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121 recorder
1) записывающее устройство; регистратор2) отметчик3) самописец•- magnetic disk recorder - mono tape recorder - open-reel tape recorder - video tape recorder -
122 scale
1) окалина || образовывать окалину2) нагар; изгарина3) накипь || образовывать накипь4) удалять окалину или накипь5) шкала || шкалировать, градуировать7) масштаб || определять масштаб, масштабировать; изменять масштаб; сводить к определённому масштабу8) весы || взвешивать9) чешуя; чешуйка || чешуйчатый10) дозатор11) размах12) размер13) солеотложение14) энт. червец•- constant-weight batch-type scale - expanded scaleto define a scale — строить шкалу; задавать масштаб
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123 converge
[kən'və:‹](to (cause to) move towards or meet at one point: The roads converge in the centre of town.) converger- convergent -
124 converge
[kən'və:‹](to (cause to) move towards or meet at one point: The roads converge in the centre of town.) convergir- convergent -
125 focalization
focalization [‚fəʊkəlaɪ'zeɪʃən]Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > focalization
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126 pbc
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127 Cognitive Science
The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense.... [P]eople and intelligent computers turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)2) Experimental Psychology, Theoretical Linguistics, and Computational Simulation of Cognitive Processes Are All Components of Cognitive ScienceI went away from the Symposium with a strong conviction, more intuitive than rational, that human experimental psychology, theoretical linguistics, and computer simulation of cognitive processes were all pieces of a larger whole, and that the future would see progressive elaboration and coordination of their shared concerns.... I have been working toward a cognitive science for about twenty years beginning before I knew what to call it. (G. A. Miller, 1979, p. 9)Cognitive Science studies the nature of cognition in human beings, other animals, and inanimate machines (if such a thing is possible). While computers are helpful within cognitive science, they are not essential to its being. A science of cognition could still be pursued even without these machines.Computer Science studies various kinds of problems and the use of computers to solve them, without concern for the means by which we humans might otherwise resolve them. There could be no computer science if there were no machines of this kind, because they are indispensable to its being. Artificial Intelligence is a special branch of computer science that investigates the extent to which the mental powers of human beings can be captured by means of machines.There could be cognitive science without artificial intelligence but there could be no artificial intelligence without cognitive science. One final caveat: In the case of an emerging new discipline such as cognitive science there is an almost irresistible temptation to identify the discipline itself (as a field of inquiry) with one of the theories that inspired it (such as the computational conception...). This, however, is a mistake. The field of inquiry (or "domain") stands to specific theories as questions stand to possible answers. The computational conception should properly be viewed as a research program in cognitive science, where "research programs" are answers that continue to attract followers. (Fetzer, 1996, pp. xvi-xvii)What is the nature of knowledge and how is this knowledge used? These questions lie at the core of both psychology and artificial intelligence.The psychologist who studies "knowledge systems" wants to know how concepts are structured in the human mind, how such concepts develop, and how they are used in understanding and behavior. The artificial intelligence researcher wants to know how to program a computer so that it can understand and interact with the outside world. The two orientations intersect when the psychologist and the computer scientist agree that the best way to approach the problem of building an intelligent machine is to emulate the human conceptual mechanisms that deal with language.... The name "cognitive science" has been used to refer to this convergence of interests in psychology and artificial intelligence....This working partnership in "cognitive science" does not mean that psychologists and computer scientists are developing a single comprehensive theory in which people are no different from machines. Psychology and artificial intelligence have many points of difference in methods and goals.... We simply want to work on an important area of overlapping interest, namely a theory of knowledge systems. As it turns out, this overlap is substantial. For both people and machines, each in their own way, there is a serious problem in common of making sense out of what they hear, see, or are told about the world. The conceptual apparatus necessary to perform even a partial feat of understanding is formidable and fascinating. (Schank & Abelson, 1977, pp. 1-2)Within the last dozen years a general change in scientific outlook has occurred, consonant with the point of view represented here. One can date the change roughly from 1956: in psychology, by the appearance of Bruner, Goodnow, and Austin's Study of Thinking and George Miller's "The Magical Number Seven"; in linguistics, by Noam Chomsky's "Three Models of Language"; and in computer science, by our own paper on the Logic Theory Machine. (Newell & Simon, 1972, p. 4)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Cognitive Science
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128 Cognitivism
Cognitivism in psychology and philosophy is roughly the position that intelligent behavior can (only) be explained by appeal to internal "cognitive processes." (Haugeland, 1981a, p. 243)Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary effort drawing on psychology and linguistics, and philosophy. Emboldened by an apparent convergence of interests, some scientists in these fields have chosen not to reject mental functions out of hand as the behaviorists did. Instead, they have relied on the concept of mental representations and on a set of assumptions collectively called the functionalist positions. From this viewpoint, people behave according to knowledge made up of symbolic mental representations. Cognition consists of the manipulation of these symbols. Psychological phenomena are described in terms of functional processes.The efficacy of such processes resides in the possibility of interpreting items as symbols in an abstract and well-defined way, according to a set of unequivocal rules. Such a set of rules constitutes what is known as a syntax.The exercise of these syntactical rules is a form of computation.... Computation is assumed to be largely independent of the structure and the mode of development of the nervous system, just as a piece of computer software can run on different machines with different architectures and is thus "independent" of them....This point of view-called cognitivism by some-has had a great vogue and has prompted a burst of psychological work of great interest and value. Accompanying it have been a set of remarkable ideas.... I cannot overemphasize the degree to which these ideas or their variants pervade modern science.... But I must also add that the cognitivist enterprise rests on a set of unexamined assumptions. One of its most curious deficiencies is that it makes only marginal reference to the biological foundations that underlie the mechanisms it purports to explain. The result is a scientific deviation as great as that of the behaviorism it has attempted to supplant. (Edelman, 1992, pp. 13-14)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Cognitivism
См. также в других словарях:
convergence — [ kɔ̃vɛrʒɑ̃s ] n. f. • 1671; de convergent 1 ♦ Le fait de converger. La convergence de deux lignes. Convergence d un système optique, d une lentille. Rapport de convergence. ⇒ grandissement. Météor. Convergence de deux masses d air. Géol. Zone de … Encyclopédie Universelle
Convergence De Variables Aléatoires — Dans la théorie des probabilités, il existe différentes notions de convergence de variables aléatoires. La convergence (dans un des sens décrits ci dessous) de suites de variables aléatoires est un concept important de la théorie des probabilités … Wikipédia en Français
Convergence Uniforme — Suite de fonctions convergeant uniformément vers la fonction valeur absolue. La convergence uniforme d une suite de fonctions est une forme de convergence plus exigeante que la convergence simple. Cette dern … Wikipédia en Français
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Convergence Numérique — La convergence numérique est le recoupement et le regroupement de services ou d outils numériques anciennement indépendants. Elle se traduit par un développement d appareils multi fonctions, par davantage de relations et d échanges entre chacun d … Wikipédia en Français
Convergence numerique — Convergence numérique La convergence numérique est le recoupement et le regroupement de services ou d outils numériques anciennement indépendants. Elle se traduit par un développement d appareils multi fonctions, par davantage de relations et d… … Wikipédia en Français
Point de ramification — Point de branchement En analyse complexe, le point de branchement ou point de ramification est un point singulier d une fonction analytique complexe multiforme, telle que la fonction racine n ième ou le logarithme complexe. En ce point s… … Wikipédia en Français
Convergence insufficiency — Convergence Insufficency Classification and external resources ICD 10 H51.1 ICD 9 378.83 … Wikipedia
Point de cesure — Point de césure En analyse, un point de césure désigne un point d irrégularité du comportement d une série entière à la frontière de son disque de convergence. Pour une série entière de terme général an et de rayon de convergence fini non nul R,… … Wikipédia en Français
Convergence (disambiguation) — Convergence is the approach toward a definite value, a definite point, a common view or opinion, or toward a fixed or equilibrium state.Convergence or convergent may also refer to:*Convergence (Mexico), a political party in Mexico * Convergence… … Wikipedia
Convergence (Météorologie) — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Convergence. La convergence en météorologie désigne une région de l atmosphère où les flux d air de différentes directions se rejoignent pour créer une accumulation de masse qui mène éventuellement à une… … Wikipédia en Français