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21 крекинг-печь
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22 stand
stand [stænd]stand ⇒ 1 (a) étal ⇒ 1 (a) support ⇒ 1 (b) plate-forme ⇒ 1 (c) tribune ⇒ 1 (c), 1 (d) barre ⇒ 1 (f) position ⇒ 1 (g) mettre ⇒ 2 (a) poser ⇒ 2 (a) supporter ⇒ 2 (b)-(d) se lever ⇒ 3 (a) être debout ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (c) être ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (e), 3 (f) se tenir ⇒ 3 (b) reposer ⇒ 3 (d), 3 (g) se trouver ⇒ 3 (e) rester ⇒ 3 (g) rester valable ⇒ 3 (h) se classer ⇒ 3 (j)(pt & pp stood [stʊd])1 noun(a) (stall, booth → at exhibition, trade fair) stand m; (→ in market) étal m, éventaire m; (kiosk) kiosque m;∎ a shooting stand un stand de tir;∎ newspaper stand kiosque m (à journaux)(b) (frame, support → gen) support m; (→ for lamp, sink) pied m; (→ on bicycle, motorbike) béquille f; (→ for pipes, guns) râtelier m; Commerce (→ for magazines, sunglasses) présentoir m; (lectern) lutrin m;∎ bicycle stand (in street) râtelier m à bicyclettes;∎ plant stand sellette f;∎ plate stand support m à assiette, présentoir m;∎ Commerce revolving stand tourniquet m, présentoir m rotatif(d) (in sports ground) tribune f;∎ the stands roared un rugissement s'éleva des tribunes ou des gradins∎ (taxi) stand station f de taxis(f) (in courtroom) barre f;∎ the first witness took the stand le premier témoin est venu à la barre(g) (position, stance) position f;∎ to take a stand on sth prendre position sur qch;∎ what's your stand on the issue? quelle est votre position sur la question?;∎ he refuses to take a stand il refuse de prendre position∎ to make a stand résister;∎ they made a stand at the foot of the hill ils ont résisté au pied de la colline;∎ to make a stand against an abuse s'opposer résolument à un abus;∎ History Custer's last stand la dernière bataille de Custer∎ a fine stand of corn un beau champ de blé;∎ a stand of bamboo un massif de bambous(a) (set, place) mettre, poser;∎ he stood the boy on a chair il a mis le garçon debout sur une chaise;∎ she stood her umbrella in the corner elle a mis son parapluie dans le coin;∎ to stand sth on (its) end mettre qch debout;∎ help me stand the bedstead against the wall aide-moi à dresser le sommier ou mettre le sommier debout contre le mur(b) (endure, withstand) supporter;∎ his heart couldn't stand the shock son cœur n'a pas résisté au ou n'a pas supporté le choc;∎ it will stand high temperatures without cracking cela peut résister à ou supporter des températures élevées sans se fissurer;∎ how much weight can the bridge stand? quel poids le pont peut-il supporter?;∎ the motor wasn't built to stand intensive use le moteur n'a pas été conçu pour supporter un usage intensif;∎ wool carpeting can stand a lot of hard wear les moquettes en laine sont très résistantes;∎ she's not strong enough to stand another operation elle n'est pas assez forte pour supporter une nouvelle opération;∎ he certainly doesn't stand comparison with Bogart il n'est absolument pas possible de le comparer avec Bogart;∎ their figures don't stand close inspection leurs chiffres ne résistent pas à un examen sérieux∎ I can't stand it any longer! je n'en peux plus!;∎ how can you stand working with him? comment est-ce que vous faites pour ou comment arrivez-vous à travailler avec lui?;∎ I've had as much as I can stand of your griping! j'en ai assez de tes jérémiades!;∎ if there's one thing I can't stand, it's hypocrisy s'il y a quelque chose que je ne supporte pas, c'est bien l'hypocrisie;∎ I can't stand (the sight of) him! je ne peux pas le supporter!, je ne peux pas le voir en peinture!;∎ she can't stand Wagner/smokers elle ne peut pas supporter Wagner/les fumeurs;∎ he can't stand flying il déteste prendre l'avion∎ oil company profits could certainly stand a cut une diminution de leurs bénéfices ne ferait aucun mal aux compagnies pétrolières;∎ he could stand a bath! un bain ne lui ferait pas de mal!;∎ American could I stand a drink! je prendrais bien un petit verre!(e) (perform duty of) remplir la fonction de;∎ to stand witness for sb (at marriage) être le témoin de qn∎ to stand sb a meal payer un repas à qn;∎ to stand a chance (of doing sth) avoir de bonnes chances (de faire qch);∎ you don't stand a chance! vous n'avez pas la moindre chance!;∎ the plans stand little chance of being approved les projets ont peu de chances d'être approuvés(a) (rise to one's feet) se lever, se mettre debout;∎ he refused to stand for the national anthem il a refusé de se lever pendant l'hymne national(b) (be on one's feet) être debout, se tenir debout; (in a specified location, posture) être, se tenir;∎ I've been standing all day je suis resté debout toute la journée;∎ I had to stand all the way j'ai dû voyager debout pendant tout le trajet;∎ she was so tired she could hardly stand elle était si fatiguée qu'elle avait du mal à tenir debout ou sur ses jambes;∎ wear flat shoes if you have to stand a lot portez des chaussures à talons plats si vous devez rester debout pendant des heures;∎ I don't mind standing ça ne me gêne pas de rester debout;∎ don't stand near the edge ne restez pas près du bord;∎ don't just stand there, do something! ne restez pas là à ne rien faire!;∎ stand clear! écartez-vous!;∎ I saw her standing at the window je l'ai vue (debout) à la fenêtre;∎ a man stood in the doorway un homme se tenait à la porte;∎ do you see that man standing over there? vous voyez cet homme là-bas?;∎ where should I stand? - beside Yvonne où dois-je me mettre? - à côté d'Yvonne;∎ I'll be standing outside the theatre j'attendrai devant le théâtre;∎ small groups of men stood talking at street corners des hommes discutaient par petits groupes au coin des rues;∎ he was standing at the bar il était debout au comptoir;∎ is there a chair I can stand on? y a-t-il une chaise sur laquelle je puisse monter?;∎ they were standing a little way off ils se tenaient un peu à l'écart;∎ excuse me, you're standing on my foot excusez-moi, vous me marchez sur le pied;∎ American to stand in line faire la queue;∎ School stand in the corner! au coin!;∎ to stand upright or erect se tenir droit;∎ he was so nervous he couldn't stand still il était si nerveux qu'il ne tenait pas en place;∎ I stood perfectly still, hoping they wouldn't see me je me suis figé sur place en espérant qu'ils ne me verraient pas;∎ stand still! ne bougez pas!, ne bougez plus!;∎ stand with your feet apart écartez les pieds;∎ the heron was standing on one leg le héron se tenait debout sur une patte;∎ to stand on tiptoe se tenir sur la pointe des pieds;∎ stand and deliver! la bourse ou la vie!;∎ figurative to stand on one's own two feet se débrouiller tout seul;∎ figurative he left the others standing (gen) il était de loin le meilleur; (in race) il a laissé les autres sur place(c) (be upright → post, target etc) être debout;∎ not a stone (of the building) was left standing le bâtiment était complètement détruit;∎ the house is still standing la maison tient toujours debout;∎ the aqueduct has stood for centuries l'aqueduc est là depuis des siècles;∎ the wheat stood high les blés étaient hauts(d) (be supported, be mounted) reposer;∎ the coffin stood on trestles le cercueil reposait sur des tréteaux;∎ the house stands on solid foundations la maison repose ou est bâtie sur des fondations solides;∎ figurative this argument stands on three simple facts ce raisonnement repose sur trois simples faits∎ the fort stands on a hill la forteresse se trouve en haut d'une colline;∎ this is where the city gates once stood c'est ici qu'autrefois se dressaient les portes de la ville;∎ the piano stood in the centre of the room le piano était au centre ou occupait le centre de la pièce;∎ the bottles stood in rows of five les bouteilles étaient disposées en rangées de cinq;∎ do you see the lorry standing next to my car? vous voyez le camion qui est à côté de ma voiture?;∎ a wardrobe stood against one wall il y avait une armoire contre un mur(f) (indicating current state of affairs, situation) être;∎ how do things stand? où en est la situation?;∎ I'd like to know where I stand with you j'aimerais savoir où en sont les choses entre nous;∎ I don't know where I stand j'ignore quelle est ma situation ou ma position;∎ you never know how or where you stand with her on ne sait jamais sur quel pied danser avec elle;∎ as things stand, as matters stand telles que les choses se présentent;∎ he's dissatisfied with the contract as it stands il n'est pas satisfait du contrat tel qu'il a été rédigé;∎ just print the text as it stands imprimez le texte tel quel;∎ he stands accused of rape il est accusé de viol;∎ she stands alone in advocating this approach elle est la seule à préconiser cette approche;∎ I stand corrected je reconnais m'être trompé ou mon erreur;∎ the doors stood wide open les portes étaient grandes ouvertes;∎ I've got a taxi standing ready j'ai un taxi qui attend;∎ the police are standing ready to intervene la police se tient prête à intervenir;∎ the party stands united behind him le parti est uni derrière lui;∎ no-one stands above the law personne n'est au-dessus des lois;∎ their turnover now stands at three million pounds leur chiffre d'affaires atteint désormais les trois millions de livres;∎ the exchange rate stands at 5 francs to the dollar le taux de change est de 5 francs pour un dollar;∎ we're standing right behind you nous sommes avec vous;∎ with the union standing behind him avec le soutien du syndicat;∎ nothing stood between her and victory rien ne pouvait désormais l'empêcher de gagner;∎ it's the only thing standing between us and financial disaster c'est la seule chose qui nous empêche de sombrer dans un désastre financier;∎ to stand in need of… avoir besoin de…;∎ he stands in danger of losing his job il risque de perdre son emploi;∎ I stood lost in admiration j'en suis resté béat d'admiration;∎ to stand in sb's way bloquer le passage à qn;∎ figurative don't stand in my way! n'essaie pas de m'en empêcher!;∎ nothing stands in our way now maintenant, la voie est libre;∎ if you want to leave school I'm not going to stand in your way si tu veux quitter l'école, je ne m'y opposerai pas;∎ it's his lack of experience that stands in his way c'est son manque d'expérience qui le handicape;∎ their foreign debt stands in the way of economic recovery leur dette extérieure constitue un obstacle à la reprise économique;∎ her pride is the only thing standing in the way of their reconciliation son orgueil est le seul obstacle à leur réconciliation∎ the machines stood idle les machines étaient arrêtées;∎ the houses stood empty awaiting demolition les maisons, vidées de leurs occupants, attendaient d'être démolies;∎ time stood still le temps semblait s'être arrêté;∎ the car has been standing in the garage for a year ça fait un an que la voiture n'a pas bougé du garage;∎ I've decided to let my flight reservation stand j'ai décidé de ne pas changer ma réservation d'avion;∎ let the mixture stand until the liquid is clear laissez reposer le mélange jusqu'à ce que le liquide se clarifie;∎ the champion stands unbeaten le champion reste invaincu;∎ his theory stood unchallenged for a decade pendant dix ans, personne n'a remis en cause sa théorie;∎ the government will stand or fall on the outcome of this vote le maintien ou la chute du gouvernement dépend du résultat de ce vote;∎ united we stand, divided we fall l'union fait la force∎ my invitation still stands vous êtes toujours invité;∎ the verdict stands unless there's an appeal le jugement reste valable à moins que l'on ne fasse appel;∎ even with this new plan, our objection still stands ce nouveau projet ne remet pas en cause notre objection première;∎ the bet stands le pari tient;∎ what you said last week, does that still stand? et ce que tu as dit la semaine dernière, ça tient toujours?(i) (measure → person, tree) mesurer;∎ she stands 5 feet in her stocking feet elle mesure moins de 1,50 m pieds nus;∎ the building stands ten storeys high l'immeuble compte dix étages∎ this hotel stands among the best in the world cet hôtel figure parmi les meilleurs du monde;∎ American she stands first/last in her class elle est la première/la dernière de sa classe;∎ I know she stands high in your opinion je sais que tu as une très bonne opinion d'elle;∎ for price and quality, it stands high on my list en ce qui concerne le prix et la qualité, je le range ou le compte parmi les meilleurs∎ how or where does he stand on the nuclear issue? quelle est sa position ou son point de vue sur la question du nucléaire?;∎ you ought to tell them where you stand vous devriez leur faire part de votre position∎ to stand to lose risquer de perdre;∎ to stand to win avoir des chances de gagner;∎ they stand to make a huge profit on the deal ils ont des chances de faire un bénéfice énorme dans cette affaire;∎ no one stands to gain from a quarrel like this personne n'a rien à gagner d'une telle querelle∎ she stood for Waltham elle a été candidate à la circonscription de Waltham;∎ will he stand for re-election? va-t-il se représenter aux élections?;∎ she's standing as an independent elle se présente en tant que candidate indépendante∎ no standing (sign) arrêt interdit∎ you're standing c'est ta tournéerester là;∎ we stood about or around waiting for the flight announcement nous restions là à attendre que le vol soit annoncé;∎ the prisoners stood about or around in small groups les prisonniers se tenaient par petits groupes;∎ after Mass, the men stand about or around in the square après la messe, les hommes s'attardent sur la place;∎ I can't afford to pay people to stand around all day doing nothing je n'ai pas les moyens de payer les gens à ne rien faire;∎ I'm not just going to stand about waiting for you to make up your mind! je n'ai pas l'intention de rester là à attendre que tu te décides!(move aside) s'écarter;∎ stand aside, someone's fainted! écartez-vous, quelqu'un s'est évanoui!;∎ he politely stood aside to let us pass il s'écarta ou s'effaça poliment pour nous laisser passer;∎ figurative to stand aside in favour of sb (gen) laisser la voie libre à qn; Politics se désister en faveur de qn(a) (move back) reculer, s'écarter;∎ stand back from the doors! écartez-vous des portes!;∎ she stood back to look at herself in the mirror elle recula pour se regarder dans la glace;∎ the painting is better if you stand back from it le tableau est mieux si vous prenez du recul(b) (be set back) être en retrait ou à l'écart;∎ the house stands back from the road la maison est en retrait (de la route)(c) (take mental distance) prendre du recul;∎ I need to stand back and take stock j'ai besoin de prendre du recul et de faire le point➲ stand by(a) (support → person) soutenir;∎ I'll stand by you through thick and thin je te soutiendrai ou je resterai à tes côtés quoi qu'il arrive∎ to stand by an agreement respecter un accord;∎ I stand by what I said/my original analysis of the situation je m'en tiens à ce que j'ai dit/ma première analyse de la situation(a) (not intervene) rester là (sans rien faire ou sans intervenir);∎ how could you just stand by and watch them mistreat that poor dog? comment as-tu pu rester là à les regarder maltraiter ce pauvre chien (sans intervenir)?;∎ I stood by helplessly while they searched the room je restais là, impuissant, pendant qu'ils fouillaient la pièce(b) (be ready → person) être ou se tenir prêt; (→ vehicle) être prêt; (→ army, embassy) être en état d'alerte;∎ the police were standing by to disperse the crowd la police se tenait prête à disperser la foule;∎ we have an oxygen machine standing by nous avons une machine à oxygène prête en cas d'urgence;∎ stand by! attention!; Nautical paré!, attention!;∎ Aviation stand by for takeoff préparez-vous pour le décollage;∎ Radio stand by to receive prenez l'écoute;∎ Military standing by for orders! à vos ordres!∎ will he stand down in favour of a younger candidate? va-t-il se désister en faveur d'un candidat plus jeune?(b) (leave witness box) quitter la barre;∎ you may stand down, Mr Simms vous pouvez quitter la barre, M. Simms∎ stand down! (after drill) rompez (les rangs)!(workers) licencier(a) (represent) représenter;∎ what does DNA stand for? que veut dire l'abréviation ADN?;∎ the R stands for Ryan le R signifie Ryan;∎ the dove stands for peace la colombe symbolise la paix;∎ we want our name to stand for quality and efficiency nous voulons que notre nom soit synonyme de qualité et d'efficacité;∎ she supports the values and ideas the party once stood for elle soutient les valeurs et les idées qui furent autrefois celles du parti;∎ I detest everything that they stand for! je déteste tout ce qu'ils représentent!∎ I'm not going to stand for it! je ne le tolérerai ou permettrai pas!assurer le remplacement;∎ to stand in for sb remplacer qn; Cinema doubler qnNautical (coast, island) croiser au large de;∎ they have an aircraft carrier standing off Aden ils ont un porte-avions qui croise au large d'Aden(a) (move away) s'écarter∎ the veins in his neck stood out les veines de son cou saillaient ou étaient gonflées∎ the pink stands out against the green background le rose ressort ou se détache sur le fond vert;∎ the masts stood out against the sky les mâts se découpaient ou se dessinaient contre le ciel;∎ the name on the truck stood out clearly le nom sur le camion était bien visible;∎ she stands out in a crowd on la remarque dans la foule;∎ figurative I don't like to stand out in a crowd je n'aime pas me singulariser;∎ this one book stands out from all his others ce livre-ci surclasse tous ses autres livres;∎ there is no one issue which stands out as being more important than the others il n'y a pas une question qui soit plus importante que les autres;∎ the qualities that stand out in his work les qualités marquantes de son œuvre;∎ she stands out above all the rest elle surpasse ou surclasse tous les autres;∎ the day stands out in my memory cette journée est marquée d'une pierre blanche dans ma mémoire;∎ familiar that stands out a mile! (is very obvious) ça se voit comme le nez au milieu de la figure!;∎ it really stands out that he's not a local ça se voit ou se remarque vraiment qu'il n'est pas d'ici(c) (resist, hold out) tenir bon, tenir, résister;∎ they won't be able to stand out for long ils ne pourront pas tenir ou résister longtemps;∎ to stand out against (attack, enemy) résister à; (change, tax increase) s'opposer avec détermination à;∎ to stand out for sth revendiquer qch;∎ they are standing out for a pay increase ils revendiquent ou réclament une augmentation de salaire(watch over) surveiller;∎ I can't work with someone standing over me je ne peux pas travailler quand quelqu'un regarde par-dessus mon épaule;∎ she stood over him until he'd eaten every last bit elle ne l'a pas lâché avant qu'il ait mangé la dernière mietteBritish (postpone) remettre (à plus tard);∎ I'd prefer to stand this discussion over until we have more information je préférerais remettre cette discussion jusqu'à ce que nous disposions de plus amples renseignementsBritish être remis (à plus tard);∎ we have two items standing over from the last meeting il nous reste deux points à régler depuis la dernière réunion➲ stand toMilitary mettre en état d'alerteMilitary se mettre en état d'alerte;∎ stand to! à vos postes!être ou rester solidaire➲ stand up(a) (set upright → chair, bottle) mettre debout;∎ they stood the prisoner up against a tree ils ont adossé le prisonnier à un arbre;∎ stand the ladder up against the wall mettez ou appuyez l'échelle contre le mur;∎ to stand a child up (again) (re)mettre un enfant sur ses pieds∎ I was stood up twice in a row on m'a posé un lapin deux fois de suite(a) (rise to one's feet) se lever, se mettre debout;∎ she stood up to offer me her seat elle se leva pour m'offrir sa place;∎ stand up! levez-vous!, debout!;∎ figurative to stand up and be counted avoir le courage de ses opinions(b) (be upright) être debout;∎ I can't get the candle to stand up straight je n'arrive pas à faire tenir la bougie droite∎ how is that repair job standing up? est-ce que cette réparation tient toujours?(d) (be valid → argument, claim) être valable, tenir debout;∎ his evidence won't stand up in court son témoignage ne sera pas valable en justicedéfendre;∎ to stand up for oneself se défendre∎ to stand up to sth résister à qch;∎ to stand up to sb tenir tête à ou faire face à qn;∎ he's too weak to stand up to her il est trop faible pour lui tenir tête;∎ she had a hard time standing up to their criticism ça ne lui a pas été facile de faire face à leurs critiques;∎ it won't stand up to that sort of treatment ça ne résistera pas à ce genre de traitement;∎ her hypothesis doesn't stand up to empirical testing son hypothèse ne résiste pas à la vérification expérimentale -
23 crack hardy
австрал.проявлять стойкость, выдержку, держаться молодцомHe smiled gratefully to her for "cracking hardy", pretending she was not tired... (K. S. Prichard, ‘Coonardoo’, ch. XV) — Молли старалась держаться стойко, делала вид, что не устала, и Хью благодарно ей улыбался...
Katharine was still "cracking hardy" when John Gilchrist, one of the devoted friends... wrote to warn me that she had had "a very bad turn" and was generally much weaker than she had been for a while. (R. Throssell, ‘Wild Weeds and Wind Flowers. Life and Letters of Katharine Susannah Prichard’, ch. 20) — Катарина все еще "держалась молодцом", но один из ее друзей, Джон Гилкрист... в своем письме предупредил меня, что она чувствует себя плохо и очень ослабла.
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24 chamber
1) камера; отсек; отделение || помещать в камеру || камерный2) камера, полость3) комната4) мн. ч. англ. квартира•chamber behind retarder piston — авто запоршневое пространство замедлителя хода-
absorption chamber
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accelerating chamber
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acoustic chamber
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aerotype float chamber
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air chamber
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air lock chamber
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air working chamber
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airborne haze chamber
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air-mixing chamber
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air-ventilation chamber
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altitude chamber
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altitude test chamber
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altitude/temperature chamber
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amalgamating chamber
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anechoic chamber
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aneroid chamber
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annular combustion chamber
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anode chamber
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aspirating chamber
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atomizing chamber
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baffle chamber
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baking chamber
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bathtub combustion chamber
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bean combustion chamber
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blasting chamber
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blending chamber
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box-type combustion chamber
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brake chamber
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brake diaphragm chamber
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brine chamber
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bubble chamber
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burn-in chamber
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cable chamber
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camera chamber
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cannular combustion chamber
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can-type combustion chamber
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carbon-settling chamber
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carburetor diffuser chamber
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carburetor float chamber
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carburetor suction chamber
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cartridge chamber
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catalyst chamber
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cathode chamber
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checker chamber
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chromatographic chamber
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clay chamber
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climatic chamber
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cloud chamber
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coating chamber
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coke chamber
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cold storage chamber
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collision chamber
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combustion chamber
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compensated ionization chamber
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compression chamber
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conditioning chamber
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cooking chamber
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cooling chamber
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cracking chamber
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crimping chamber
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crusher chamber
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cushion chamber
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cyclone combustion chamber
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decay chamber
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deck decompression chamber
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decompression chamber
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decontamination chamber
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deep freeze storage chamber
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defrosting chamber
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delivery chamber
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deposition chamber
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detritus chamber
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developing chamber
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diffusion cloud chamber
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diffusion chamber
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digestion chamber
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discharge chamber
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diversion chamber
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divertor chamber
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divided combustion chamber
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diving chamber
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drawing chamber
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drill chamber
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drip chamber
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drying chamber
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dust collection chamber
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dust chamber
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dust precipitation chamber
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echo chamber
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electrical dust precipitation chamber
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electrochemical machining chamber
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electrode chamber
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electrostatic paint chamber
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end fission chamber
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enriched-uranium fission chamber
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environmental chamber
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environmental test chamber
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evacuated chamber
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evaporation chamber
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exhaust chamber
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expansion chamber
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explosion chamber
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exposure chamber
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extinguishing chamber
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fast ionization chamber
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fast-neutron exposure chamber
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filtration chamber
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fission chamber
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flash chamber
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flat fission chamber
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float chamber
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float glass-forming chamber
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flush chamber
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foam chamber
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foam-collecting chamber
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foam-mixing chamber
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fog chamber
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freeze-drying chamber
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freezing chamber
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frozen products chamber
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frying chamber
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fuel injection chamber
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fuel-changing chamber
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fumigation chamber
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furnace chamber
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gamma-bucking ionization chamber
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gamma-ionization chamber
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gamma-ray chamber
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gas discharge chamber
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grit chamber
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grouting chamber
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heating chamber
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hemispherical combustion chamber
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humidifying chamber
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hyperbaric chamber
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influent chamber
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inlet chamber
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inspection chamber
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intake chamber
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ion production chamber
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ionization chamber
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ion chamber
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irradiation chamber
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jet chamber
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ladle-degassing chamber
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leak-detection chamber
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lock chamber
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low-pressure chamber
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magma chamber
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melting chamber
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mixing chamber
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moist chamber
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multidiaphragm brake chamber
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navigation chamber
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neutron-detecting chamber
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neutron-exposure chamber
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nondivided combustion chamber
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oil chamber
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overflow chamber
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piston retraction chamber
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plenum chamber
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plutonium fission chamber
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polyspherical combustion chamber
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pot chamber
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power ionization chamber
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precombustion chamber
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precooling chamber
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preheating chamber
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preplasticizing chamber
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pressure chamber
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pressure test chamber
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pretest chamber
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primary drying chamber
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priming chamber
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processing chamber
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process chamber
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proof chamber
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pull chamber
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quenching chamber
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radiation chamber
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rapid temperature change chamber
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reaction chamber
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rebound chamber
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reducing chamber
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refrigeration chamber
-
regenerative chamber
-
resonance chamber
-
resonating chamber
-
reverberation chamber
-
reverse-flow combustion chamber
-
roasting chamber
-
rotary spool chamber
-
runner chamber
-
salt-fog chamber
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sampler chamber
-
scintillation chamber
-
secondary drying chamber
-
sedimentation chamber
-
sediment chamber
-
separating chamber
-
settling chamber
-
shrink chamber
-
single combustion chamber
-
single-operating shrink chamber
-
skimming chamber
-
slag chamber
-
slow-neutron detecting chamber
-
slow-neutron exposure chamber
-
sludge chamber
-
sluice chamber
-
smelting chamber
-
smog chamber
-
smoke chamber
-
smoking chamber
-
soaking chamber
-
spherical combustion chamber
-
spinning chamber
-
spray chamber
-
spray cooling chamber
-
spray paint chamber
-
spring chamber
-
sputtering chamber
-
stagnation chamber
-
standing-off chamber
-
steam-curing chamber
-
still-water chamber
-
straight-through flow chamber
-
straight flow chamber
-
subfloor chamber
-
submersible decompression chamber
-
suction chamber
-
supply chamber
-
suppression chamber
-
surge chamber
-
swirl chamber
-
swirl combustion chamber
-
takeup chamber
-
target chamber
-
temperature cycling chamber
-
temperature chamber
-
test chamber
-
thermal shock chamber
-
thermal vacuum chamber
-
thermostatically controlled chamber
-
toroidal-cavity combustion chamber
-
track chamber
-
transfer chamber
-
triple diaphragm brake chamber
-
tubular combustion chamber
-
tuning chamber
-
turbulence combustion chamber
-
turbulent mixing chamber
-
uncompensated ionization chamber
-
vacuum chamber
-
vacuum test chamber
-
valve chamber
-
vapor chamber
-
vaporizing chamber
-
viewing chamber
-
vortex combustion chamber
-
washing chamber
-
wedge-shaped combustion chamber
-
welding chamber
-
wellhead chamber
-
Wilson cloud chamber
-
Wilson chamber
-
wind chamber
-
work chamber
-
working chamber -
25 -Coursework-
Education CourseworkHave you started your geography coursework yet? Hai già cominciato il compito di geografia?I've been meaning to get started but haven't got round to doing it yet. Volevo cominciare ma non sono ancora riuscita a farlo.When does the coursework have to be in for? Quando dev'essere consegnato il compito?The coursework has got to be handed in a week next Tuesday. Il compito dev'essere consegnato martedì, tra una settimana.If anyone hands their piece in late they'll get marked down 10%. A chi consegna il lavoro in ritardo viene scalato un 10% dal voto.I thought we had ages to do the essay. Pensavo di avere un sacco di tempo per fare il tema.I need to get cracking on the coursework this weekend. Mi devo mettere sotto con il compito nel fine settimana.I want to get a good mark. Voglio prendere un buon voto.I didn't do my best last time. Non ho dato il meglio di me l'ultima volta.What about you? E tu?I've made a start but still need to research a few things. Ho cominciato ma devo ancora fare ricerche su un paio di cose. -
26 paint
I [peɪnt] nкраска, окраскаShe has too much paint on. — Она очень уж накрасилась.
It is mere paint. — Это все показное.
The car needs a new coat of paint. — Машину нужно заново покрасить.
The sun blistered the paint. — От солнца краска покоробилась.
- fresh paintNo pains no gains. — ◊ Без труда не вытащишь и рыбку из пруда
- floor paint
- grease paint
- red paint
- more vulnerable paint
- dazzle paint
- artists' paints
- oil-based paint
- freshly made paint
- commercially prepared paints
- paint box
- paint brush
- paint thinner
- paint chips
- paint work
- paint cracking
- box of paints
- set of paints- tube of paint- second coat of paint
- effect of sunlight on paint
- carefully laid on paint
- powder and paint
- as fresh as paint
- as pretty as paint
- apply the paint
- chip paint from the surface
- do over the seats with green paint
- give the fence two coats of paint
- lay paint upon canvas
- mix paints
- plaster one's face with grease paint
- remove the old paint
- smell of paint
- spray paint on a wall
- spread paint evenly
- touch the paint while it is still wet
- work with paints
- paint has worn off
- paint spreads well
- paint easily comes off
- paint was flacking off the walls II [peɪnt] v1) краситьI want to have my fence painted. — Мне надо покрасить забор. /Мне надо, чтобы мне покрасили забор.
- paint smth red- have smth painted
- paint a wall
- paint lips
- paint one's face2) заниматься живописью, рисовать красками- paint smb- paint smb, smth as...
- paint in vivid colours
- paint in oil
- devil is not so black as he is painted -
27 Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 31 December 1888 Thizy, Rhône, Franced. 15 August 1960 Fontenoy-aux-Roses, France[br]French metallurgist, inventor of the alloys Elinvar and Platinite and of the method of strengthening nickel-chromium alloys by a precipitate ofNi3Al which provided the basis of all later super-alloy development.[br]Soon after graduating from the Ecole des Mines at St-Etienne in 1910, Chevenard joined the Société de Commentry Fourchambault et Decazeville at their steelworks at Imphy, where he remained for the whole of his career. Imphy had for some years specialized in the production of nickel steels. From this venture emerged the first austenitic nickel-chromium steel, containing 6 per cent chromium and 22–4 per cent nickel and produced commercially in 1895. Most of the alloys required by Guillaume in his search for the low-expansion alloy Invar were made at Imphy. At the Imphy Research Laboratory, established in 1911, Chevenard conducted research into the development of specialized nickel-based alloys. His first success followed from an observation that some of the ferro-nickels were free from the low-temperature brittleness exhibited by conventional steels. To satisfy the technical requirements of Georges Claude, the French cryogenic pioneer, Chevenard was then able in 1912 to develop an alloy containing 55–60 per cent nickel, 1–3 per cent manganese and 0.2–0.4 per cent carbon. This was ductile down to −190°C, at which temperature carbon steel was very brittle.By 1916 Elinvar, a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with an elastic modulus that did not vary appreciably with changes in ambient temperature, had been identified. This found extensive use in horology and instrument manufacture, and even for the production of high-quality tuning forks. Another very popular alloy was Platinite, which had the same coefficient of thermal expansion as platinum and soda glass. It was used in considerable quantities by incandescent-lamp manufacturers for lead-in wires. Other materials developed by Chevenard at this stage to satisfy the requirements of the electrical industry included resistance alloys, base-metal thermocouple combinations, magnetically soft high-permeability alloys, and nickel-aluminium permanent magnet steels of very high coercivity which greatly improved the power and reliability of car magnetos. Thermostatic bimetals of all varieties soon became an important branch of manufacture at Imphy.During the remainder of his career at Imphy, Chevenard brilliantly elaborated the work on nickel-chromium-tungsten alloys to make stronger pressure vessels for the Haber and other chemical processes. Another famous alloy that he developed, ATV, contained 35 per cent nickel and 11 per cent chromium and was free from the problem of stress-induced cracking in steam that had hitherto inhibited the development of high-power steam turbines. Between 1912 and 1917, Chevenard recognized the harmful effects of traces of carbon on this type of alloy, and in the immediate postwar years he found efficient methods of scavenging the residual carbon by controlled additions of reactive metals. This led to the development of a range of stabilized austenitic stainless steels which were free from the problems of intercrystalline corrosion and weld decay that then caused so much difficulty to the manufacturers of chemical plant.Chevenard soon concluded that only the nickel-chromium system could provide a satisfactory basis for the subsequent development of high-temperature alloys. The first published reference to the strengthening of such materials by additions of aluminium and/or titanium occurs in his UK patent of 1929. This strengthening approach was adopted in the later wartime development in Britain of the Nimonic series of alloys, all of which depended for their high-temperature strength upon the precipitated compound Ni3Al.In 1936 he was studying the effect of what is now known as "thermal fatigue", which contributes to the eventual failure of both gas and steam turbines. He then published details of equipment for assessing the susceptibility of nickel-chromium alloys to this type of breakdown by a process of repeated quenching. Around this time he began to make systematic use of the thermo-gravimetrie balance for high-temperature oxidation studies.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Société de Physique. Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur.Bibliography1929, Analyse dilatométrique des matériaux, with a preface be C.E.Guillaume, Paris: Dunod (still regarded as the definitive work on this subject).The Dictionary of Scientific Biography lists around thirty of his more important publications between 1914 and 1943.Further Reading"Chevenard, a great French metallurgist", 1960, Acier Fins (Spec.) 36:92–100.L.Valluz, 1961, "Notice sur les travaux de Pierre Chevenard, 1888–1960", Paris: Institut de France, Académie des Sciences.ASDBiographical history of technology > Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre
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