-
21 Weston, Edward
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 9 May 1850 Oswestry, Englandd. 20 August 1936 Montclair, New Jersey, USA[br]English (naturalized American) inventor noted for his contribution to the technology of electrical measurements.[br]Although he developed dynamos for electroplating and lighting, Weston's major contribution to technology was his invention of a moving-coil voltmeter and the standard cell which bears his name. After some years as a medical student, during which he gained a knowledge of chemistry, he abandoned his studies. Emigrating to New York in 1870, he was employed by a manufacturer of photographic chemicals. There followed a period with an electroplating company during which he built his first dynamo. In 1877 some business associates financed a company to build these machines and, later, arc-lighting equipment. By 1882 the Weston Company had been absorbed into the United States Electric Lighting Company, which had a counterpart in Britain, the Maxim Weston Company. By the time Weston resigned from the company, in 1886, he had been granted 186 patents. He then began the work in which he made his greatest contribution, the science of electrical measurement.The Weston meter, the first successful portable measuring instrument with a pivoted coil, was made in 1886. By careful arrangement of the magnet, coil and control springs, he achieved a design with a well-damped movement, which retained its calibration. These instruments were produced commercially on a large scale and the moving-coil principle was soon adopted by many manufacturers. In 1892 he invented manganin, an alloy with a small negative temperature coefficient, for use as resistances in his voltmeters.The Weston standard cell was invented in 1892. Using his chemical knowledge he produced a cell, based on mercury and cadmium, which replaced the Clark cell as a voltage reference source. The Weston cell became the recognized standard at the International Conference on Electrical Units and Standards held in London in 1908.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, AIEE 1888–9. Franklin Institute Elliott Cresson Medal 1910, Franklin medal 1924.Bibliography29 April 1890, British patent no. 6,569 (the Weston moving-coil instrument). 6 February 1892, British patent no. 22,482 (the Weston standard cell).Further ReadingD.O.Woodbury, 1949, A Measure of Greatness. A Short Biography of Edward Weston, New York (a detailed account).C.N.Brown, 1988, in Proceedings of the Meeting on the History of Electrical Engineering, IEE, 17–21 (describes Weston's meter).H.C.Passer, 1953, The Electrical Manufacturers: 1875–1900, Cambridge, Mass.GW -
22 Wood, Henry Alexander Wise
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 1 March 1866 New York, USAd. 9 April 1939 USA[br]American manufacturer and inventor of printing machinery, including a stereotype casting machine.[br]The son of a Congressman and mayor of New York, Wood was educated at Media Academy in Pennsylvania, specializing in scientific subjects. The death of his father in 1881 prevented his going on to college and he went to work at the Campbell Printing and Manufacturing Company, of which he became President in 1896. In the meantime, he had married the daughter of J.L.Brower, the previous head of the company. Later business consolidations brought into being the Wood Newspaper Machine Corporation.Wood was responsible for a series of inventions that brought great benefit to the newspaperprinting processes. Most notable was the Autoplate, patented first in 1900 and finally in 1903. This enabled a whole page of newspaper type to be cast in metal at once, saving much time and effort in the forming of stereotypes; this invention earned him the Elliott Cresson gold medal of the Franklin Institute in 1909. Other inventions were the Autoreel, a high-speed press-feeder device, and the Autopaster, which automatically replaced a spent paper roll with a new one in a newspaper press, without the need to stop the press. Wood's improved presses and inventions increased the speed of newspaper production from 24,000 to 60,000 copies per hour, printed and folded.He was also much interested in aviation and was an early member of the Aero Club of America, becoming its Vice-President for six years. He helped to found the magazine Flying and was its Editor from 1911 to 1919. He had predicted the part played by aircraft and submarines during the Second World War and was invited to join a panel of consulting inventors and engineers to assist the development of the US Navy. He was soon at odds with the authorities, however, and he resigned in 1915. After the war, he spent time in vigorous campaigning against immigration, America's entry into the League of Nations and on many other issues, in all of which he was highly controversial. Nevertheless, he retained his interest in the newspaper-machinery business, remaining President of his company until 1935 and Chairman of the Board thereafter. In 1934 he became Chairman of the NRA Code Authority of the newspaper-machine industry.[br]Further ReadingObituary, 1939, New York Times (10 April). Obituary, 1939, New York Herald Tribune (10 April).LRDBiographical history of technology > Wood, Henry Alexander Wise
-
23 10603
1. LAT Rhagoletis completa Cresson2. RUS —3. ENG walnut husk fly4. DEU Amerikanische Walnußschalenfliege f5. FRA — -
24 10940
-
25 10941
-
26 5363
1. LAT Phaedon cochleariae Fabricius2. RUS листоед m хреновый, бабамуха f3. ENG mustard [watercress] beetle4. DEU Meerrettichblattkäfer m5. FRA chrysomèle f du cresson -
27 9025
1. LAT Cephalcia fascipennis (Cresson)2. RUS —3. ENG orange-striped false sawfly4. DEU —5. FRA pamphilie f tisseuse à lignes orangées -
28 9629
- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
CRESSON — CRESS Les Anciens appréciaient beaucoup les crucifères à la saveur piquante, dont le cresson (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.; crucifères). Hippocrate mettait le cresson (au sens large) au rang des plantes expectorantes. Dioscoride (Ier s.)… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Cresson — may refer to: Places Battle of Cresson, a small battle fought on May 1, 1187 in what now is Israel, near Nazareth Cresson, Pennsylvania, a United States borough Cressona, Pennsylvania, a United States borough Cresson Township, Pennsylvania, a U.S … Wikipedia
Cresson — ist der Name von: Édith Cresson (* 1934), französische Politikerin Ezra Townsend Cresson (1838 1926), US amerikanischer Entomologe Cresson (Minnesota) Cresson (Pennsylvania) Cresson (Texas) Cresson (Gattung); einer Gattung der Grabwespen … Deutsch Wikipedia
cresson — CRESSON. subs. m. Sorte d herbe anti scorbutique qui croît dans les eaux vives, et qu on mange ordinairement crue. Cresson de ruisseau, de fontaine. [b]f♛/b] On cultive aussi du cresson dans les jardins. Cresson alénois. Cresson frisé. Cresson… … Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française 1798
cresson — CRESSON. s. m. Sorte d herbe qui croist dans les eaux vives, & qu on mange ordinairement cruë. Cresson de ruisseau. salade de cresson. une poularde au cresson … Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
Cresson — Cresson, PA U.S. borough in Pennsylvania Population (2000): 1631 Housing Units (2000): 786 Land area (2000): 0.494589 sq. miles (1.280980 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.494589 sq. miles… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Cresson, PA — U.S. borough in Pennsylvania Population (2000): 1631 Housing Units (2000): 786 Land area (2000): 0.494589 sq. miles (1.280980 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.494589 sq. miles (1.280980 sq. km)… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Cresson — C est dans le Nord Pas de Calais que le nom est le plus répandu. Il y désigne par métonymie un producteur ou un marchand de cresson. A noter que Cresson est aussi un toponyme, notamment dans l Ouest : hameaux à Cezais (85), Puy du Lac (17), Saint … Noms de famille
cresson — Cresson, Sisymbrium aquaticum. Cresson alenois, Cardamon, siue Cardamina, Nasturtium … Thresor de la langue françoyse
Cresson — [krɛ sɔ̃ ], Edith, frz. Politikerin, * Boulogne Billancourt 27. 1. 1934; Agrarwirtschaftlerin, Mitgl. der Sozialist. Partei, 1981 90 mehrfach Ministerin, 1991 92 Premierministerin, 1995 99 (Rücktritt) EU Kommissarin für Forschung und Ausbildung … Universal-Lexikon
cresson — (krè son ; quelques personnes prononcent kre son, mais à tort) s. m. Plante qui croît dans les eaux vives, dite vulgairement cresson d eau, cresson de ruisseau, et cresson de fontaine (sisymbrium nasturtium, L.). Cresson de rivière, nom… … Dictionnaire de la Langue Française d'Émile Littré
