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correct+pattern

  • 61 check

    • tsekkoslovakialainen s.
    • tsekkoslovakialainen
    * * *
     ek 1. verb
    1) (to see if something (eg a sum) is correct or accurate: Will you check my addition?) tarkistaa
    2) (to see if something (eg a machine) is in good condition or working properly: Have you checked the engine (over)?) tarkastaa
    3) (to hold back; to stop: We've checked the flow of water from the burst pipe.) pysäyttää
    2. noun
    1) (an act of testing or checking.) tarkastus
    2) (something which prevents or holds back: a check on imports.) este
    3) (in chess, a position in which the king is attacked: He put his opponent's king in check.)
    4) (a pattern of squares: I like the red check on that material.) ruutumalli
    5) (a ticket received in return for handing in baggage etc.) kuitti
    6) ((especially American) a bill: The check please, waiter!) lasku
    7) ((American) a cheque.) sekki
    •
    - checkbook
    - check-in
    - checkmate     3. verb
    (to put (an opponent's king) in this position.) tehdä matti
    - checkpoint
    - check-up
    - check in
    - check out
    - check up on
    - check up

    English-Finnish dictionary > check

  • 62 check

    * * *
    [ ek] 1. verb
    1) (to see if something (eg a sum) is correct or accurate: Will you check my addition?) controllare
    2) (to see if something (eg a machine) is in good condition or working properly: Have you checked the engine (over)?) controllare
    3) (to hold back; to stop: We've checked the flow of water from the burst pipe.) fermare, trattenere
    2. noun
    1) (an act of testing or checking.) controllo, verifica
    2) (something which prevents or holds back: a check on imports.) freno
    3) (in chess, a position in which the king is attacked: He put his opponent's king in check.) scacco
    4) (a pattern of squares: I like the red check on that material.) disegno a quadri
    5) (a ticket received in return for handing in baggage etc.) scontrino, tagliando
    6) ((especially American) a bill: The check please, waiter!) conto
    7) ((American) a cheque.) assegno
    •
    - checkbook
    - check-in
    - checkmate     3. verb
    (to put (an opponent's king) in this position.) dare scacco matto
    - checkpoint
    - check-up
    - check in
    - check out
    - check up on
    - check up
    * * *

    English-Italian dictionary > check

  • 63 check

    [ ek] 1. verb
    1) (to see if something (eg a sum) is correct or accurate: Will you check my addition?) pārbaudīt; kontrolēt
    2) (to see if something (eg a machine) is in good condition or working properly: Have you checked the engine (over)?) pārbaudīt
    3) (to hold back; to stop: We've checked the flow of water from the burst pipe.) apstādināt; aizturēt; iegrožot
    2. noun
    1) (an act of testing or checking.) pārbaudīšana; kontrole
    2) (something which prevents or holds back: a check on imports.) kontrole; ierobežojumi
    3) (in chess, a position in which the king is attacked: He put his opponent's king in check.) šahs (spēlē)
    4) (a pattern of squares: I like the red check on that material.) rūtis (uz auduma)
    5) (a ticket received in return for handing in baggage etc.) kvīts; talons
    6) ((especially American) a bill: The check please, waiter!) rēķins (restorānā)
    7) ((American) a cheque.) čeks
    •
    - checkbook
    - check-in
    - checkmate     3. verb
    (to put (an opponent's king) in this position.) pieteikt matu (šahā)
    - checkpoint
    - check-up
    - check in
    - check out
    - check up on
    - check up
    * * *
    šahs; rūtains audums; rūtiņa; pēkšņa apstāšanās, kavēklis; iegrožošana, savaldīšana; kontrole; kāsītis; numurs; slēgvārsts, noslēgvārstulis; rēķins; marka; pieteikt šahu; apstādināt, aizturēt; savaldīt, iegrožot; kontrolēt; atstāt glabāšanā

    English-Latvian dictionary > check

  • 64 check

    [ ek] 1. verb
    1) (to see if something (eg a sum) is correct or accurate: Will you check my addition?) (pa)tikrinti
    2) (to see if something (eg a machine) is in good condition or working properly: Have you checked the engine (over)?) (pa)tikrinti
    3) (to hold back; to stop: We've checked the flow of water from the burst pipe.) sulaikyti
    2. noun
    1) (an act of testing or checking.) (pa)tikrinimas, kontrolė
    2) (something which prevents or holds back: a check on imports.) sulaikymas
    3) (in chess, a position in which the king is attacked: He put his opponent's king in check.) šachas
    4) (a pattern of squares: I like the red check on that material.) languotas raštas
    5) (a ticket received in return for handing in baggage etc.) kvitas
    6) ((especially American) a bill: The check please, waiter!) sąskaita
    7) ((American) a cheque.) čekis
    •
    - checkbook
    - check-in
    - checkmate     3. verb
    (to put (an opponent's king) in this position.) duoti matą
    - checkpoint
    - check-up
    - check in
    - check out
    - check up on
    - check up

    English-Lithuanian dictionary > check

  • 65 check

    n. kontroll, koll; stopp, spärr; verifiering; check; restaurangnota
    --------
    v. undersöka; kontrollera; bromsa, hejda
    * * *
    [ ek] 1. verb
    1) (to see if something (eg a sum) is correct or accurate: Will you check my addition?) kontrollera, kolla
    2) (to see if something (eg a machine) is in good condition or working properly: Have you checked the engine (over)?) kontrollera, kolla
    3) (to hold back; to stop: We've checked the flow of water from the burst pipe.) stoppa, hejda
    2. noun
    1) (an act of testing or checking.) kontroll, koll
    2) (something which prevents or holds back: a check on imports.) hinder, stopp, kontroll
    3) (in chess, a position in which the king is attacked: He put his opponent's king in check.) schack
    4) (a pattern of squares: I like the red check on that material.) rutigt mönster
    5) (a ticket received in return for handing in baggage etc.) kontramärke, bricka, kvitto
    6) ((especially American) a bill: The check please, waiter!) nota
    7) ((American) a cheque.) check
    •
    - checkbook
    - check-in
    - checkmate     3. verb
    (to put (an opponent's king) in this position.) göra schackmatt
    - checkpoint
    - check-up
    - check in
    - check out
    - check up on
    - check up

    English-Swedish dictionary > check

  • 66 data

    1) данные; информация; сведения
    2) характеристики; параметры; координаты
    3) измеренные величины; показания приборов
    •

    data above voice — данные, передаваемые на частотах выше речевого диапазона

    data under voice — данные, передаваемые на частотах ниже речевого диапазона

    - 2D-design data
    - 3D scan data
    - 3D-design data
    - AC data
    - adaptive data
    - administrative data
    - alphameric data
    - alphameric machine-readable data
    - alphanumeric data
    - alphanumeric machine-readable data
    - analog data
    - assembly data
    - attribute data
    - attributes data
    - audit data
    - axis data
    - behavioral data
    - blank shape data
    - brazing data
    - CAD data
    - CAD-generated data
    - CAD-geometry data
    - capability data
    - C-L data
    - CNC data
    - command data
    - computerized design data
    - continuous data
    - coordinate scan data
    - correct data
    - corrected profile data
    - correction data
    - correction offset data
    - correlating data
    - corrupted data
    - curve data
    - curve positional data
    - curved surface data
    - customer due data
    - cutting data
    - cutting tool data
    - design data
    - detecting data
    - digital coded data
    - digital data
    - digital profile data
    - digital program data
    - dimensional component data
    - dimensions data
    - directory data
    - discrete data
    - DNC program data
    - editing data
    - electronic data
    - entering program data
    - equipment condition data
    - explicit data
    - failure analysis data
    - failure data
    - free-form data
    - fused data
    - gage data
    - general management data
    - graphical presentation data
    - hard data
    - historical data
    - hyperbolic positional data
    - image data
    - implicit data
    - inch-metric input data
    - incoming sensory data
    - initial data
    - input data
    - input shape data
    - instruction data
    - itemized data
    - job-tracking data
    - line-edited input data
    - live data
    - machine data
    - machine setup data
    - machine tool data
    - machine-code data
    - machining result data
    - manufacturing data
    - master data
    - math data
    - model data
    - motion data
    - multidigit data
    - NC coded data
    - NC data
    - NC run data
    - NC running data
    - noisy data
    - nonvolatile data
    - observation data
    - observational data
    - observed data
    - offset curve data
    - offset data
    - operating data
    - operational control data
    - operator-entered data
    - ordering data
    - output data
    - part-programming data
    - path data
    - pattern data
    - PC's data
    - phase-modulated data
    - point data
    - position data
    - positional data
    - positional demand data
    - predicted data
    - presetting data
    - probe data
    - product tooling data
    - quality-control data
    - raw data
    - real-time tool data
    - reference data
    - resources master data
    - run data
    - running data
    - sampled data
    - scan data
    - sensor signal data
    - sensory data
    - service data
    - setup weld data
    - shared data
    - slice data
    - soldering data
    - source data
    - specified data
    - spindle nose data
    - static tooling data
    - statistical data
    - stored data
    - structured tool data
    - supplier data
    - survey data
    - synthetic data
    - taped data
    - tape-input data
    - teaching data
    - technology data
    - test data
    - testing data
    - three-dimensional data
    - timing data
    - tool condition data
    - tool location data
    - tool master data
    - torque data
    - training data
    - transient response data
    - unprocessed position data
    - video data
    - vision data
    - wireframe data
    - work data
    - workcycle data
    - workpiece shape data

    English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > data

  • 67 check

    [ ek] 1. verb
    1) (to see if something (eg a sum) is correct or accurate: Will you check my addition?) (z)kontrolovat
    2) (to see if something (eg a machine) is in good condition or working properly: Have you checked the engine (over)?) přezkoušet
    3) (to hold back; to stop: We've checked the flow of water from the burst pipe.) zastavit
    2. noun
    1) (an act of testing or checking.) kontrola, ověření
    2) (something which prevents or holds back: a check on imports.) překážka, omezení
    3) (in chess, a position in which the king is attacked: He put his opponent's king in check.) šach
    4) (a pattern of squares: I like the red check on that material.) kostka (vzorek)
    5) (a ticket received in return for handing in baggage etc.) stvrzenka, lístek
    6) ((especially American) a bill: The check please, waiter!) účet
    7) ((American) a cheque.) šek
    •
    - checkbook
    - check-in
    - checkmate     3. verb
    (to put (an opponent's king) in this position.) dát mat
    - checkpoint
    - check-up
    - check in
    - check out
    - check up on
    - check up
    * * *
    • zkontrolovat
    • ověřit

    English-Czech dictionary > check

  • 68 check

    [ ek] 1. verb
    1) (to see if something (eg a sum) is correct or accurate: Will you check my addition?) overiť si
    2) (to see if something (eg a machine) is in good condition or working properly: Have you checked the engine (over)?) preskúšať
    3) (to hold back; to stop: We've checked the flow of water from the burst pipe.) zastaviť
    2. noun
    1) (an act of testing or checking.) kontrola
    2) (something which prevents or holds back: a check on imports.) prekážka
    3) (in chess, a position in which the king is attacked: He put his opponent's king in check.) šach
    4) (a pattern of squares: I like the red check on that material.) kockovaný vzor
    5) (a ticket received in return for handing in baggage etc.) ústrižok, lístok
    6) ((especially American) a bill: The check please, waiter!) účet
    7) ((American) a cheque.) šek
    •
    - checkbook
    - check-in
    - checkmate     3. verb
    (to put (an opponent's king) in this position.) dať mat
    - checkpoint
    - check-up
    - check in
    - check out
    - check up on
    - check up
    * * *
    • zadržanie
    • zadržat
    • zatrhnút
    • šek (US)
    • skontroluj
    • skúšat
    • úcet v reštaurácii
    • kockovaný vzor
    • dat šach
    • overovat
    • kontrolovat
    • kontrola

    English-Slovak dictionary > check

  • 69 check

    [ ek] 1. verb
    1) (to see if something (eg a sum) is correct or accurate: Will you check my addition?) a verifica
    2) (to see if something (eg a machine) is in good condition or working properly: Have you checked the engine (over)?) a verifica
    3) (to hold back; to stop: We've checked the flow of water from the burst pipe.) a opri; a între­rupe
    2. noun
    1) (an act of testing or checking.) veri­fi­care
    2) (something which prevents or holds back: a check on imports.) piedică
    3) (in chess, a position in which the king is attacked: He put his opponent's king in check.) şah
    4) (a pattern of squares: I like the red check on that material.) carou
    5) (a ticket received in return for handing in baggage etc.) bon
    6) ((especially American) a bill: The check please, waiter!) (notă de) plată
    7) ((American) a cheque.) cec
    •
    - checkbook
    - check-in
    - checkmate     3. verb
    (to put (an opponent's king) in this position.) a face şah mat
    - checkpoint
    - check-up
    - check in
    - check out
    - check up on
    - check up

    English-Romanian dictionary > check

  • 70 check

    [ ek] 1. verb
    1) (to see if something (eg a sum) is correct or accurate: Will you check my addition?) επαληθεύω
    2) (to see if something (eg a machine) is in good condition or working properly: Have you checked the engine (over)?) ελέγχω
    3) (to hold back; to stop: We've checked the flow of water from the burst pipe.) ανακόπτω
    2. noun
    1) (an act of testing or checking.) έλεγχος
    2) (something which prevents or holds back: a check on imports.) περιορισμός
    3) (in chess, a position in which the king is attacked: He put his opponent's king in check.) (θέση στο σκάκι) σαχ
    4) (a pattern of squares: I like the red check on that material.) καρό
    5) (a ticket received in return for handing in baggage etc.) απόκομμα παραλαβής
    6) ((especially American) a bill: The check please, waiter!) λογαριασμός
    7) ((American) a cheque.) επιταγή
    •
    - checkbook
    - check-in
    - checkmate     3. verb
    (to put (an opponent's king) in this position.) κάνω ματ
    - checkpoint
    - check-up
    - check in
    - check out
    - check up on
    - check up

    English-Greek dictionary > check

  • 71 factor

    1) фактор || факторный
    2) коэффициент; множитель
    4) факторизовать; разлагать на множители
    •

    to reduce a fraction by a factor — приводить дробь к общему знаменателю; сокращать дробь на некоторый множитель

    English-Russian scientific dictionary > factor

  • 72 Diapers

    The original diaper was of linen, and based on the 5-end sateen weave, woven on the damask principle. The cloth has a smooth, even surface. M shows one form of diaper design, but the design N based on the 8-end sateen, shows the correct method of producing these effects. Cotton diapers are now made and used for towels. Two or three-fold warp is usual, such as 2/16's, 3/24's, with 8's weft. In the cheaper qualities a single yarn 16's is used. The term is also applied to pattern and indicates rectangular shapes either uniform or varied in size and shape and repeated all over the fabric. Diapers like huckabacks are very ancient. They are largely used for toilet purposes. The following are fairly standard: - 3 shaft, 1,200 set X 13 shots, 40's/45's linen. 4 shaft, 1,400 set X 14 shots, 50's/50's linen. 5 shaft, 1,500 set X 15 shots, 40's/45's linen

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Diapers

  • 73 check

    [ ek] 1. verb
    1) (to see if something (eg a sum) is correct or accurate: Will you check my addition?) vérifier
    2) (to see if something (eg a machine) is in good condition or working properly: Have you checked the engine (over)?) vérifier
    3) (to hold back; to stop: We've checked the flow of water from the burst pipe.) arrèter
    2. noun
    1) (an act of testing or checking.) vérification
    2) (something which prevents or holds back: a check on imports.) frein
    3) (in chess, a position in which the king is attacked: He put his opponent's king in check.) échec
    4) (a pattern of squares: I like the red check on that material.) carreaux
    5) (a ticket received in return for handing in baggage etc.) bulletin de consigne
    6) ((especially American) a bill: The check please, waiter!) addition
    7) ((American) a cheque.) chèque
    •
    - checkbook - check-in - checkmate 3. verb
    (to put (an opponent's king) in this position.) faire échec et mat
    - checkpoint - check-up - check in - check out - check up on - check up

    English-French dictionary > check

  • 74 check

    [ ek] 1. verb
    1) (to see if something (eg a sum) is correct or accurate: Will you check my addition?) conferir
    2) (to see if something (eg a machine) is in good condition or working properly: Have you checked the engine (over)?) verificar, checar
    3) (to hold back; to stop: We've checked the flow of water from the burst pipe.) interromper
    2. noun
    1) (an act of testing or checking.) verificação
    2) (something which prevents or holds back: a check on imports.) empecilho
    3) (in chess, a position in which the king is attacked: He put his opponent's king in check.) xeque
    4) (a pattern of squares: I like the red check on that material.) xadrez
    5) (a ticket received in return for handing in baggage etc.) talão
    6) ((especially American) a bill: The check please, waiter!) conta
    7) ((American) a cheque.) cheque
    •
    - checkbook - check-in - checkmate 3. verb
    (to put (an opponent's king) in this position.) dar xeque-mate
    - checkpoint - check-up - check in - check out - check up on - check up

    English-Portuguese (Brazil) dictionary > check

  • 75 check

    check [tʃek]
    contrôler ⇒ 1 (a) vérifier ⇒ 1 (a), 2 (a) enrayer ⇒ 1 (b) mettre au vestiaire/à la consigne ⇒ 1 (c) cocher ⇒ 1 (d) correspondre ⇒ 2 (b) contrôle ⇒ 3 (a) enquête ⇒ 3 (b) frein ⇒ 3 (c) échec ⇒ 3 (d) addition ⇒ 3 (e) carreau ⇒ 3 (f) coche ⇒ 3 (g) chèque ⇒ 3 (h)
    (a) (inspect, examine) contrôler, vérifier; (confirm, substantiate) vérifier;
    ∎ she didn't check her facts before writing the article elle n'a pas vérifié les faits avant d'écrire son article;
    ∎ the figures have to be checked il faut vérifier les chiffres;
    ∎ the doctor checked my blood pressure le médecin a pris ma tension;
    ∎ the inspector checked our tickets le contrôleur a contrôlé nos billets;
    ∎ check these names against the ones on the list vérifie que ces noms sont les mêmes que ceux de la liste
    (b) (contain, limit → recession, inflation) enrayer; (→ emotions, troops) contenir; (→ urge) réprimer;
    ∎ to check oneself se retenir
    (c) American (coat, hat) mettre au vestiaire; (luggage) mettre à la consigne
    (d) American (mark, tick) cocher
    (e) Chess faire échec à
    (f) Scottish familiar (reprimand) réprimander□
    (a) (confirm) vérifier;
    ∎ I'll have to check with the accountant je vais devoir vérifier auprès du comptable;
    ∎ they usually have vacancies, but it's a good idea to check d'ordinaire, ils ont de la place, mais il vaut mieux s'en assurer ou vérifier
    (b) (correspond) correspondre, s'accorder;
    ∎ his description of the killer checked with forensic evidence sa description du tueur s'accordait avec l'expertise médico-légale
    (c) (pause, halt) s'arrêter
    3 noun
    (a) (examination, inspection) contrôle m, vérification f;
    ∎ the airline ordered checks on all their 747s la compagnie aérienne a ordonné que des contrôles soient faits sur tous ses 747;
    ∎ a routine check une vérification de routine
    (b) (inquiry, investigation) enquête f;
    ∎ to do or to run a check on sb se renseigner sur qn;
    ∎ to keep a check on sb observer qn
    (c) (restraint) frein m;
    ∎ the House of Lords acts as a check upon the House of Commons la Chambre des lords met un frein au pouvoir de la Chambre des communes;
    ∎ Politics (a system of) checks and balances (un système d') équilibre m des pouvoirs;
    ∎ he kept or held his anger in check il a contenu ou maîtrisé sa colère;
    ∎ we could no longer hold or keep the enemy in check nous ne pouvions plus contenir l'ennemi
    (d) Chess échec m;
    ∎ in check en échec;
    ∎ check! échec au roi!
    (e) American (bill) addition f; (receipt for coats, luggage) ticket m
    (f) (square) carreau m;
    ∎ a skirt in black and white check une jupe à carreaux noirs et blancs
    (g) American (mark, tick) coche f;
    ∎ put a check next to all the verbs cochez tous les verbes
    (h) American (cheque) chèque m
    (pattern, skirt) à carreaux
    ►► Computing check bit bit m de contrôle;
    Computing check box case f de pointage, case f d'option;
    Computing check byte octet m de contrôle;
    Computing check digit chiffre m de contrôle ou de vérification, clé f;
    Marketing check question question f de contrôle, question f filtre;
    Marketing check sample échantillon m témoin
    (a) (at airport) se présenter à l'enregistrement
    (b) (at hotel) se présenter à la réception
    ∎ it's a little late, I'd better check in with my parents il se fait tard, il faudrait que je passe un coup de fil à mes parents
    (a) (at airport → baggage) enregistrer
    (b) (at hotel) inscrire sur le registre
    (c) (at cloakroom) mettre au vestiaire; (at left-luggage office) mettre à la consigne
    ∎ to check in a book at the library rapporter un livre à la bibliothèque
    ∎ to check into a hotel descendre dans un hôtel
    (names, numbers on list etc) cocher
    (a) (facts) vérifier
    ∎ the doctor checked on two patients before leaving le médecin est allé voir deux patients avant de partir;
    ∎ would you mind checking on the baby? tu peux aller voir si le bébé va bien?
    (a) (pay hotel bill) régler sa note; (leave hotel) quitter l'hôtel
    (b) (prove to be correct) s'avérer exact; (correspond, match) s'accorder, correspondre
    (c) American familiar (die) passer l'arme à gauche
    (a) (library book) faire tamponner; (hotel guest) faire régler sa note à
    (b) (investigate → person) enquêter sur, se renseigner sur; (→ information, machine, place) vérifier
    (c) familiar (try) essayer□ ;
    ∎ why don't we check out the restaurant that John told us about? pourquoi ne pas essayer le restaurant dont John nous a parlé?
    ∎ to check sb/sth out mater qn/qch;
    ∎ check this out (look) vise un peu ça; (listen) écoute-moi ça
    examiner, vérifier
    (a) (examine → baggage etc) contrôler, examiner
    (b) American (send by plane) faire envoyer (par avion);
    ∎ I'd like my luggage checked through to Los Angeles je voudrais faire envoyer directement mes bagages à Los Angeles
    ∎ to check up on sb enquêter ou se renseigner sur qn;
    ∎ if you trusted me you wouldn't check up on me all the time si tu me faisais confiance tu ne serais pas toujours en train de m'espionner;
    ∎ to check up on sth vérifier qch;
    ∎ the social worker checked up on reports of child abuse l'assistante sociale a enquêté sur les allégations de mauvais traitements à enfant
    ⓘ CHECKS AND BALANCES Ce système de contrôle mutuel, garanti par la Constitution, est l'un des principes fondamentaux du gouvernement américain. Il a été élaboré afin que les pouvoirs législatif, exécutif et judiciaire n'accumulent pas trop d'influence les uns par rapport aux autres.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > check

  • 76 landing

    landing n
    посадка
    land v
    совершать посадку
    accuracy landing
    точная посадка
    achieve a smooth landing
    достигать плавной посадки
    aerodrome of intended landing
    аэродром предполагаемой посадки
    aft landing gear
    задняя опора шасси
    aircraft landing
    посадка воздушного судна
    aircraft landing measurement system
    система измерения посадочных параметров воздушного судна
    allowable landing weight
    допустимая посадочная масса
    all-weather landing capability
    способность выполнять посадку в сложных метеорологических условиях
    amphibious landing gear
    колесно-поплавковое шасси
    angle of landing
    посадочный угол
    approach landing
    заход на посадку
    arresting landing gear
    тормозной механизм
    asymmetric thrust landing
    посадка с асимметричной тягой
    autoflare landing
    посадка с автоматическим выравниванием
    automatic landing
    автоматическая посадка
    automatic landing system
    система автоматической посадки
    autorotation landing
    посадка на авторотации
    auxiliary landing field
    запасная посадочная площадка
    bad weather landing
    посадка в сложных метеоусловиях
    balked landing
    уход на второй круг
    balked landing path
    траектория прерванной посадки
    be forced landing
    быть вынужденным совершить посадку
    belly landing
    посадка с убранным шасси
    below the landing minima
    ниже посадочного минимума
    bicycle landing gear
    велосипедная шестерня
    blind landing
    посадка по приборам
    blind landing system
    система слепой посадки
    body landing gear
    фюзеляжное шасси
    bogie-type landing gear
    тележечное шасси
    bounced landing
    резкое вертикальное перемещение при посадке
    bumpy landing
    грубая посадка
    cantilever landing gear
    консольное шасси
    carry out a landing
    выполнять посадку
    castor landing gear
    шасси с ориентирующими колесами
    clear landing
    разрешать выполнение посадки
    collapsed landing gear
    поврежденное шасси
    commence the landing procedure
    начинать посадку
    commit landing
    принимать решение идти на посадку
    compulsory landing
    принудительная посадка
    contact landing
    посадка с визуальной ориентировкой
    conventional takeoff and landing aircraft
    воздушное судно обычной схемы взлета и посадки
    correct landing
    точная посадка
    crash landing
    аварийная посадка
    crash landing strip
    аварийная посадочная полоса
    cross-wind landing
    посадка при боковом ветре
    day landing
    посадка в светлое время суток
    dead-engine landing
    посадка с отказавшим двигателем
    dead-stick landing
    посадка с неработающим воздушным винтом
    deck landing
    посадка на палубу
    design landing mass
    расчетная посадочная масса
    design landing weight
    расчетная посадочная масса
    direction for landing
    направление посадки
    distress landing
    аварийная посадка
    downwind landing
    посадка по ветру
    dummy landing gear
    макетное шасси
    electronic landing aids system
    радиоэлектронная система посадочных средств
    emergency landing
    аварийная посадка
    emergency landing gear
    аварийное шасси
    emergency landing gear extension
    аварийный выпуск шасси
    emergency landing provisions
    меры на случай аварийной посадки
    engine-out landing
    посадка с отказавшим двигателем
    evacuation in crash landing
    покидание после аварийной посадки
    extend the landing gear
    выпускать шасси
    fail to extend landing gear
    ошибочно не выпускать шасси
    fail to retract landing gear
    ошибочно не убрать шасси
    fear-up landing
    посадка с убранным шасси
    fee per landing
    сбор за посадку
    fixed landing gear
    неубирающееся шасси
    flap landing position
    посадочное положение закрылков
    flapless landing
    посадка с убранными закрылками
    flaps landing setting
    установка закрылков на посадочный угол
    float-type landing gear
    поплавковое шасси
    forced landing
    вынужденная посадка
    forward retracting landing gear
    шасси, убирающееся вперед
    four-wheel bogie landing gear
    многоопорное тележечное шасси
    free-fall landing gear
    шасси, выпускающееся под действием собственной массы
    from landing operations
    действия после посадки
    from landing taxiing
    руление после посадки
    full-circle landing
    посадка с выполнением полного круга захода
    full-stop landing
    посадка с полной остановкой
    gear-down landing
    посадка с выпущенным шасси
    glide landing
    посадка с этапа планирования
    glide-path landing system
    глиссадная система посадки
    grass landing area
    посадочная площадка с травяным покрытием
    ground-controlled landing
    посадка по командам с земли
    ground taxi from landing operation
    руление после посадки
    hard landing
    грубая посадка
    helicopter-type landing
    посадка по вертолетному типу
    hull equipped landing gear
    поплавковое шасси
    improper landing flareout
    ошибка при выравнивании перед приземлением
    inadvertently retracted landing gear
    ошибочно убранное шасси
    instrument approach landing
    заход на посадку по приборам
    instrument landing
    посадка по приборам
    instrument landing approach
    заход на посадку по приборам
    instrument landing system
    система посадки по приборам
    intended landing
    ожидаемая посадка
    intermediate landing
    посадка на маршруте полета
    inward retracting landing gear
    шасси, убирающееся в фюзеляж
    kill the landing speed
    гасить посадочную скорость
    land after procedure
    послепосадочный маневр
    land downwind
    совершать посадку в направлении ветра
    landing accident
    происшествие при посадке
    landing aerodrome
    аэродром посадки
    landing after last light
    посадка после захода солнца
    landing aids
    посадочные средства
    landing approach speed
    скорость захода на посадку
    landing area facilities
    оборудование зоны посадки
    landing beacon
    посадочный маяк
    landing beam
    посадочный луч
    landing beside fix
    посадка вне намеченной точки
    landing capability
    управляемость при посадке
    landing capacity
    пропускная способность по числу посадок
    landing characteristics
    посадочные характеристики
    landing charge
    сбор за посадку
    landing chart
    схема посадки
    landing clearance
    разрешение на посадку
    landing clearance confirmation
    подтверждение разрешения на посадку
    landing conditions
    условия посадки
    landing configuration
    конфигурация при посадке
    landing control
    управление посадкой
    landing direction-finding station
    посадочная радиопеленгаторная станция
    landing direction indicator
    указатель направления посадки
    landing direction indicator lights
    огни указателя направления посадки
    landing direction lights
    огни направления посадки
    landing distance
    посадочная дистанция
    landing distance available
    располагаемая посадочная дистанция
    landing distance with reverse thrust
    посадочная дистанция при включенном реверсе
    landing field
    посадочная площадка
    landing flap
    посадочный щиток
    landing flare
    выравнивание перед приземлением
    landing flare path
    траектория выравнивания перед приземлением
    landing floodlight
    посадочный прожектор заливающего света
    landing forecast
    прогноз на момент посадки
    landing gear
    опора шасси
    landing gear bogie
    тележка шасси
    landing gear cycle
    цикл уборки - выпуска шасси
    landing gear door
    створка шасси
    landing gear door latch
    замок створки шасси
    landing gear drop tests
    динамические испытания шасси
    landing gear extention time
    время выпуска шасси
    landing gear fairing
    гондола шасси
    landing gear fulcrum
    траверса стойки шасси
    landing gear indication system
    система индикации положения шасси
    landing gear is down and locked
    шасси выпущено и установлено на замки выпущенного положения
    landing gear locking pin
    предохранительный штырь шасси
    landing gear malfunction
    отказ механизма уборки - выпуска шасси
    landing gear operating speed
    скорость выпуска - уборки шасси
    landing gear pilot
    ось вращения стойки шасси
    landing gear pilot pin
    цапфа шасси
    landing gear position indicator
    указатель положения шасси
    landing gear shock strut
    амортизационная опора шасси
    landing gear spat
    обтекатель шасси
    (не убирающегося в полете) landing gear tread
    колея шасси
    landing gear well
    ниша шасси
    landing gear well dome
    ниша отсека шасси
    landing gear wheel
    колесо опоры шасси
    landing guidance system
    система управления посадкой
    landing heading
    посадочный курс
    landing headlight
    посадочная фара
    landing instruction
    информация по условиям посадки
    landing lights
    посадочные огни
    landing load
    посадочная нагрузка
    landing mass
    посадочная масса
    landing minima
    минимум для посадки
    landing noise
    шум при посадке
    landing off the aerodrome
    посадка вне аэродрома
    landing operation
    посадка
    landing pattern
    схема посадки
    landing performance
    посадочная характеристика
    landing procedure
    схема посадки
    landing request
    запрос на посадку
    landing roll
    послепосадочный пробег
    landing roll operation
    пробег
    landing run
    пробег при посадке
    landing runway
    ВПП, открытая только для посадок
    landing sequence
    очередность посадки
    landing sign
    посадочный знак
    landing site
    посадочная площадка
    (для вертолетов) landing speed
    посадочная скорость
    landing strip
    посадочная полоса
    (с грунтовым покрытием) landing sudden windshift
    внезапное изменение ветра при посадке
    landing system
    система посадки
    landing technique
    способ посадки
    landing tee
    посадочное Т
    landing transition segment
    участок перехода к этапу посадки
    landing turn
    разворот на посадку
    landing water run
    пробег при посадке на воду
    landing weight
    посадочная масса
    landing windshear
    сдвиг ветра при посадке
    land into the wind
    выполнять посадку против ветра
    land into wind
    совершать посадку против ветра
    land on water
    совершать посадку на воду
    land the aircraft
    приземлять воздушное судно
    land vertically
    совершать посадку вертикально
    lateral drift landing
    посадка с боковым сносом
    level landing
    посадка на две точки
    levered landing gear
    рычажное шасси
    lock the landing gear
    ставить шасси на замки
    lock the landing gear down
    ставить шасси на замок выпущенного положения
    lock the landing gear up
    ставить шасси на замок убранного положения
    lower the landing gear
    выпускать шасси
    low visibility landing
    посадка при ограниченной видимости
    main landing gear
    основная опора шасси
    main landing gear beam
    балка основной опоры шасси
    maximum permitted landing weight
    максимально допустимая посадочная масса
    minimum landing speed
    минимальная посадочная скорость
    night landing
    посадка в темное время суток
    nonretractable landing gear
    неубирающееся шасси
    nose landing gear
    передняя опора шасси
    nose landing gear door
    створка передней опоры шасси
    off-field landing
    посадка вне летного поля
    overshooting landing
    посадка с выкатыванием
    overweight landing
    посадка с превышением допустимой посадочной массы
    pancake landing
    посадка с парашютированием
    partial flap landing
    посадка с частично выпущенными закрылками
    pontoon equipped landing gear
    поплавковое шасси
    power-off autorotative landing
    посадка в режиме авторотации в выключенным двигателем
    power-on landing
    посадка с работающим двигателем
    precision landing
    точная посадка
    prematurely retracted landing gear
    преждевременно убранное шасси
    prepared landing area
    подготовленная посадочная площадка
    prepare for landing
    приготавливаться к посадке
    priority landing
    внеочередная посадка
    prohibition of landing
    запрещение посадки
    quadricycle landing gear
    четырехколесное шасси
    radar landing minima
    посадочный минимум при радиолокационном обеспечении
    radio-beacon landing system
    радиомаячная система посадки
    raise the landing gear
    убирать шасси
    rearward retracting landing gear
    шасси, убирающееся назад
    rebound landing
    посадка с повторным ударом после касания ВПП
    reduced takeoff and landing aircraft
    воздушное судно укороченного взлета и посадки
    release the landing gear
    снимать шасси с замков убранного положения
    release the landing gear lock
    снимать шасси с замка
    retractable landing gear
    убирающееся шасси
    retract the landing gear
    убирать шасси
    reverse-thrust landing
    посадка с использованием реверса тяги
    rough landing
    грубая посадка
    run from landing
    послепосадочный пробег
    running landing
    посадка по-самолетному
    run out the landing gear
    выпускать шасси
    safe landing
    безопасная посадка
    semilevered landing gear
    полурычажное шасси
    short landing
    посадка с коротким пробегом
    short takeoff and landing aircraft
    воздушное судно короткого взлета и посадки
    single-skid landing gear
    однополозковое шасси
    skid-equipped landing gear
    полозковое шасси
    ski-equipped landing gear
    лыжное шасси
    smooth landing
    плавная посадка
    speed in landing configuration
    скорость при посадочной
    (конфигурации воздушного судна) spot landing
    посадка на точность приземления
    stall landing
    посадка на критическом угле атаки
    steerable landing gear
    управляемое шасси
    straight-in landing
    посадка с прямой
    supplementary landing gear
    вспомогательное шасси
    tail-down landing
    посадка на хвост
    tailwheel landing gear
    шасси с хвостовой опорой
    take-off and landing characteristics
    взлетно-посадочные характеристики
    talk-down landing
    посадка по командам с земли
    test landing
    испытательная посадка
    three-point landing
    посадка на три точки
    touch-and-go landing
    посадка с немедленным взлетом после касания
    trend-type landing
    посадка с упреждением сноса
    tricycle landing gear
    трехопорное шасси
    two-point landing
    посадка на две точки
    unlatch the landing gear
    снимать шасси с замков
    unobstructed landing area
    зона приземления
    upwind landing
    посадка против ветра
    vertical landing
    вертикальная посадка
    vertical takeoff and landing aircraft
    воздушное судно вертикального взлета и посадки
    visual landing
    визуальная посадка
    visually judged landing
    визуальная посадка по наземным ориентирам
    water landing
    посадка на воду
    wheel landing gear
    колесное шасси
    wheels-down landing
    посадка с выпущенным шасси
    wheels-up landing
    посадка с убранным шасси
    whilst landing
    при посадке
    wide-track landing gear
    ширококолейное шасси
    wind-assisted landing gear
    шасси с использованием скоростного напора
    wind landing gear
    крыльевая опора шасси
    zero-zero landing
    посадка при нулевой видимости

    English-Russian aviation dictionary > landing

  • 77 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 78 Mind

       It becomes, therefore, no inconsiderable part of science... to know the different operations of the mind, to separate them from each other, to class them under their proper heads, and to correct all that seeming disorder in which they lie involved when made the object of reflection and inquiry.... It cannot be doubted that the mind is endowed with several powers and faculties, that these powers are distinct from one another, and that what is really distinct to the immediate perception may be distinguished by reflection and, consequently, that there is a truth and falsehood which lie not beyond the compass of human understanding. (Hume, 1955, p. 22)
       Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white Paper, void of all Characters, without any Ideas: How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store, which the busy and boundless Fancy of Man has painted on it, with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of Reason and Knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from Experience. (Locke, quoted in Herrnstein & Boring, 1965, p. 584)
       The kind of logic in mythical thought is as rigorous as that of modern science, and... the difference lies, not in the quality of the intellectual process, but in the nature of things to which it is applied.... Man has always been thinking equally well; the improvement lies, not in an alleged progress of man's mind, but in the discovery of new areas to which it may apply its unchanged and unchanging powers. (Leґvi-Strauss, 1963, p. 230)
       MIND. A mysterious form of matter secreted by the brain. Its chief activity consists in the endeavor to ascertain its own nature, the futility of the attempt being due to the fact that it has nothing but itself to know itself with. (Bierce, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 55)
       [Philosophy] understands the foundations of knowledge and it finds these foundations in a study of man-as-knower, of the "mental processes" or the "activity of representation" which make knowledge possible. To know is to represent accurately what is outside the mind, so to understand the possibility and nature of knowledge is to understand the way in which the mind is able to construct such representation.... We owe the notion of a "theory of knowledge" based on an understanding of "mental processes" to the seventeenth century, and especially to Locke. We owe the notion of "the mind" as a separate entity in which "processes" occur to the same period, and especially to Descartes. We owe the notion of philosophy as a tribunal of pure reason, upholding or denying the claims of the rest of culture, to the eighteenth century and especially to Kant, but this Kantian notion presupposed general assent to Lockean notions of mental processes and Cartesian notions of mental substance. (Rorty, 1979, pp. 3-4)
       Under pressure from the computer, the question of mind in relation to machine is becoming a central cultural preoccupation. It is becoming for us what sex was to Victorians-threat, obsession, taboo, and fascination. (Turkle, 1984, p. 313)
       7) Understanding the Mind Remains as Resistant to Neurological as to Cognitive Analyses
       Recent years have been exciting for researchers in the brain and cognitive sciences. Both fields have flourished, each spurred on by methodological and conceptual developments, and although understanding the mechanisms of mind is an objective shared by many workers in these areas, their theories and approaches to the problem are vastly different....
       Early experimental psychologists, such as Wundt and James, were as interested in and knowledgeable about the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system as about the young science of the mind. However, the experimental study of mental processes was short-lived, being eclipsed by the rise of behaviorism early in this century. It was not until the late 1950s that the signs of a new mentalism first appeared in scattered writings of linguists, philosophers, computer enthusiasts, and psychologists.
       In this new incarnation, the science of mind had a specific mission: to challenge and replace behaviorism. In the meantime, brain science had in many ways become allied with a behaviorist approach.... While behaviorism sought to reduce the mind to statements about bodily action, brain science seeks to explain the mind in terms of physiochemical events occurring in the nervous system. These approaches contrast with contemporary cognitive science, which tries to understand the mind as it is, without any reduction, a view sometimes described as functionalism.
       The cognitive revolution is now in place. Cognition is the subject of contemporary psychology. This was achieved with little or no talk of neurons, action potentials, and neurotransmitters. Similarly, neuroscience has risen to an esteemed position among the biological sciences without much talk of cognitive processes. Do the fields need each other?... [Y]es because the problem of understanding the mind, unlike the wouldbe problem solvers, respects no disciplinary boundaries. It remains as resistant to neurological as to cognitive analyses. (LeDoux & Hirst, 1986, pp. 1-2)
       Since the Second World War scientists from different disciplines have turned to the study of the human mind. Computer scientists have tried to emulate its capacity for visual perception. Linguists have struggled with the puzzle of how children acquire language. Ethologists have sought the innate roots of social behaviour. Neurophysiologists have begun to relate the function of nerve cells to complex perceptual and motor processes. Neurologists and neuropsychologists have used the pattern of competence and incompetence of their brain-damaged patients to elucidate the normal workings of the brain. Anthropologists have examined the conceptual structure of cultural practices to advance hypotheses about the basic principles of the mind. These days one meets engineers who work on speech perception, biologists who investigate the mental representation of spatial relations, and physicists who want to understand consciousness. And, of course, psychologists continue to study perception, memory, thought and action.
    ... [W]orkers in many disciplines have converged on a number of central problems and explanatory ideas. They have realized that no single approach is likely to unravel the workings of the mind: it will not give up its secrets to psychology alone; nor is any other isolated discipline-artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropology, neurophysiology, philosophy-going to have any greater success. (Johnson-Laird, 1988, p. 7)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Mind

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