continuous+solution

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

[br]

[br]

[br]

After being woven, woollen cloth needed to be cleaned and compacted to thicken it and take out the signs of weaving. The traditional way of doing this was to place the length of cloth in fulling stocks, where hammers pounded it in a solution of fuller's earth, but in 1833 John Dyer, a Trowbridge engineer, took out a patent for the first alternative way with real possibilities. He sold the patent the following year but must have reserved the right to make his machine himself, incorporating various additions and improvements into it, because many of the machines used in Trowbridge after 1850 came from him. Milling machines were often used in conjunction with fulling stocks. The cloth was made up into a continuous length and milled by rollers forcing it through a hole or spout, from where it dropped into the fulling liquid to be soaked before being pulled out and pushed through the hole again. Dyer had three pairs of rollers, with one pair set at right angles to the others so that the cloth was squeezed in two directions. These machines do not seem to have come into general use until the 1850s. His machine closely resembled those still in use.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

[br]

[br]

[br]

Having been apprenticed to be an engineer, Woodbury left England in 1851 to seek his fortune in the Australian gold-fields. Like many others, he failed, and after a series of transient jobs found a post as Draughtsman at the Melbourne Waterworks. He then went on to Java, where he practised wet-collodion photography before returning to England finally in 1863. Woodbury settled in Birmingham, where like most contemporary photographers he was concerned to find a solution to the troublesome problem of fading prints. He began working the carbon process, and in 1866 and 1867 took out a series of patents which were to lead to the development of the process that took his name. Woodburytypes were continuous-tone prints of high quality that could be mass produced more cheaply than the traditional silver print. This was an important innovation and Woodburytypes were extensively used for quality book illustrations until the introduction of more versatile photomechanical processes in the 1890s. In all, Woodbury took out twenty patents between 1864 and 1884, some relating to a wide range of photographic devices. He was still working to simplify the Woodburytype process when he died from an overdose of laudanum.

[br]

•

- actual mining

[̈ɪɡeɪm]

advantageous game благоприятная игра adventure game сюжетная игра adventure-type game сюжетная игра artificial game искусственная игра autonomous game автономная игра auxiliary game вспомогательная игра game охотно готовый (сделать что-л.); to be game for anything быть готовым на все; ничего не бояться big game крупная дичь, крупный зверь; перен. желанная добыча business game деловая игра coalition game коалиционная игра computer game компьютерная игра continuous game непрерывная игра cooperative game коалиционная игра decomposable game разложимая игра discrete game дискретная игра educational game обучающая игра, образовательная игра eluding game игра ускользания extensive game позиционная игра finite matrix game конечный матричная игра four-person game игра четырех участников game мясо диких уток, куропаток, зайчатина game дичь; fair game дичь, на которую разрешено охотиться; перен. (законный) объект нападения; объект травли game дичь game замысел, проект, дело game спорт. игра, партия; a game of tennis партия в теннис; гейм game игра; to play the game играть по правилам; перен. поступать благородно; to play a good (poor) game быть хорошим (плохим) игроком game игра game играть в азартные игры; game away проиграть game искалеченный, парализованный (о руке, ноге) game охотно готовый (сделать что-л.); to be game for anything быть готовым на все; ничего не бояться game развлечение, забава; what a game! как забавно! game смелый; боевой, задорный game pl соревнования; игры game уловка, увертка, хитрость, "фокус"; none of your games оставьте эти штуки, без фокусов; the game is up "карта бита", дело проиграно game шутка; to have a game with дурачить (кого-л.); to make game of высмеивать; подшучивать; to speak in game говорить в шутку game играть в азартные игры; game away проиграть game in extensive form позиционная игра game in normal form игра в нормальной форме game in reduced form приведенная игра the game is not worth the candle игра не стоит свеч; two can play at that game = посмотрим еще, чья возьмет game уловка, увертка, хитрость, "фокус"; none of your games оставьте эти штуки, без фокусов; the game is up "карта бита", дело проиграно game of chance игра случая game of degree вчт. количественная игра game of hazard опасная игра game of kind вчт. качественная игра game of lotto лото (игра) game спорт. игра, партия; a game of tennis партия в теннис; гейм game of timing вчт. игра с выбором момента времени game with feedback рекурсивная игра game with finite resources игра с конечными ресурсами game with infinitely many strategies игра с бесконечным числом стратегий game with information lag игра с запаздыванием информации game with misperceptions игра при ошибочных предположениях game with misperceptions ошибочная игра game with saddle point игра с седловой точкой game without constraints свободная игра game without saddle point игра без седловой точки general game игра общего вида generalized game обобщенная игра ground game наземная дичь; пушной зверь (зайцы, кролики и т. п.) game шутка; to have a game with дурачить (кого-л.); to make game of высмеивать; подшучивать; to speak in game говорить в шутку to have the game in one's hands быть уверенным в успехе; this game is yours вы выиграли infinite game бесконечная игра interactive game интерактивная игра game шутка; to have a game with дурачить (кого-л.); to make game of высмеивать; подшучивать; to speak in game говорить в шутку management game деловая игра management game управленческая игра markov game марковская игра matrix game матричная игра matrix game прямоугольная игра multistage game многошаговая игра network game сетевая игра no-solution game игра не имеющий решения noncooperative game бескоалиционная игра game уловка, увертка, хитрость, "фокус"; none of your games оставьте эти штуки, без фокусов; the game is up "карта бита", дело проиграно nonsymmetric game несимметричная игра nonsymmetric games несимметричные игры nonzero sum game игра с ненулевой суммой one-person game игра одного участника one-player game игра одного участника one-sided game односторонняя игра perfect-information game игра с полной информацией game игра; to play the game играть по правилам; перен. поступать благородно; to play a good (poor) game быть хорошим (плохим) игроком game игра; to play the game играть по правилам; перен. поступать благородно; to play a good (poor) game быть хорошим (плохим) игроком reasonable game разумная игра reduced game приведенная игра separable game разделимая игра smoothed game сглаженная игра solvable game разрешимая игра solvable games разрешимые игры game шутка; to have a game with дурачить (кого-л.); to make game of высмеивать; подшучивать; to speak in game говорить в шутку stable game устойчивая игра stochastic game стохастическая игра stochastic games стохастические игры strategically equivalent games игры с эквивалентными стратегиями to have the game in one's hands быть уверенным в успехе; this game is yours вы выиграли training game учебная игра truncated game усеченная игра the game is not worth the candle игра не стоит свеч; two can play at that game = посмотрим еще, чья возьмет two: to put game and game together сообразить что к чему; two can play at that game посмотрим еще, чья возьмет two-sided game двухсторонняя игра unhomogeneous game неоднородная игра unsolvable game неразрешимая игра game развлечение, забава; what a game! как забавно! zero-sum game игра с нулевым исходом

   1) The Criterion of Insightful Behavior

   We can... distinguish sharply between the kind of behavior which from the very beginning arises out of a consideration of the structure of a situation, and one that does not. Only in the former case do we speak of insight, and only that behavior of animals definitely appears to us intelligent which takes account from the beginning of the lay of the land, and proceeds to deal with it in a single, continuous, and definite course. Hence follows this criterion of insight: the appearance of a complete solution with reference to the whole lay- out of the field. (KoЁhler, 1927, pp. 169-170)

   2) Signs Occasion Thought but Not Action

   Signs, in [Edward] Tolman's theory, occasion in the rat realization, or cognition, or judgment, or hypotheses, or abstraction, but they do not occasion action. In his concern with what goes on in the rat's mind, Tolman has neglected to predict what the rat will do. So far as the theory is concerned the rat is left buried in thought: if he gets to the food-box at the end that is his concern, not the concern of the theory. (Guthrie, 1972, p. 172)

   3) A New Insight Consists of a Recombination of Pre-existent Mediating Properties

   The insightful act is an excellent example of something that is not learned, but still depends on learning. It is not learned, since it can be adequately performed on its first occurrence; it is not perfected through practice in the first place, but appears all at once in recognizable form (further practice, however, may still improve it). On the other hand, the situation must not be completely strange; the animal must have had prior experience with the component parts of the situation, or with other situations that have some similarity to it.... All our evidence thus points to the conclusion that a new insight consists of a recombination of pre existent mediating processes, not the sudden appearance of a wholly new process. (Hebb, 1958, pp. 204-205)

   4) Interpretation of Morgan's Canon

   In Morgan's own words, the principle is, "In no case may we interpret an action as the outcome of the exercise of a higher psychical faculty, if it can be interpreted as the outcome of the exercise of one which stands lower in the psychological scale." Behaviorists universally adopted this idea as their own, interpreting it as meaning that crediting consciousness to animals can't be justified if the animal's behavior can be explained in any other way, because consciousness is certainly a "higher psychical faculty." Actually, their interpretation is wrong, since Morgan was perfectly happy with the idea of animal consciousness: he even gives examples of it directly taken from dog behavior. Thus in The Limits of Animal Intelligence, he describes a dog returning from a walk "tired" and "hungry" and going down into the kitchen and "looking up wistfully" at the cook. Says Morgan about this, "I, for one, would not feel disposed to question that he has in his mind's eye a more or less definite idea of a bone."

   Morgan's Canon really applies to situations where the level of intelligence credited to an animal's behavior goes well beyond what is really needed for simple and sensible explanation. Thus application of Morgan's Canon would prevent us from presuming that, when a dog finds its way home after being lost for a day, it must have the ability to read a map, or that, if a dog always begins to act hungry and pace around the kitchen at 6 P.M. and is always fed at 6:30 P.M., this must indicate that it has learned how to tell time. These conclusions involve levels of intelligence that are simply not needed to explain the behaviors. (Coren, 1994, pp. 72-73)