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61 lining
прокладка; накладка; обшивка; внутренняя обивка; облицовка; обкладка; набивка; антифрикционный слой вкладыша или втулки (подшипника скольжения); заливка (вкладыша подшипника); вкладыш (подшипника); грунтовка; футеровка; рихтовка; выпрямление; выравнивание- lining assembly - lining board - lining break-in - lining coating - lining corrosion - lining erosion - lining fade - lining fading - lining glaze - lining hoop - lining life - lining lifetime pecypc - lining material - lining of car - lining of pipes - lining-out - lining panel - lining plate - lining surface - lining thickness - lining up - lining-up of pipes - lining wear - lining with epoxy resin - anticorrosive lining - concrete lining - inside lining - plastic lining - rubber lining - seamless lining - steel lining - tamped lining - timber lining - track lining - water-impervious lining -
62 factory packing
corrosion-proof packing — упаковка, защищающая от ржавчины
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63 packing
1. n упаковка, укладка; укупоркаcorrosion-proof packing — упаковка, защищающая от ржавчины
2. n укладка3. n прокладка, прокладочный материал4. n тех. набивка, уплотнение5. n консервирование6. n нагромождение, скопление; наплыв7. n радио спекание порошка8. n горн. закладка9. n тлв. сжатие участка изображения10. n хим. башенная насадка11. n с. -х. прикатывание12. n с. -х. уплотнение13. n с. -х. тампонада, тампонирование14. n с. -х. тампон, перевязочный материалСинонимический ряд:1. filling (noun) filling; padding; stuffing; wadding; waste2. packaging (noun) arrangement; consignment; disposal; disposition; grading; laying away; packaging; preparation; sorting3. carrying (verb) bearing; bucking; carrying; conveying; ferrying; lugging; toting; transporting4. loading (verb) charging; choking; cramming; crowding; filling; freighting; heaping; jamming; loading; mobbing; piling; stuffing5. stowing (verb) bestowing; storing; stowing; warehousing -
64 damage
разрушение; повреждениеactual damage — фактический характер разрушения ; действительные размеры повреждений
earthquake damage — повреждения, вызванные землетрясением
freeze-thaw damage — повреждение от повторных циклов замораживания — оттаивания
impact damage — ударное повреждение, повреждение от удара
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65 data packing
1. плотное размещение данных2. упаковка данныхcorrosion-proof packing — упаковка, защищающая от ржавчины
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66 robotic packing
corrosion-proof packing — упаковка, защищающая от ржавчины
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > robotic packing
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67 skeleton frame packing
corrosion-proof packing — упаковка, защищающая от ржавчины
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > skeleton frame packing
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68 издержка по упаковке
упаковка, защищающая от ржавчины — corrosion-proof packing
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > издержка по упаковке
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69 керамический материал
1. ceramic materialпечатный материал, подсчитываемый по площади — area material
2. стр. clay productлистовой материал — sheet material; plate material
облицовочный материал — facing material; lining material
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > керамический материал
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70 плотность упаковки
1. packaging density2. packing densityупаковка, защищающая от ржавчины — corrosion-proof packing
3. packing factorРусско-английский большой базовый словарь > плотность упаковки
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71 транспортная упаковка
упаковка, защищающая от ржавчины — corrosion-proof packing
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > транспортная упаковка
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72 фабричная упаковка
упаковка, защищающая от ржавчины — corrosion-proof packing
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > фабричная упаковка
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73 экспортная упаковка
упаковка, защищающая от ржавчины — corrosion-proof packing
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > экспортная упаковка
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74 control
1. управление; регулирование; управляемость; стабилизация/ управлять; регулировать2. управляющее устройство; регулятор; орган управления, средство управления; рычаг управления; поверхность управления, руль3. <pl> система управления; система регулирования4. управляющее воздействие, управление; отклонение органа управления; перемещение рычага управления5. контроль6. подавление <напр. колебаний>; предотвращениесм. тж. control,control in the pitch axis4-D controlacceleration controladaptable controladaptive controlaerodynamic controlaeroelastic controlaileron controlair traffic controlairborne controlaircraft controlairspeed controlall-mechanical controlsantispin controlsapproach controlarea controlarrival controlattitude controlaugmented controlsautopilot controlbang-bang controlbank-to-turn controlbimodal controlboundary layer controlbounded controlBTT controlbuoyancy controlbus controlCG controlcable controlcable-operated controlscamber controlcaptain`s controlscenter-of-gravity controlchattering controlclearance controlclosed-loop controlclosed-loop controlscockpit controlcockpit controlscollective controlcollective-pitch controlcolocated controlcompensatory controlconfiguration controlcontinuous controlcooperative controlcoordinated controlscorrosion controlcross controlscrowd controlcruise camber controlcyclic controlcyclic pitch controldamper-induced controldamping controldecentralized controldecoupled controldeformable controlsdeformation controldescent controldifferential controldigital controldirect force controldirect lateral force controldirect lift controldirect lift controlsdirect sideforce controldirect sideforce controlsdirectional controldirectional attitude controldirectional flight path controldiscontinuous controldiscrete controldisplacement controldistributed controldivergence controldrag controldual controlelastic mode controlelectrical signalled controlelevator controlen route air traffic controlengine controlserror controlevader controlFBW controlsfeedback controlfighter controlfinal controlfine controlfinger-on-glass controlfingertip controlfinite-time controlfixed-wing controlflap controlFlettner controlflight controlflight controlsflight path controlflow controlfluidic controlflutter controlflutter mode controlfly-by-glass controlfly-by-light controlsfly-by-wire controlsflying controlflying controlsforce controlforce sensitive controlforce sensitive controlsforebody controlsfountain controlfracture controlfriend/foe controlfuel controlfuel distribution controlfuel efficient controlfuel feed controlfull controlfull nose-down controlfull nose-down to full nose-up controlfull-authority controlfull-authority controlsfull-state controlfull-time fly-by-wire controlgain-scheduled controlglide path controlglideslope controlground-based controlharmonized controlshead-out controlhead-up controlheading controlheld controlshierarchical controlhigh-alpha controlhigh-angle-of-attack controlhigh-bandpass controlhigh-bandwidth controlhigh-speed controlhigher harmonic controlhigher harmonic controlshighly augmented controlsHOTAS controlshover mode controlhovering controlhydromechanical controlin-flight controlindividual blade controlindividual flap cruise camber controlinfra-red emissions controlinner-loop controlinput controlinput/output controlintegral controlintegrated controlinteractive controlsintercom/comms controlsirreversible controljet reaction controlkeyboard controlkeyboard controlsknowledge-based controllaminar flow controllateral controllateral-directional controlleading-edge controlsleft controlLiapunov optimal controllinear quadratic Gaussian controllinear quadratic regulator controlload factor controllongitudinal controllongitudinal cyclic controllow-bandwidth controllow-speed controlLQG controlLyapunov optimal controlmaneuver controlmaneuver camber controlmaneuver load controlmaneuvering controlmanual controlmass-flow controlmicroprocessor based controlMIMO controlminimax optimal controlminimum time controlminimum variance controlmisapplied controlsmission-critical controlmixing controlmodal controlmode controlsmodel-following controlmotion controlmultiaxis controlmultiple model controlmultiple-axis controlmultiple-input/multiple-output controlmultisurface controlmultivariable controlneutral controlsnoise controlnoninertial controlnonlinear feedback controlnonunique controlnose-down controlnose-down pitch controlopen-loop controlopen-loop controlsoptimal controlouter-loop controloxygen controlsperformance seeking controlperiodic controlperturbational controlpilot controlpilot-induced oscillation prone controlpiloting controlpiloting controlspitch controlpitch plane controlpitch-recovery controlpneumatic controlpneumodynamic controlpointing controlpositive controlpost stall controlpower controlpowered controlpredictive controlpressurization controlpreview controlpro-spin controlspropeller controlpropeller controlsproportional plus integral controlpropulsion controlspropulsion system controlspursuer controlpursuit controlradio controlsrate controlrate controlsratio-type controlsreaction controlreconfigurable controlsrecovery controlrecovery controlsreduced order controlrelay controlremote pilot controlresponsive controlrestructurable controlreverse controlreversed controlride controlrigid body controlrobust controlroll controlroll attitude controlroll-axis controlrotational controlrotor controlrudder controlrudder controlsrudder-only controlsea controlself-tuning controlsequence controlservo controlservo-flap controlservo-flap controlsshock controlshock wave/boundary layer controlshort period response controlsideforce controlsidestick controlsidestick controlssight controlssignature controlsingle-axis controlsingle-engine controlsingle-lever controlsingular perturbation optimal controlsix degree-of-freedom controlslew controlslewing controlsliding mode controlssmoothed controlsnap-through controlsoftware-intensive flight controlsspace structure controlstation keeping controlstepsize controlstiffness control of structurestochastic controlstructural controlstructural mode controlsuboptimal controlsuction boundary layer controlsuperaugmented controlswashplate controlsweep controlsystems controltactical controlstail controltail rotor controltailplane controltask-oriented controltask-tailored controltaxying controlterminal controlthin controlthree-surface controlthrottle controlthrust controlthrust magnitude controltight controltilt controltime-of-arrival controltime-optimal controltime/fuel optimal controltip clearance controlto regain controltorque controltorque controlstrailing-edge controlstransient controltranslational controltri-surface controltrim controlturn coordination controlupfront controlupward-tilted controlvariable structure controlvectorial controlvehicular controlvelocity controlvertical controlvibration controlvoice actuated controlsvortex controlvortex manipulation controlvortex-lift controlwing-mounted controlsyaw control -
75 зачищать
clean (part, surface)
(деталь, поверхность)
- (оселком) — stone
- (поверхность до блеска) — scour
- выпучивание металла (при удалении неплоскостности) — smooth-out high spots
- выпучивание металла (у вмятин, царапин) — smooth-out /remove/ raised metal (at dents, scratches)
- выступающие элементы дефекта с плавным переходом к основной поверхности — blend smoothly edges of damage into surrounding surface
- дефект (повреждение) шлифовапьной шкуркой с плавным переходом на окружающую поверхность — rub down damage with abrasive paper to blend it smoothly into surrounding surface.
- заусенцы — remove /clean off/ burrs, deburr
- изоляцию провода — strip off the wire insulation
- контакты (править) — dress contact points
dress breaker contact points to ensure flat, square and smooth surface.
- коррозию (следы коррозии) — remove (traces of) corrosion, clean corroded surface
- лакокрасочное покрытие — clean off /remove/ the paint coating
- поверхность детали до металлического блеска — score part (area) to expose luster metal surface
- поверхность (детали) от краски до металлического блеска — remove paint to expose luster metal surface
- поверхность шкуркой со стеклянным абразивом — sand surface with sand paper
- повреждение (забоину, царапину) — smooth out, blend
- повреждение с плавным переходом на окружающую поверхность — blend smoothly (edges of the damage) into the surrounding surface
- резьбу — clean the thread
- резьбу (подправлять надфилем) — correct the thread (with a needle file)
- трещины (царапины) — blend /smooth out, clean up, remove/ cracks (scratches), clean /smooth out/ cracked (scratched) surfaceРусско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > зачищать
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76 Brearley, Harry
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 18 February 1871 Sheffield, Englandd. 14 July 1948 Torquay, Devon, England[br]English inventor of stainless steel.[br]Brearley was born in poor circumstances. He received little formal education and was nurtured rather in and around the works of Thomas Firth \& Sons, where his father worked in the crucible steel-melting shop. One of his first jobs was to help in their chemical laboratory where the chief chemist, James Taylor, encouraged him and helped him fit himself for a career as a steelworks chemist.In 1901 Brearley left Firth's to set up a laboratory at Kayser Ellison \& Co., but he returned to Firth's in 1904, when he was appointed Chief Chemist at their Riga works, and Works Manager the following year. In 1907 he returned to Sheffield to design and equip a research laboratory to serve both Firth's and John Brown \& Co. It was during his time as head of this laboratory that he made his celebrated discovery. In 1913, while seeking improved steels for rifle barrels, he used one containing 12.68 per cent chromium and 0.24 per cent carbon, in the hope that it would resist fouling and erosion. He tried to etch a specimen for microscopic examination but failed, from which he concluded that it would resist corrosion by, for example, the acids encountered in foods and cooking. The first knives made of this new steel were unsatisfactory and the 1914–18 war interrupted further research. But eventually the problems were overcome and Brearley's discovery led to a range of stainless steels with various compositions for domestic, medical and industrial uses, including the well-known "18–8" steel, with 18 per cent chromium and 8 per cent nickel.In 1915 Brearley left the laboratory to become Works Manager, then Technical Director, at Brown Bayley's steelworks until his retirement in 1925.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsIron and Steel Institute Bessemer Gold Medal 1920.BibliographyBrearley wrote several books, including: 1915 (?), with F.Ibbotson, The Analysis of Steelworks Materials, London.The Heat Treatment of Tool Steels. Ingots and Ingot Moulds.Later books include autobiographical details: 1946, Talks on Steelmaking, American Society for Metals.1941, Knotted String: Autobiography of a Steelmaker, London: Longmans, Green.Further ReadingObituary, 1948, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute: 428–9.LRD -
77 Brotan, Johann
SUBJECT AREA: Railways and locomotives[br]b. 24 June 1843 Kattau, Bohemia (now in the Czech Republic)d. 20 November 1923 Vienna, Austria[br]Czech engineer, pioneer of the watertube firebox for steam locomotive boilers.[br]Brotan, who was Chief Engineer of the main workshops of the Royal Austrian State Railways at Gmund, found that locomotive inner fireboxes of the usual type were both expensive, because the copper from which they were made had to be imported, and short-lived, because of corrosion resulting from the use of coal with high sulphur content. He designed a firebox of which the side and rear walls comprised rows of vertical watertubes, expanded at their lower ends into a tubular foundation ring and at the top into a longitudinal water/steam drum. This projected forward above the boiler barrel (which was of the usual firetube type, though of small diameter), to which it was connected. Copper plates were eliminated, as were firebox stays.The first boiler to incorporate a Brotan firebox was built at Gmund under the inventor's supervision and replaced the earlier boiler of a 0−6−0 in 1901. The increased radiantly heated surface was found to produce a boiler with very good steaming qualities, while the working pressure too could be increased, with consequent fuel economies. Further locomotives in Austria and, experimentally, elsewhere were equipped with Brotan boilers.Disadvantages of the boiler were the necessity of keeping the tubes clear of scale, and a degree of structural weakness. The Swiss engineer E. Deffner improved the latter aspect by eliminating the forward extension of the water/steam drum, replacing it with a large-diameter boiler barrel with the rear section of tapered wagon-top type so that the front of the water/steam drum could be joined directly to the rear tubeplate. The first locomotives to be fitted with this Brotan-Deffner boiler were two 4−6−0s for the Swiss Federal Railways in 1908 and showed very favourable results. However, steam locomotive development ceased in Switzerland a few years later in favour of electrification, but boilers of the Brotan-Deffner type and further developments of it were used in many other European countries, notably Hungary, where more than 1,000 were built. They were also used experimentally in the USA: for instance, Samuel Vauclain, as President of Baldwin Locomotive Works, sent his senior design engineer to study Hungarian experience and then had a high-powered 4−8−0 built with a watertube firebox. On stationary test this produced the very high figure of 4,515 ihp (3,370 kW), but further development work was frustrated by the trade depression commencing in 1929. In France, Gaston du Bousquet had obtained good results from experimental installations of Brotan-Deffner-type boilers, and incorporated one into one of his high-powered 4−6−4s of 1910. Experiments were terminated suddenly by his death, followed by the First World War, but thirty-five years later André Chapelon proposed using a watertube firebox to obtain the high pressure needed for a triple-expansion, high-powered, steam locomotive, development of which was overtaken by electrification.[br]Further ReadingG.Szontagh, 1991, "Brotan and Brotan-Deffner type fireboxes and boilers applied to steam locomotives", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 62 (an authoritative account of Brotan boilers).PJGR -
78 Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 31 December 1888 Thizy, Rhône, Franced. 15 August 1960 Fontenoy-aux-Roses, France[br]French metallurgist, inventor of the alloys Elinvar and Platinite and of the method of strengthening nickel-chromium alloys by a precipitate ofNi3Al which provided the basis of all later super-alloy development.[br]Soon after graduating from the Ecole des Mines at St-Etienne in 1910, Chevenard joined the Société de Commentry Fourchambault et Decazeville at their steelworks at Imphy, where he remained for the whole of his career. Imphy had for some years specialized in the production of nickel steels. From this venture emerged the first austenitic nickel-chromium steel, containing 6 per cent chromium and 22–4 per cent nickel and produced commercially in 1895. Most of the alloys required by Guillaume in his search for the low-expansion alloy Invar were made at Imphy. At the Imphy Research Laboratory, established in 1911, Chevenard conducted research into the development of specialized nickel-based alloys. His first success followed from an observation that some of the ferro-nickels were free from the low-temperature brittleness exhibited by conventional steels. To satisfy the technical requirements of Georges Claude, the French cryogenic pioneer, Chevenard was then able in 1912 to develop an alloy containing 55–60 per cent nickel, 1–3 per cent manganese and 0.2–0.4 per cent carbon. This was ductile down to −190°C, at which temperature carbon steel was very brittle.By 1916 Elinvar, a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with an elastic modulus that did not vary appreciably with changes in ambient temperature, had been identified. This found extensive use in horology and instrument manufacture, and even for the production of high-quality tuning forks. Another very popular alloy was Platinite, which had the same coefficient of thermal expansion as platinum and soda glass. It was used in considerable quantities by incandescent-lamp manufacturers for lead-in wires. Other materials developed by Chevenard at this stage to satisfy the requirements of the electrical industry included resistance alloys, base-metal thermocouple combinations, magnetically soft high-permeability alloys, and nickel-aluminium permanent magnet steels of very high coercivity which greatly improved the power and reliability of car magnetos. Thermostatic bimetals of all varieties soon became an important branch of manufacture at Imphy.During the remainder of his career at Imphy, Chevenard brilliantly elaborated the work on nickel-chromium-tungsten alloys to make stronger pressure vessels for the Haber and other chemical processes. Another famous alloy that he developed, ATV, contained 35 per cent nickel and 11 per cent chromium and was free from the problem of stress-induced cracking in steam that had hitherto inhibited the development of high-power steam turbines. Between 1912 and 1917, Chevenard recognized the harmful effects of traces of carbon on this type of alloy, and in the immediate postwar years he found efficient methods of scavenging the residual carbon by controlled additions of reactive metals. This led to the development of a range of stabilized austenitic stainless steels which were free from the problems of intercrystalline corrosion and weld decay that then caused so much difficulty to the manufacturers of chemical plant.Chevenard soon concluded that only the nickel-chromium system could provide a satisfactory basis for the subsequent development of high-temperature alloys. The first published reference to the strengthening of such materials by additions of aluminium and/or titanium occurs in his UK patent of 1929. This strengthening approach was adopted in the later wartime development in Britain of the Nimonic series of alloys, all of which depended for their high-temperature strength upon the precipitated compound Ni3Al.In 1936 he was studying the effect of what is now known as "thermal fatigue", which contributes to the eventual failure of both gas and steam turbines. He then published details of equipment for assessing the susceptibility of nickel-chromium alloys to this type of breakdown by a process of repeated quenching. Around this time he began to make systematic use of the thermo-gravimetrie balance for high-temperature oxidation studies.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Société de Physique. Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur.Bibliography1929, Analyse dilatométrique des matériaux, with a preface be C.E.Guillaume, Paris: Dunod (still regarded as the definitive work on this subject).The Dictionary of Scientific Biography lists around thirty of his more important publications between 1914 and 1943.Further Reading"Chevenard, a great French metallurgist", 1960, Acier Fins (Spec.) 36:92–100.L.Valluz, 1961, "Notice sur les travaux de Pierre Chevenard, 1888–1960", Paris: Institut de France, Académie des Sciences.ASDBiographical history of technology > Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre
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79 Davy, Sir Humphry
[br]b. 17 December 1778 Penzance, Cornwall, Englandd. 29 May 1829 Geneva, Switzerland[br]English chemist, discoverer of the alkali and alkaline earth metals and the halogens, inventor of the miner's safety lamp.[br]Educated at the Latin School at Penzance and from 1792 at Truro Grammar School, Davy was apprenticed to a surgeon in Penzance. In 1797 he began to teach himself chemistry by reading, among other works, Lavoisier's elementary treatise on chemistry. In 1798 Dr Thomas Beddoes of Bristol engaged him as assistant in setting up his Pneumatic Institution to pioneer the medical application of the newly discovered gases, especially oxygen.In 1799 he discovered the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide, discovered not long before by the chemist Joseph Priestley. He also noted its intoxicating qualities, on account of which it was dubbed "laughing-gas". Two years later Count Rumford, founder of the Royal Institution in 1800, appointed Davy Assistant Lecturer, and the following year Professor. His lecturing ability soon began to attract large audiences, making science both popular and fashionable.Davy was stimulated by Volta's invention of the voltaic pile, or electric battery, to construct one for himself in 1800. That enabled him to embark on the researches into electrochemistry by which is chiefly known. In 1807 he tried decomposing caustic soda and caustic potash, hitherto regarded as elements, by electrolysis and obtained the metals sodium and potassium. He went on to discover the metals barium, strontium, calcium and magnesium by the same means. Next, he turned his attention to chlorine, which was then regarded as an oxide in accordance with Lavoisier's theory that oxygen was the essential component of acids; Davy failed to decompose it, however, even with the aid of electricity and concluded that it was an element, thus disproving Lavoisier's view of the nature of acids. In 1812 Davy published his Elements of Chemical Philosophy, in which he presented his chemical ideas without, however, committing himself to the atomic theory, recently advanced by John Dalton.In 1813 Davy engaged Faraday as Assistant, perhaps his greatest service to science. In April 1815 Davy was asked to assist in the development of a miner's lamp which could be safely used in a firedamp (methane) laden atmosphere. The "Davy lamp", which emerged in January 1816, had its flame completely surrounded by a fine wire mesh; George Stephenson's lamp, based on a similar principle, had been introduced into the Northumberland pits several months earlier, and a bitter controversy as to priority of invention ensued, but it was Davy who was awarded the prize for inventing a successful safety lamp.In 1824 Davy was the first to suggest the possibility of conferring cathodic protection to the copper bottoms of naval vessels by the use of sacrificial electrodes. Zinc and iron were found to be equally effective in inhibiting corrosion, although the scheme was later abandoned when it was found that ships protected in this way were rapidly fouled by weeds and barnacles.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1812. FRS 1803; President, Royal Society 1820. Royal Society Copley Medal 1805.Bibliography1812, Elements of Chemical Philosophy.1839–40, The Collected Works of Sir Humphry Davy, 9 vols, ed. John Davy, London.Further ReadingJ.Davy, 1836, Memoirs of the Life of Sir Humphry Davy, London (a classic biography). J.A.Paris, 1831, The Life of Sir Humphry Davy, London (a classic biography). H.Hartley, 1967, Humphry Davy, London (a more recent biography).J.Z.Fullmer, 1969, Cambridge, Mass, (a bibliography of Davy's works).ASD -
80 Hipp, Matthäus
[br]b. 25 October 1813 Blaubeuren, Germanyd. 3 May 1893 Zurich, Switzerland[br]German inventor and entrepreneur who produced the first reliable electric clock.[br]After serving an apprenticeship with a clock-maker in Blaubeuren, Hipp worked for various clockmakers before setting up his own workshop in Reutlingen in 1840. In 1842 he made his first electric clock with an ingenious toggle mechanism for switching the current, although he claimed that the idea had occurred to him eight years earlier. The switching mechanism was the Achilles' heel of early electric clocks. It was usually operated by the pendulum and it presented the designer with a dilemma: if the switch made a firm contact it adversely affected the timekeeping, but if the contact was lightened it sometimes failed to operate due to dirt or corrosion on the contacts. The Hipp toggle switch overcame this problem by operating only when the amplitude of the pendulum dropped below a certain value. As this occurred infrequently, the contact pressure could be increased to provide reliable switching without adversely affecting the timekeeping. It is an indication of the effectiveness of the Hipp toggle that it was used in clocks for over one hundred years and was adopted by many other makers in addition to Hipp and his successor Favag. It was generally preferred for its reliability rather than its precision, although a regulator made in 1881 for the observatory at Neuchâtel performed creditably. This regulator was enclosed in an airtight case at low pressure, eliminating errors due to changes in barometric pressure. This practice later became standard for observatory regulators such as those of Riefler and Shortt. The ability of the Hipp toggle to provide more power when the clock was subjected to an increased load made it particularly suitable for use in turret clocks, whose hands were exposed to the vagaries of the weather. Hipp also improved the operation of slave dials, which were advanced periodically by an electrical impulse from a master clock. If the electrical contacts "chattered" and produced several impulses instead of a single sharp impulse, the slave dials would not indicate the correct time. Hipp solved this problem by producing master clocks which delivered impulses that alternated in polarity, and slave dials which only advanced when the polarity was changed in this way. Polarized impulses delivered every minute became the standard practice for slave dials used on the European continent. Hipp also improved Wheatstone's chronoscope, an instrument that was used for measuring very short intervals of time (such as those involved in ballistics).[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary doctorate, University of Zurich 1875.Further ReadingNeue deutsche Biographie, 1972, Vol. 9, Berlin, pp. 199–200."Hipp's sich selbst conrolirende Uhr", Dinglers polytechnisches Journal (1843), 88:258– 64 (the first description of the Hipp toggle).F.Hope-Jones, 1949, Electrical Timekeeping, 2nd edn, London, pp. 62–6, 97–8 (a modern description in English of the Hipp toggle and the slave dial).C.A.Aked, 1983, "Electrical precision", Antiquarian Horology 14:172–81 (describes the observatory clock at Neuchâtel).DV
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contact corrosion — when two dissimiliar metals are in contact without a protective barrier between them and they are in the presence of liquid, an electrolytic cell is created. The degree of corrosion is dependent on the area in contact and the electro potential… … Mechanics glossary
зона повышенной коррозии — (напр. на входном участке абсорбционной башни ТЭС) [А.С.Гольдберг. Англо русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.] Тематики энергетика в целом EN severe corrosion area … Справочник технического переводчика
площадь коррозии — область коррозии — [http://slovarionline.ru/anglo russkiy slovar neftegazovoy promyishlennosti/] Тематики нефтегазовая промышленность Синонимы область коррозии EN corrosion area … Справочник технического переводчика
Velocidad de reacción — Corrosión del hierro una reacción química con una velocidad de reacción lenta … Wikipedia Español
List of pipeline accidents — The following is a list of pipeline accidents: This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries. Contents 1 Bel … Wikipedia