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81 Intelligence
There is no mystery about it: the child who is familiar with books, ideas, conversation-the ways and means of the intellectual life-before he begins school, indeed, before he begins consciously to think, has a marked advantage. He is at home in the House of intellect just as the stableboy is at home among horses, or the child of actors on the stage. (Barzun, 1959, p. 142)It is... no exaggeration to say that sensory-motor intelligence is limited to desiring success or practical adaptation, whereas the function of verbal or conceptual thought is to know and state truth. (Piaget, 1954, p. 359)ntelligence has two parts, which we shall call the epistemological and the heuristic. The epistemological part is the representation of the world in such a form that the solution of problems follows from the facts expressed in the representation. The heuristic part is the mechanism that on the basis of the information solves the problem and decides what to do. (McCarthy & Hayes, 1969, p. 466)Many scientists implicitly assume that, among all animals, the behavior and intelligence of nonhuman primates are most like our own. Nonhuman primates have relatively larger brains and proportionally more neocortex than other species... and it now seems likely that humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas shared a common ancestor as recently as 5 to 7 million years ago.... This assumption about the unique status of primate intelligence is, however, just that: an assumption. The relations between intelligence and measures of brain size is poorly understood, and evolutionary affinity does not always ensure behavioral similarity. Moreover, the view that nonhuman primates are the animals most like ourselves coexists uneasily in our minds with the equally pervasive view that primates differ fundamentally from us because they lack language; lacking language, they also lack many of the capacities necessary for reasoning and abstract thought. (Cheney & Seyfarth, 1990, p. 4)Few constructs are asked to serve as many functions in psychology as is the construct of human intelligence.... Consider four of the main functions addressed in theory and research on intelligence, and how they differ from one another.1. Biological. This type of account looks at biological processes. To qualify as a useful biological construct, intelligence should be a biochemical or biophysical process or at least somehow a resultant of biochemical or biophysical processes.2. Cognitive approaches. This type of account looks at molar cognitive representations and processes. To qualify as a useful mental construct, intelligence should be specifiable as a set of mental representations and processes that are identifiable through experimental, mathematical, or computational means.3. Contextual approaches. To qualify as a useful contextual construct, intelligence should be a source of individual differences in accomplishments in "real-world" performances. It is not enough just to account for performance in the laboratory. On [sic] the contextual view, what a person does in the lab may not even remotely resemble what the person would do outside it. Moreover, different cultures may have different conceptions of intelligence, which affect what would count as intelligent in one cultural context versus another.4. Systems approaches. Systems approaches attempt to understand intelligence through the interaction of cognition with context. They attempt to establish a link between the two levels of analysis, and to analyze what forms this link takes. (Sternberg, 1994, pp. 263-264)High but not the highest intelligence, combined with the greatest degrees of persistence, will achieve greater eminence than the highest degree of intelligence with somewhat less persistence. (Cox, 1926, p. 187)There are no definitive criteria of intelligence, just as there are none for chairness; it is a fuzzy-edged concept to which many features are relevant. Two people may both be quite intelligent and yet have very few traits in common-they resemble the prototype along different dimensions.... [Intelligence] is a resemblance between two individuals, one real and the other prototypical. (Neisser, 1979, p. 185)Given the complementary strengths and weaknesses of the differential and information-processing approaches, it should be possible, at least in theory, to synthesise an approach that would capitalise upon the strength of each approach, and thereby share the weakness of neither. (Sternberg, 1977, p. 65)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Intelligence
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82 distribution utility
распределительное коммунальное предприятие
распределительная компания
Регулируемое электрическое коммунальное предприятие, которое строит и обслуживает распределительные провода, соединяющие распределительную систему с конечными потребителями. Распределительная компания также может заниматься и другими услугами, такими как агрегация потребителей, закупка поставок электроэнергии и услуги по передаче для потребителей, выписывание счетов потребителям и вознаграждение поставщиков, предложение других регулируемых и нерегулируемых энергетических услуг розничным потребителям. Функции "проводов" и "обслуживания потребителей", выполняемые распределительным коммунальным предприятием, можно разделить, и тогда используются две совершенно отдельных компании для предоставления этих двух видов распределительных услуг (Термины Рабочей Группы правового регулирования ЭРРА).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]EN
distribution utility
disco
The regulated electric utility entity that constructs and maintains the distribution wires connecting the transmission grid to the final customer. The disco can also perform other services such as aggregating customers, purchasing power supply and transmission services for customers, billing customers and reimbursing suppliers, and offering other regulated or non-regulated energy services to retail customers. The "wires" and "customer service" functions provided by a distribution utility could be split so that two totally separate entities are used to supply these two types of distribution services (ERRA Legal Regulation Working Group Terms).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > distribution utility
См. также в других словарях:
Constructs in the Wheel of Time series — This article is about the fictional world history of Robert Jordan s The Wheel of Time fantasy fiction series.During the Age of Legends, many different types of life were created using the Power and technology. The creation of such constructs… … Wikipedia
constructs — con·struct || kÉ™n strÊŒkt n. pattern; concept v. build, assemble, put together … English contemporary dictionary
constructs — present third singular of construct plural of construct … Useful english dictionary
Молярные / молекулярные конструкты (molar / molecular constructs) — Теорет. конструкты представляют собой понятия или концептуальные фикции, придуманные для объяснения эмпирических наблюдений как проявлений или примеров лежащей в их основе теории. Т. о., они служат базовыми единицами или элементами теории,… … Психологическая энциклопедия
Теоретические конструкты (theoretical constructs) — Не составляет большого труда идентифицировать наблюдаемое поведение, напр., сказать, что чел. ест или бежит, значительно труднее определить, чем вызвано подобное поведение. Если известны релевантные условия, предшествующие данному поведению, напр … Психологическая энциклопедия
first-order constructs — See phenomenology … Dictionary of sociology
second-order constructs — See phenomenology … Dictionary of sociology
construct — constructs, constructing, constructed (The verb is pronounced [[t]kənstrʌ̱kt[/t]]. The noun is pronounced [[t]kɒ̱nstrʌkt[/t]].) 1) VERB If you construct something such as a building, road, or machine, you build it or make it. [V n] The French… … English dictionary
Personal construct theory — Construct theory (PCT) is a psychological theory of human cognition. Eddington said, Science is the attempt to set in order the facts of experience. George Kelly, the psychologist and creator of personal construct theory pushed this idea two… … Wikipedia
Job interview — Oakland, California. Hanging Around. The total time spent in actual interviews while hunting a job takes only a small part of the day; unwilling to go home these youths spend most of their day hanging around and talking with other job hunters.… … Wikipedia
Repertory grid — The Repertory Grid is an interviewing technique which uses factor analysis to determine an idiographic measure of personality. It was devised by George Kelly in around 1955 and is based on his Personal Constructs theory of personality.… … Wikipedia
