fui, qui non alas intervelli, that I did not pluck off its wings, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 170.— Poet., of the gods:

Mors atris circumvolat alis,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 58:

volucris Fati Tardavit alas,

id. C. 2, 17, 25:

bibulae Cupidinis alae,

Ov. A. A. 1, 233:

furvis circumdatus alis Somnus,

Tib. 2, 1, 89:

me jocundis Sopor impulit alis,

Prop. 1, 3, 45:

Madidis Notus evolat alis,

Ov. M. 1, 264.—Of sails:

velorum pandimus alas,

Verg. A. 3, 520.—Of oars:

classis centenis remiget alis,

Prop. 4, 6, 47:

remigium alarum,

Verg. A. 1, 301 (cf. Hom. Od. 11, 125);

so inversely remi is used of wings: super fluctus alarum insistere remis,

Ov. M. 5, 558 (cf. pterois eressei, Eur. Iphig. Taur. 289; Aeschyl. Agam. 52; and cf. Lucr. 6, 743). —Of wind and lightning:

Nisus Emicat et ventis et fulminis ocior alis,

Verg. A. 5, 319 al. —

Transf.

In man, the upper and under part of the arm, where it unites with the shoulder; the armpit, Liv. 9, 41; 30, 34:

aliquid sub alā portare,

Hor. Ep. 1, 13, 12:

hirquinae,

Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 51:

hirsutae,

Hor. Epod. 12, 5:

halitus oris et alarum vitia,

Plin. 21, 20, 83, § 142:

virus alarum et sudores,

id. 35, 15, 52, § 185:

sudor alarum,

Petr. 128 (many Romans were accustomed to pluck out the hair from the armpits, Sen. Ep. 114; Juv. 11, 157; v. alipilus).—

In animals, the hollow where the foreleg is joined to the shoulder; the shoulder - blade. —Of elephants, Plin. 11, 40, 95, § 324.—Of frogs, Plin. 9, 51, 74, § 159.—

In trees and plants, the hollow where the branch unites with the stem, Plin. 16, 7, 10, § 29; so id. 22, 18, 21, § 45; 25, 5, 18, § 38 al.—

In buildings, the wings, the side apartments on the right and left of the court, the side halls or porches, the colonnades; called also in Gr. ptera, Vitr. 6, 4, 137; 4, 7, 92.—

In milit. lang., the wing of an army (thus conceived of as a bird of prey), commonly composed of the Roman cavalry and the troops of the allies, esp. their horsemen; hence, alarii in contrast with legionarii, and separated from them in enumeration, also having a leader, called praefectus alae, Tac. H. 2, 59 al.; cf. Lips. de Milit. Rom. 1, 10 Manut.; Cic. Fam. 2, 17 fin.; Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 1, 51; Smith, Dict. Antiq.; Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 4, 6; cf. Gell. 10, 9, 1:

Alae, equites: ob hoc alae dicti, quia pedites tegunt alarum vice,

Serv. ad Verg. A. 4, 121: peditatu, equitibus atque alis cum hostium legionibus pugnavit, Cato ap. Gell. 15, 9, 5; Cic. Off. 2, 13, 45:

dextera ala (in alas divisum socialem exercitum habebat) in primā acie locata est,

Liv. 31, 21; Vell. 2, 117 al.—An ala, as a military division, usu. consisted of about 500 men, Liv. 10, 29.

—So, Ala Flaviana, Ala Nova, et saep. (cf. castrum, II. 1. fin.).

aura, ae ( gen. sing. aurāï, Verg. A. 6, 747; v. Neue, Formenl. I. p. 11; also, auras, like familias, custodias, terras, etc.; Servius gives this in Verg. A. 11, 801; still all the MSS. give aurae, and so Rib.), f., = aura [AÔ, auô, to blow].

The air, as in gentle motion, a gentle breeze, a breath of air (syn.:

aër, ventus, spiritus): agitatus aër auram facit,

Isid. Orig. 13, 11, 17: semper aër spiritu aliquo movetur;

frequentius tamen auras quam ventos habet,

Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 5:

flatus, qui non aura, non procella, sed venti sunt,

Plin. 2, 45, 45, § 116:

et me... nunc omnes terrent aurae,

now every breeze terrifies me, Verg. A. 2, 728:

Concutiat tenerum quaelibet aura,

Ov. A. A. 2, 650.— Hence,

Transf.

In gen., a breeze, a wind (even when violent):

Et reserata viget genitabilis aura Favoni,

Lucr. 1, 11; cf.: Aura parit flores tepidi fecunda Favoni. Cat. 64, 282:

omnes, Aspice, ventosi ceciderunt murmuris aurae,

Verg. E. 9, 58:

aurae Vela vocant,

id. A. 3, 356:

aura post meridiem,

Vulg. Gen. 3, 8:

aura tenuis,

ib. 3 Reg. 19, 12:

lenis, ib. Job, 4, 16: petulans,

Lucr. 6, 111:

ignarae,

brutish, Cat. 64, 164, ubi v. Ellis:

rapida,

Ov. M. 3, 209:

stridens,

Val. Fl. 2, 586:

violentior,

Stat. Th. 6, 157:

aurae flatus,

Vulg. Act. 27, 40:

omnes eos tollet aura,

ib. Isa. 57, 13 et saep.—Also breath:

flammas exsuscitat aura,

Ov. F. 5, 507.—

Trop.: dum flavit velis aura secunda meis, while a favorable breeze breathed on my sails, i. e. so long as I was in prosperity, Ov. P. 2, 3, 26:

totam opinionem parva non numquam commutat aura rumoris,

Cic. Mur. 17:

tenuis famae aura,

Verg. A. 7, 646:

quem neque periculi tempestas neque honoris aura potuit umquam de suo cursu aut spe aut metu demovere,

Cic. Sest. 47 fin.:

levi aurā spei objectā,

Liv. 42, 39, 1:

sperat sibi auram posse aliquam adflari in hoc crimine voluntatis defensionisque eorum, quibus, etc.,

token of favor, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 13:

nescius aurae (sc. amoris) Fallacis,

Hor. C. 1, 5, 11:

incerta Cupidinis aura,

Ov. Am. 2, 9, 33.—Hence freq. aura popularis, the popular breeze, popular favor, Cic. Har. Resp. 20 fin.; Liv. 3, 33, 7; 30, 45, 6 al.; Hor. C. 3, 2, 20; Quint. 11, 1, 45 (cf.:

ventus popularis,

Cic. Clu. 47, 130); so,

aura favoris popularis,

Liv. 22, 26, 4.—Also in plur.:

nimium gaudens popularibus auris,

Verg. A. 6, 816; and absol.:

adliciendo ad se plebem jam aurā non consilio ferri,

Liv. 6, 11, 7.—

1.. The air (mostly poet. and plur.):

cum Nubila portabunt venti transversa per auras,

Lucr. 6, 190:

Tenvis enim quaedam moribundos deserit aura,

id. 3, 232:

Aurarumque leves animae calidique vapores,

id. 5, 236:

(anima) discedit in auras,

id. 3, 400; 6, 1129 et saep.—Hence, aurae aëris or aëriae aurae freq. in Lucr.: (res) Aëris in teneras possint proferrier auras, 1, 207; 1, 783; 1, 801; 1, 803; 1, 1087; 2, 203; 3, 456; 3, 570; 3, 591;

4, 693: liquidissimus aether Atque levissimus aërias super influit auras,

id. 5, 501; 1, 771; 4, 933:

Nulla nec aërias volucris perlabitur auras,

Tib. 4, 1, 127:

Qui tamen aërias telum contorsit in auras,

Verg. A. 5, 520.—

Esp., the vital air:

Vivit et aetherias vitalīs suscipit auras,

breathes a breath of ethereal air, Lucr. 3, 405;

imitated by Verg.: haud invisus caelestibus auras Vitales carpis, A. 1, 387: vesci vitalibus auris, i. e. vivere,

Lucr. 5, 857; imitated by Verg., A. 1, 546, and 3, 339; so,

haurire auram communem,

Quint. 6, prooem. §

12: captare naribus auras,

to snuff the air, Verg. G. 1, 376.— Trop.: libertatis auram captare, to catch at the air of freedom, i. e. to seize upon any hope of liberty, Liv 3, 37, 1.—

Meton.

The upper air, Heaven, on high:

assurgere in auras,

Verg. G. 3, 109; so id. A. 4, 176:

dum se laetus ad auras Palmes agit,

id. G. 2, 363:

ad auras Aetherias tendit,

id. ib. 2, 291; so id. A. 4, 445: stat ferrea turris ad auras, poet. for ad alta, rises high, id. ib. 6, 554: Sorbet in abruptum fluctus, rursusque sub auras Erigit alternos, id. ib. 3, 422; 7, 466; 2, 759; 5, 427 al.; cf. Wagner, Quaest. Verg. X. 1.—

In opp. to the lower world, the upper world (cf. aether, I. B. 3.):

Eurydice superas veniebat ad auras,

Verg. G. 4, 486; so id. A. 6, 128:

Ortygiam, quae me superas eduxit prima sub auras,

Ov. M. 5, 641; 10, 11 (cf. Verg. A. 6, 481: ad superos);

so of childbirth: pondus in auras expulit,

Ov. M. 9, 704.—In gen. for publicity, daylight:

ferre sub auras,

i. e. to make known, Verg. A. 2, 158:

reddere ad auras,

to restore, id. ib. 2, 259: fugere auras, to seclude or hide one ' s self, id. ib. 4, 388.—

Transf. to other atmospheric objects which exert an influence on bodies, as light, heat, sound, vapor, etc.

A bright light, a gleam, glittering (cf. phaeos aütmê, Callim. Hymn. Dian. 117):

discolor unde auri per ramos aura refulsit,

Verg. A. 6, 204 (splendor auri, Serv.).—

The warmth of sunlight: solis calidior visa est aura, Varr. ap. Non. p. 275, 25.—

Sound, tone, voice, echo:

Si modo damnatum revocaverit aura puellae,

Prop. 3, 23, 15:

at illi Nomen ab extremis fontibus aura refert,

id. 1, 20, 50.—

Vapor, mist, odor, exhalation:

inolentis olivi Naturam, nullam quae mittat naribus auram,

Lucr. 2, 851:

at illi Dulcis compositis spiravit crinibus aura,

a sweet odor exhaled, Verg. G. 4, 417; so Mart. 3, 65; Val. Fl. 5, 589; cf. Heins. ad Ov. M. 15, 394:

si tantum notas odor attulit auras,

Verg. G. 3, 251:

pingues ab ovilibus aurae,

Stat. Th. 10, 46.

buccŭla ( būcŭla), ae, f. dim. [bucca].

A little cheek or mouth, * Suet. Galb. 4:

pressa Cupidinis buccula,

App. M. 6, p. 182, 17; 3, p. 137, 40; Arn. 2, p. 73.—

In milit. lang.

The beaver, that part of a helmet which covers the mouth and cheeks, paragnathis:

bucculas tergere,

Liv. 44, 34, 8; Juv. 10, 134; Capitol. Max. Jun. 3; Cod. Th. 10, 22, 1.—

Bucculae, two cheeks, one on each side of the channel in which the arrow of the catapulta was placed, Vitr. 10, 15, 3.

buccŭla ( būcŭla), ae, f. dim. [bucca].

A little cheek or mouth, * Suet. Galb. 4:

pressa Cupidinis buccula,

App. M. 6, p. 182, 17; 3, p. 137, 40; Arn. 2, p. 73.—

In milit. lang.

The beaver, that part of a helmet which covers the mouth and cheeks, paragnathis:

bucculas tergere,

Liv. 44, 34, 8; Juv. 10, 134; Capitol. Max. Jun. 3; Cod. Th. 10, 22, 1.—

Bucculae, two cheeks, one on each side of the channel in which the arrow of the catapulta was placed, Vitr. 10, 15, 3.

clāvus, i, m. [root klu-, v. claudo; prop. that which shuts or fastens].

A nail, usually of metal.

Lit.:

offerumentas habebis pluris Quam ulla navis longa clavos,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 48:

(leges) ad parietem fixae clavis ferreis,

id. Trin. 4, 3, 32; so,

clavi ferrei,

Cato, R. R. 18 fin.; Caes. B. G. 3, 13; Vitr. 7, 3 al.—Sometimes of hard wood:

clavis corneis occludere,

Cato, R. R. 18 fin.:

cornus... lignum utile, si quid cuneandum sit in ligno clavisve figendum ceu ferreis,

Plin. 16, 40, 76, § 206:

clavis religare tigna,

Caes. B. C. 2, 10:

clavos per modica intervalla figentes,

Liv. 28, 20, 4.—

Acc. to a Tuscan usage the ancient Romans designated the number of the year by nails, which the highest magistrate annually, at the Ides of September, drove into the wall of Jupiter's temple: clavo ab dictatore fixo,

Liv. 7, 3, 3 sqq.; 8, 18, 12 sq.; 9, 28, 6: clavus annalis, Paul. ex Fest. p. 56, 10 Müll.; cf.

O. Müll. Etrusk. 2, p. 329 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 263. Also, in a later age, country people seem to have kept an account of the years in this way,

Petr. 135, 8, 9.—Prov.: clavo clavum eicere, to drive out one nail by another (Gr. hêlôi ton hêlon, pattalôi ton pattalon, sc. dei exelaunein):

novo quidam amore veterem amorem tamquam clavo clavum eiciendum putant,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 35, 75: aliquid trabali clavo figere, to fasten with a large nail, to clinch a matter, id. Verr. 2, 5, 21, § 53; Arn. 2, p. 51.—

As a symbol of immovable firmness:

Necessitas Clavos trabales Gestans,

Hor. C. 1, 35, 18:

si figit adamantinos Necessitas Clavos,

id. ib. 3, 24, 7; cf. O. Müll. as above cit., p. 331.—Hence,

Trop.:

ex hoc die clavum anni movebis,

i. e. reckon the beginning of the year, Cic. Att. 5, 15, 1:

fixus animus clavo Cupidinis,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 4.—Prov.:

beneficium trabali clavo figere (v. trabalis),

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 21, § 53 Zumpt; cf. Arn. 2, p. 51.—

Meton. of objects of like form.

( Lit. the handle of the rudder, the tiller; hence, pars pro toto.) The rudder, helm, in gen. (only sing.): ut clavum rectum teneam, Enn. ap. Isid. Orig. 19, 2, 12 (Ann. v. 472 Vahl.):

clavum ad litora torquere,

Verg. A. 5, 177 Serv.; 10, 218.—

Trop.:

clavum tanti imperii tenere et gubernacula rei publicae tractare,

Cic. Sest. 9, 20:

abicere,

to leave off the care of a thing, Arn. 3, 106: dum clavum rectum teneam, if I keep a steady helm, am not negligent (as in Gr. orthan tan naun), Quint. 2, 17, 24 Spald.; cf. the passage of Enn. supra. —

In medic. lang., a painful tumor or excrescence, a wart, a corn; on the feet, Cels. 5, 28, 14. clavis in pedibus mederi, Plin. 20, 17, 71, § 184; 22, 23, 49, § 101 sq.; 26, 11, 66, § 106; 28, 16, 62, § 222;

on the eye,

Cels. 6, 7, 12;

in the nose,

Plin. 24, 14, 77, § 126;

upon the neck of cattle,

Col. 6, 14, 6;

in sheep,

id. 7, 5, 11.—Also a disease of the olive-tree, Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 223.—

A kind of abortion of bees, Plin. 11, 16, 16, § 50.—

A purple stripe on the tunica, which, for senators, was broad (latus, cf. laticlavius); for the equites, narrow (angustus; cf.

angusticlavius). In the time of the emperors, however, the sons of the senators and equites also, who were preparing for civil office, wore the latus clavus,

Liv. 9, 7, 9; Varr. L. L. 9, § 79 Müll.; Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 29 Jahn; cf. Hor. S. 1, 5, 36; 1, 6, 28; Quint. 11, 3, 138; Vell. 2, 88, 2; Suet. Aug. 94: tunicam ita consuere, ut altera plagula sit angustis clavis, altera latis, Varr L. L. 9, § 47 Müll.—Hence the phrase: latum clavum ab Caesare impetravi, i. e. I have become senator, Plin. Ep. 2, 9, 2; cf.:

clavum alicui tribuere,

Suet. Claud. 24:

impetrare,

id. Vesp. 4:

adimere,

id. Tib. 35:

adipisci,

id. Vesp. 2.—Rarely a purple stripe on bed or table cloths, Amm. 16, 8, 8.—

Poet., a tunic, in gen., either wide or narrow striped:

mutare in horas,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 10:

sumere depositum,

id. ib. 1, 6, 25.

cŭpīdo ( cūpēdo or cuppēdo, Lucr. 1, 1082; 4, 1090; 5, 45), ĭnis, f. (m., Plant. Am. 2, 2, 210; Hor. C. 2, 16, 15; 3, 16, 39; 3, 24, 51; id. S. 1, 1, 61; id. Ep. 1, 1, 33; Ov. M. 8, 74; 9, 734; Sil. 4, 99; and personified in all authors; v. the foll.) [cupidus], access. form of cupiditas, desire, wish, longing, eagerness, in a good and (more usu.) in a bad sense (very freq. in the poets and histt., esp. in Sall.; twice in Quint., but in Cic. only as personified).

In gen.

In a good sense: cupido cepit miseram nunc me proloqui, etc. (transl. from Eurip. Med. 57: himeros m hupêlthe, etc.), Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 26, 63 (Trag. Rel. v. 291 Vahl.); cf.:

Romulum cupido cepit urbis condendae,

Liv. 1, 6, 3:

cupido eum ceperat in verticem montis ascendendi,

id. 40, 21, 2; and with inf.:

cupido incessit Aethiopiam invisere,

Curt. 4, 8, 3:

aquae,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 50; cf.:

laticum frugumque,

Lucr. 4, 1093:

gloriae,

Sall. C. 7, 3:

aeternitatis perpetuaeque famae,

Suet. Ner. 55:

lucis,

Quint. 6, prooem. §

13: placendi,

id. 10, 7, 17 al. —

Trop., of things:

res medii cuppedine victae,

overcome by their tendency to a centre, Lucr. 1, 1082.—

In a bad sense, desire, passion, lust, greed.

With gen.:

honorum caeca (with avarities),

Lucr. 3, 59; cf.

honoris,

Sall. C. 3, 5:

mala vitaï,

Lucr. 3, 1077:

immitis uvae (i. e. virginis immaturae),

Hor. C. 2, 5, 9:

praedae caeca,

Ov. M. 3, 620:

intempestiva concubitūs,

id. ib. 10, 689; cf.

Veneris,

id. ib. 14, 634 et saep.:

difficilia faciundi,

Sall. J. 93, 3:

ejus (oppidi) potiundi,

id. ib. 89, 6:

quarum (rerum) inmodica cupido inter mortales est,

Liv. 6, 35, 6:

populos ad cupidinem novae fortunae erigere,

id. 21, 19, 7.—In plur.:

malae dominationis cupidinibus flagrans,

Tac. A. 13, 2.—

Absol.:

homines cupidine caeci,

Lucr. 4, 1153; so id. 4, 1090:

cuppedinis acres curae,

id. 5, 45; Hor. C. 2, 16, 15 et saep.:

femineus,

Ov. M. 9, 734; cf.

muliebris,

Tac. A. 4, 39.—In plur., Hor. S. 1, 2, 111; 2, 7, 85; Tac. A. 3, 52:

eo provectas Romanorum cupidines, ut non corpora, ne senectam quidam aut virginitatem inpollutam relinquant,

id. ib. 14, 35.—

In partic.

The desire that springs from love, desire, love:

differor Cupidine ejus,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 29; cf.:

visae virginis,

Ov. M. 13, 906; Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 210; cf. id. Poen. 1, 1, 68. —In plur.:

me, Contactum nullis ante cupidinibus,

Prop. 1, 1, 2.—Hence,

Personified: Cŭpīdo, ĭnis, m., the god of love, Cupid, son of Venus, Cic. N. D. 3, 23, 58 sq.; Prop. 2, 14, 5 (3, 18, 21); Ov. M. 1, 453; 5, 366 et saep.; Hor. C. 1, 2, 34; 2, 8, 14 al.;

in the form CVPEDO,

Inscr. Orell. 1367.—In plur.:

mater saeva Cupidinum,

Hor. C. 1, 19, 1 Orell. ad loc.; 4, 1, 5 al.; cf.

of sculptured figures: exstant caelati scyphi... Myos in eādem aede Silenos et Cupidines,

Plin. 33, 12, 55, § 155; 36, 5, 4, § 41. —Hence,

Cŭpīdĭnĕus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Cupid ( poet.):

tela,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 65:

sagittae,

id. R. Am. 157.— Transf., lovely, charming ( = formosus), Mart. 7, 87, 9.—

In animals, the sexual impulse:

equina,

Col. 6, 27, 3:

equi cupidine sollicitati,

id. 6, 27, 8.—

(Cf. cupidus, II. A. 2., and cupiditas, II. B. 1.) Avarice, covetousness:

Narcissum incusat cupidinis ac praedarum,

Tac. A. 12, 57; in plur., id. H. 1, 66.—

Personified:

Cupido sordidus,

sordid Avarice, Hor. C. 2, 16, 15.

cŭpīdo ( cūpēdo or cuppēdo, Lucr. 1, 1082; 4, 1090; 5, 45), ĭnis, f. (m., Plant. Am. 2, 2, 210; Hor. C. 2, 16, 15; 3, 16, 39; 3, 24, 51; id. S. 1, 1, 61; id. Ep. 1, 1, 33; Ov. M. 8, 74; 9, 734; Sil. 4, 99; and personified in all authors; v. the foll.) [cupidus], access. form of cupiditas, desire, wish, longing, eagerness, in a good and (more usu.) in a bad sense (very freq. in the poets and histt., esp. in Sall.; twice in Quint., but in Cic. only as personified).

In gen.

In a good sense: cupido cepit miseram nunc me proloqui, etc. (transl. from Eurip. Med. 57: himeros m hupêlthe, etc.), Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 26, 63 (Trag. Rel. v. 291 Vahl.); cf.:

Romulum cupido cepit urbis condendae,

Liv. 1, 6, 3:

cupido eum ceperat in verticem montis ascendendi,

id. 40, 21, 2; and with inf.:

cupido incessit Aethiopiam invisere,

Curt. 4, 8, 3:

aquae,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 50; cf.:

laticum frugumque,

Lucr. 4, 1093:

gloriae,

Sall. C. 7, 3:

aeternitatis perpetuaeque famae,

Suet. Ner. 55:

lucis,

Quint. 6, prooem. §

13: placendi,

id. 10, 7, 17 al. —

Trop., of things:

res medii cuppedine victae,

overcome by their tendency to a centre, Lucr. 1, 1082.—

In a bad sense, desire, passion, lust, greed.

With gen.:

honorum caeca (with avarities),

Lucr. 3, 59; cf.

honoris,

Sall. C. 3, 5:

mala vitaï,

Lucr. 3, 1077:

immitis uvae (i. e. virginis immaturae),

Hor. C. 2, 5, 9:

praedae caeca,

Ov. M. 3, 620:

intempestiva concubitūs,

id. ib. 10, 689; cf.

Veneris,

id. ib. 14, 634 et saep.:

difficilia faciundi,

Sall. J. 93, 3:

ejus (oppidi) potiundi,

id. ib. 89, 6:

quarum (rerum) inmodica cupido inter mortales est,

Liv. 6, 35, 6:

populos ad cupidinem novae fortunae erigere,

id. 21, 19, 7.—In plur.:

malae dominationis cupidinibus flagrans,

Tac. A. 13, 2.—

Absol.:

homines cupidine caeci,

Lucr. 4, 1153; so id. 4, 1090:

cuppedinis acres curae,

id. 5, 45; Hor. C. 2, 16, 15 et saep.:

femineus,

Ov. M. 9, 734; cf.

muliebris,

Tac. A. 4, 39.—In plur., Hor. S. 1, 2, 111; 2, 7, 85; Tac. A. 3, 52:

eo provectas Romanorum cupidines, ut non corpora, ne senectam quidam aut virginitatem inpollutam relinquant,

id. ib. 14, 35.—

In partic.

The desire that springs from love, desire, love:

differor Cupidine ejus,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 29; cf.:

visae virginis,

Ov. M. 13, 906; Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 210; cf. id. Poen. 1, 1, 68. —In plur.:

me, Contactum nullis ante cupidinibus,

Prop. 1, 1, 2.—Hence,

Personified: Cŭpīdo, ĭnis, m., the god of love, Cupid, son of Venus, Cic. N. D. 3, 23, 58 sq.; Prop. 2, 14, 5 (3, 18, 21); Ov. M. 1, 453; 5, 366 et saep.; Hor. C. 1, 2, 34; 2, 8, 14 al.;

in the form CVPEDO,

Inscr. Orell. 1367.—In plur.:

mater saeva Cupidinum,

Hor. C. 1, 19, 1 Orell. ad loc.; 4, 1, 5 al.; cf.

of sculptured figures: exstant caelati scyphi... Myos in eādem aede Silenos et Cupidines,

Plin. 33, 12, 55, § 155; 36, 5, 4, § 41. —Hence,

Cŭpīdĭnĕus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Cupid ( poet.):

tela,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 65:

sagittae,

id. R. Am. 157.— Transf., lovely, charming ( = formosus), Mart. 7, 87, 9.—

In animals, the sexual impulse:

equina,

Col. 6, 27, 3:

equi cupidine sollicitati,

id. 6, 27, 8.—

(Cf. cupidus, II. A. 2., and cupiditas, II. B. 1.) Avarice, covetousness:

Narcissum incusat cupidinis ac praedarum,

Tac. A. 12, 57; in plur., id. H. 1, 66.—

Personified:

Cupido sordidus,

sordid Avarice, Hor. C. 2, 16, 15.

cuppēdo, ĭnis, v. cupido.

cuppēdo ( cūp-), ĭnis, f. [orig. a collat. form of cupido, q. v; hence, in partic., a desire for delicacies], a tidbit, delicacy:

Forum cupedinis,

a place in Rome where delicacies were sold, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; id. ap. Don. ad Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 25; Paul. ex Fest. p. 48, 15 Müll.; App. M. 1, p. 113, 14 (Hildebr.: forum cupidinis); cf. cuppedinarius, and cuppes, II.

ĕlĕmentum, i, n. [root al-, to nourish; Gr. an-al-tos, alsos; Lat. alo, alimentum, etc.; cf. Sanscr. al-akā, a girl ], a first principle, element (cf.: initium, principium, exordium, primordium); Gr. stoicheion.

Lit., in plur.:

nec de elementis video dubitari quatuor esse ea,

Plin. 2, 5, 4, § 10; Lucr. 1, 827; 913; 2, 393 et saep.; Cic. Ac. 1, 7, 26; Sen. Q. N. 3, 12 sq.; Quint. 2, 17, 38; 3, 8, 31; Ov. M. 15, 237; 1, 29; Vulg. 2 Pet. 3, 10.—In sing., Plin. 10, 69, 88, § 191; 11, 36, 42, § 119; 31, 1, 1, § 1; Juv. 15, 86; Amm. 17, 13:

quia ignis inviolabile sit elementum,

Lact. 1, 12 med.; 7, 9 al.—

Transf.

The alphabet, Suet. Caes. 56 (cf. Prisc. 538 P.).—More freq.,

Transf., the first principles, rudiments, in the arts and sciences (cf. doctrina, praecepta).

In gen.:

puerorum,

Cic. de Or. 1, 35, 163; cf. Quint. prooem. § 21; 1, 1, 35; Hor. S. 1, 1, 26; id. Ep. 1, 20, 17 et saep.:

loquendi,

Cic. Ac. 2, 28 fin.; cf. id. de Or. 2, 11, 45; Quint. 2, 3, 13; Ov. M. 9, 719 et saep.—

In partic.

The ten categories of Aristotle, Quint. 3, 6, 23 sq. Spald.—

Meton., elementary scholars, beginners: vix se prima elementa ad spem effingendae eloquentiae audebunt, Quint. 1, 2, 26.—

The beginnings of other things:

prima Romae,

Ov. F. 3, 179:

prima Caesaris,

id. ib. 709:

cupidinis pravi,

Hor. C. 3, 24, 52; cf.

irarum,

Sil. 3, 77:

vitiorum,

Juv. 14, 123 al.

ē-rādo, si, sum, 3, v. a., to scratch out, scrape off (ante-class. and since the Aug. per.).

Lit.:

eradere atque eruere terram,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 136 Müll.:

muscum,

Col. 4, 24, 6:

medullam,

id. Arb. 9 fin.; Plin. 17, 21, 35, § 162:

aliquem (albo),

to strike out, erase, Plin. Pan. 25, 3; Tac. A. 4, 42 fin.; cf.:

inscriptos titulos monumento,

Paul. Sent. 1, 21, 8; Amm. 15, 6, 2:

corticem,

Vulg. Sap. 13, 11.— Poet. transf.: genas, i. e. to shave off the beard (for which, shortly before, vellere), Prop. 4 (5), 8, 26.—

Trop., to abolish, extirpate, eradicate, remove: curam habendi penitus corde, Phacdr. 3, prol. 21; so, elementa cupidinis pravi, * Hor. C. 3, 24, 51:

vitia,

Sen. Ep. 11:

vestigia quoque nobilium civitatum (tempus),

i. e. to obliterate, cause to be forgotten, id. 91; cf.:

tempora vitae,

Ov. Tr. 4, 9, 5:

eum de terra,

Vulg. Jer. 11, 19; id. 1 Reg. 28, 9.

fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.

In gen., an open space.

The area before a tomb, fore-court:

quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—

The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—

Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—

In partic., a public place, market-place.

A market, as a place for buying and selling:

quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.

forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—

forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;

here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—

forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—

forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:

L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,

Cic. Clu. 14, 40:

oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,

Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—

The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:

statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,

Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):

in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:

in foro turbaque,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

arripere verba de foro,

to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:

in vulgus et in foro dicere,

id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):

cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,

id. Rep. 2, 37:

in forum descendere,

id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):

foro nimium distare Carinas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:

fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,

id. S. 1, 6, 114:

forumque litibus orbum,

id. C. 4, 2, 44:

Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:

gladiatores ad forum producti,

id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:

ut primum forum attigerim,

i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:

studia fori,

Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:

ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:

quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,

Quint. 10, 7, 20:

nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,

Verg. G. 2, 502:

forum agere,

to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:

lenta fori pugnamus harena,

Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:

indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,

Verg. A. 5, 758:

civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,

to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:

extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,

beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §

38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,

is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:

in alieno foro litigare,

i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:

haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,

id. Fl. 29, 70:

sublata erat de foro fides,

id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:

nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,

i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);

called simply forum,

Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,

quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,

Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:

erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,

Mart. 3, 38, 4:

vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,

Juv. 6, 68.—

Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,

Forum Ăliēni, a town in Gallia Transpadana, now Ferrara, Tac. H. 3, 6.—

Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—

Forum Aurēlium, a small city near Rome, on the Via Aurelia, now Montalto, Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 24.—

Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:

ager,

Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—

Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—

Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:

colonia,

i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—

Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.

fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.

In gen., an open space.

The area before a tomb, fore-court:

quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—

The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—

Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—

In partic., a public place, market-place.

A market, as a place for buying and selling:

quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.

forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—

forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;

here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—

forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—

forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:

L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,

Cic. Clu. 14, 40:

oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,

Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—

The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:

statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,

Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):

in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:

in foro turbaque,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

arripere verba de foro,

to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:

in vulgus et in foro dicere,

id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):

cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,

id. Rep. 2, 37:

in forum descendere,

id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):

foro nimium distare Carinas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:

fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,

id. S. 1, 6, 114:

forumque litibus orbum,

id. C. 4, 2, 44:

Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:

gladiatores ad forum producti,

id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:

ut primum forum attigerim,

i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:

studia fori,

Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:

ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:

quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,

Quint. 10, 7, 20:

nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,

Verg. G. 2, 502:

forum agere,

to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:

lenta fori pugnamus harena,

Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:

indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,

Verg. A. 5, 758:

civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,

to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:

extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,

beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §

38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,

is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:

in alieno foro litigare,

i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:

haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,

id. Fl. 29, 70:

sublata erat de foro fides,

id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:

nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,

i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);

called simply forum,

Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,

quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,

Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:

erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,

Mart. 3, 38, 4:

vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,

Juv. 6, 68.—

Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,

Forum Ăliēni, a town in Gallia Transpadana, now Ferrara, Tac. H. 3, 6.—

Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—

Forum Aurēlium, a small city near Rome, on the Via Aurelia, now Montalto, Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 24.—

Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:

ager,

Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—

Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—

Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:

colonia,

i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—

Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.

fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.

In gen., an open space.

The area before a tomb, fore-court:

quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—

The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—

Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—

In partic., a public place, market-place.

A market, as a place for buying and selling:

quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.

forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—

forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;

here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—

forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—

forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:

L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,

Cic. Clu. 14, 40:

oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,

Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—

The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:

statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,

Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):

in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:

in foro turbaque,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

arripere verba de foro,

to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:

in vulgus et in foro dicere,

id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):

cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,

id. Rep. 2, 37:

in forum descendere,

id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):

foro nimium distare Carinas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:

fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,

id. S. 1, 6, 114:

forumque litibus orbum,

id. C. 4, 2, 44:

Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:

gladiatores ad forum producti,

id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:

ut primum forum attigerim,

i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:

studia fori,

Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:

ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:

quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,

Quint. 10, 7, 20:

nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,

Verg. G. 2, 502:

forum agere,

to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:

lenta fori pugnamus harena,

Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:

indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,

Verg. A. 5, 758:

civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,

to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:

extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,

beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §

38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,

is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:

in alieno foro litigare,

i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:

haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,

id. Fl. 29, 70:

sublata erat de foro fides,

id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:

nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,

i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);

called simply forum,

Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,

quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,

Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:

erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,

Mart. 3, 38, 4:

vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,

Juv. 6, 68.—

Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,

Forum Ăliēni, a town in Gallia Transpadana, now Ferrara, Tac. H. 3, 6.—

Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—

Forum Aurēlium, a small city near Rome, on the Via Aurelia, now Montalto, Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 24.—

Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:

ager,

Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—

Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—

Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:

colonia,

i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—

Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.