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21 Photography, film and optics
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Ding HuanGabor, DennisKlic, KarolLippershey, HansMarton, LadislausTournachon, Gaspard FélixBiographical history of technology > Photography, film and optics
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22 acrostic
[a·cros·tic || ə'krɒstɪk]◙ n. אקרוסטיכון (שיר שהאותיות הראשונות או האחרונות בו יוצרות מילה או משפט)◙ adj. אקרוסטי, בנוי כאקרוסטיכון (שהאותיות הראשונות או האחרונות בו יוצרות מילה או משפט)* * *◙ (טפשמ וא הלימ תורצוי וב תונורחאה וא תונושארה תויתואהש) ןוכיטסורקאכ יונב,יטסורקא◄◙ (טפשמ וא הלימ תורצוי וב תונורחאה וא תונושארה תויתואהש ריש) ןוכיטסורקא◄ -
23 harrier
tr['hærɪəSMALLr/SMALL]1 (bird) aguilucho————————tr['hærɪəSMALLr/SMALL]1 (dog) perro de caza2 (runner) corredor,-ra de crosn.• acosador, -ora s.m.,f.• asolador s.m.• corredor a través del campo s.m.• lebrel s.m.• perro lebrel s.m.['hærɪǝ(r)]N1) (=dog) lebrel m (inglés)2) harriers (=cross-country runners) corredores mpl de cross3) (Orn) aguilucho m -
24 acrostic
a.cros.tic[əkr'ɔstik] n+adj acróstico. -
25 acrostical
a.cros.tic.al[əkr'ɔstikəl] adj = link=acrostic acrostic. -
26 acrostically
a.cros.tic.al.ly[əkr'ɔstikəli] adv acrosticamente. -
27 level crossing
(a place where a road crosses a railway without a bridge.) passagem de nível* * *lev.el cros.sing[levəl kr'ɔsiŋ] n passagem de nível.————————level crossingpassagem de nível. -
28 microscopist
mi.cros.co.pist[maikr'ɔskəpist] n microscopista. -
29 microscopy
mi.cros.co.py[maikr'ɔskəpi] n 1 microscopia, uso do microscópio. 2 investigação microscópica. -
30 railroad crossing
rail.road cros.sing[r'eilroud krɔ:siŋ] n passagem de nível. -
31 railway crossing
rail.way cros.sing[r'eilwei krɔsiŋ] n cruzamento ferroviário. -
32 zebra crossing
(a place, marked in black and white stripes, where traffic stops for pedestrians to cross a street.) passadeira* * *ze.bra cros.sing[zi:bra kr'ɔsiŋ] n Brit faixa de pedestre.————————zebra crossingfaixa para pedestres. -
33 micro
noun* * *[ˈmaɪkrə(ʊ), AM -roʊ]* * *['maɪkrəʊ]n (COMPUT)Mikro( computer) m* * *micro [ˈmaıkrəʊ] pl -cros s umg1. Mikrocomputer m2. Mikrowelle f (Herd)* * *noun, pl. micros see microcomputer* * *adj.Micro- präfix. n.Mikro -s n. -
34 microscopy
mi·cros·co·py[maɪˈkrɒskəpi, AM -ˈkrɑ:s-]* * *microscopy [-ˈkrɒskəpı; US -ˈkrɑ-] s Mikroskopie f (Verwendung des Mikroskops zu wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen)* * *n.Mikroskopie f. -
35 pro-jump
s graóDef. del Termcat: Desnivell artificial d'aproximadament un metre, propi de les competicions de duel i cros, que es fa servir com a obstacle. -
36 microscopy
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37 acrostic
1. nounакростих2. adjectiveимеющий форму акростиха* * *(n) акростих* * *1. акростих 2. имеющий форму акростиха* * *[a·cros·tic || ə'krɒstɪk] n. акростих adj. имеющий форму акростиха* * ** * *1. сущ. акростих 2. прил. имеющий форму акростиха -
38 cross-hatch tape test
badanie przyczepności powłoki metodą siatki z zastosowaniem taśmy klejącej crosEnglish-Polish dictionary for engineers > cross-hatch tape test
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39 Berliner, Emile
SUBJECT AREA: Recording[br]b. 20 May 1851 Hannover, Germanyd. 3 August 1929 Montreal, Canada[br]German (naturalized American) inventor, developer of the disc record and lateral mechanical replay.[br]After arriving in the USA in 1870 and becoming an American citizen, Berliner worked as a dry-goods clerk in Washington, DC, and for a period studied electricity at Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York. He invented an improved microphone and set up his own experimental laboratory in Washington, DC. He developed a microphone for telephone use and sold the rights to the Bell Telephone Company. Subsequently he was put in charge of their laboratory, remaining in that position for eight years. In 1881 Berliner, with his brothers Joseph and Jacob, founded the J.Berliner Telephonfabrik in Hanover, the first factory in Europe specializing in telephone equipment.Inspired by the development work performed by T.A. Edison and in the Volta Laboratory (see C.S. Tainter), he analysed the existing processes for recording and reproducing sound and in 1887 developed a process for transferring lateral undulations scratched in soot into an etched groove that would make a needle and diaphragm vibrate. Using what may be regarded as a combination of the Phonautograph of Léon Scott de Martinville and the photo-engraving suggested by Charles Cros, in May 1887 he thus demonstrated the practicability of the laterally recorded groove. He termed the apparatus "Gramophone". In November 1887 he applied the principle to a glass disc and obtained an inwardly spiralling, modulated groove in copper and zinc. In March 1888 he took the radical step of scratching the lateral vibrations directly onto a rotating zinc disc, the surface of which was protected, and the subsequent etching created the groove. Using well-known principles of printing-plate manufacture, he developed processes for duplication by making a negative mould from which positive copies could be pressed in a thermoplastic compound. Toy gramophones were manufactured in Germany from 1889 and from 1892–3 Berliner manufactured both records and gramophones in the USA. The gramophones were hand-cranked at first, but from 1896 were based on a new design by E.R. Johnson. In 1897–8 Berliner spread his activities to England and Germany, setting up a European pressing plant in the telephone factory in Hanover, and in 1899 a Canadian company was formed. Various court cases over patents removed Berliner from direct running of the reconstructed companies, but he retained a major economic interest in E.R. Johnson's Victor Talking Machine Company. In later years Berliner became interested in aeronautics, in particular the autogiro principle. Applied acoustics was a continued interest, and a tile for controlling the acoustics of large halls was successfully developed in the 1920s.[br]Bibliography16 May 1888, Journal of the Franklin Institute 125 (6) (Lecture of 16 May 1888) (Berliner's early appreciation of his own work).1914, Three Addresses, privately printed (a history of sound recording). US patent no. 372,786 (basic photo-engraving principle).US patent no. 382,790 (scratching and etching).US patent no. 534,543 (hand-cranked gramophone).Further ReadingR.Gelatt, 1977, The Fabulous Phonograph, London: Cassell (a well-researched history of reproducible sound which places Berliner's contribution in its correct perspective). J.R.Smart, 1985, "Emile Berliner and nineteenth-century disc recordings", in WonderfulInventions, ed. Iris Newson, Washington, DC: Library of Congress, pp. 346–59 (provides a reliable account).O.Read and W.L.Welch, 1959, From Tin Foil to Stereo, Indianapolis: Howard W.Sams, pp. 119–35 (provides a vivid account, albeit with less precision).GB-N -
40 Ducos du Hauron, Arthur-Louis
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1837 Langon, Bordeaux, Franced. 19 August 1920 Agen, France[br]French scientist and pioneer of colour photography.[br]The son of a tax collector, Ducos du Hauron began researches into colour photography soon after the publication of Clerk Maxwell's experiment in 1861. In a communication sent in 1862 for presentation at the Académie des Sciences, but which was never read, he outlined a number of methods for photography of colours. Subsequently, in his book Les Couleurs en photographie, published in 1869, he outlined most of the principles of additive and subtractive colour photography that were later actually used. He covered additive processes, developed from Clerk Maxwell's demonstrations, and subtractive processes which could yield prints. At the time, the photographic materials available prevented the processes from being employed effectively. The design of his Chromoscope, in which transparent reflectors could be used to superimpose three additive images, was sound, however, and formed the basis of a number of later devices. He also proposed an additive system based on the use of a screen of fine red, yellow and blue lines, through which the photograph was taken and viewed. The lines blended additively when seen from a certain distance. Many years later, in 1907, Ducos du Hauron was to use this principle in an early commercial screen-plate process, Omnicolore. With his brother Alcide, he published a further work in 1878, Photographie des Couleurs, which described some more-practical subtractive processes. A few prints made at this time still survive and they are remarkably good for the period. In a French patent of 1895 he described yet another method for colour photography. His "polyfolium chromodialytique" involved a multiple-layer package of separate red-, green-and blue-sensitive materials and filters, which with a single exposure would analyse the scene in terms of the three primary colours. The individual layers would be separated for subsequent processing and printing. In a refined form, this is the principle behind modern colour films. In 1891 he patented and demonstrated the anaglyph method of stereoscopy, using superimposed red and green left and right eye images viewed through green and red filters. Ducos du Hauron's remarkable achievement was to propose theories of virtually all the basic methods of colour photography at a time when photographic materials were not adequate for the purpose of proving them correct. For his work on colour photography he was awarded the Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society in 1900, but despite his major contributions to colour photography he remained in poverty for much of his later life.[br]Further ReadingB.Coe, 1978, Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years, London. J.S.Friedman, 1944, History of Colour Photography, Boston. E.J.Wall, 1925, The History of Three-Colour Photography, Boston. See also Cros, Charles.BCBiographical history of technology > Ducos du Hauron, Arthur-Louis
См. также в других словарях:
cros — cros·sas·ter; cros·so·po·dia; cros·sopt; cros·sop·te·ryg·ia; cros·sop·te·ryg·ii; cros·so·so·ma; cros·so·the·ca; di·cros·to·nyx; le·cros·ia; mi·cros·co·pist; mi·cros·co·py; mi·cros·mat·ic; mi·cros·po·ron; mi·cros·po·rum; mi·cros·the·nes;… … English syllables
Cros — ist die Bezeichnung mehrerer Gemeinden in Frankreich: Cros (Gard), Gemeinde im Département Gard Cros (Puy de Dôme), Gemeinde im Département Puy de Dôme mit Namenszusatz: Cros de Géorand (Ardèche), Gemeinde im Département Ardèche Cros de Montvert… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Cros — is the name or part of the name of several communes in France: Cros, in the Gard department Cros, in the Puy de Dôme department Cros de Géorand, in the Ardèche department Cros de Montvert, in the Cantal department Cros de Ronesque, in the Cantal… … Wikipedia
Cros — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Cros puede referirse a Cros, comuna de Gard (Francia). Cros, comuna de Puy de Dôme (Francia). CROS, Core of an RPG Open System, sistema de desarrollo de juegos. Charles Cros (1842 1888), poeta e inventor francés.… … Wikipedia Español
CROS (C.) — CROS CHARLES (1842 1888) Personnage hors du commun, autodidacte de génie qui fut également attiré par la littérature et par la science. Descendant d’une lignée de professeurs, né à Fabrezan (Aude), Charles Cros fait ses études sous la direction… … Encyclopédie Universelle
cròs — cros, croues, crouas m. creux ; fossé ; fosse ; cavité ; trou. Lo cròs de la man : le creux de la main. Lo cròs de la suelha : la fosse à fumier. Tombeau, tombe > « Es lou cros d un enfant de la. » J. Roumanille. voir bòrna, clòt, raga,… … Diccionari Personau e Evolutiu
cros — CROS, crosuri, s.n. Cursă sportivă de alergare pe teren variat şi cu obstacole (naturale şi artificiale), în care participanţii trebuie să parcurgă o anumită distanţă, pe un traseu dinainte stabilit, cu respectarea anumitor norme tehnice. – Din… … Dicționar Român
Cros — (Porz C., Ile de Portcros), eine der Iles d Hyères im Mittelmeer, östlich von Marseille; mit Fort u. reich an Heilkräutern; hieß bei den Alten Mese (die mittlere) … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Cros — (Charles) (1842 1888) poète et inventeur français. Il a défini en 1876, avant Edison, le principe du phonographe (paléophone). Poésie: le Coffret de santal (1873) … Encyclopédie Universelle
CROS — urbs Aegypti. Steph … Hofmann J. Lexicon universale
Cros — Origine toponymique. Désigne un endroit creux, un vallon (mot d origine préromane *crosus). Le nom est très répandu dans tout le Midi, notamment dans le Rouergue … Noms de famille