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constructive+memory

  • 1 Memory

       To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)
       [Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)
       The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)
       4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of Psychology
       If a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)
       We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)
       The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)
       7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat Discouraging
       The results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)
       A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)
       Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....
       Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)
       When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....
       However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)
       Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)
       Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)
       The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory

  • 2 конструктивная память

    Russian-english psychology dictionary > конструктивная память

  • 3 концептуальная память

    1) Linguistics: conceptual memory
    2) Aviation medicine: constructive memory

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > концептуальная память

  • 4 конструктивная память

    Aviation medicine: constructive memory

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > конструктивная память

  • 5 fallo

    m.
    1 mistake (error). (peninsular Spanish)
    tener un fallo to make a mistake
    un fallo humano a human error
    un fallo técnico a technical fault
    2 fault (defecto). (peninsular Spanish)
    tener muchos fallos to have lots of faults
    3 verdict (veredicto).
    4 failure, lapse, miss, infelicity.
    5 resolution, decision, judgment, judgement.
    6 breakdown.
    7 empty cell.
    8 shock.
    pres.indicat.
    1 1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: fallar.
    2 1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: fallir.
    * * *
    1 (naipes) void
    ————————
    1 DERECHO judgement, ruling
    2 (en concurso) decision
    ————————
    1 (error) mistake, blunder; (fracaso) failure
    2 (defecto) fault, defect
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) fault, mistake
    2) sentence, verdict
    * * *
    1. SM
    1) (=mal funcionamiento) failure; (=defecto) fault
    2) (=error) mistake

    ¡qué fallo! — what a stupid mistake!

    3) (Jur) [de un tribunal] judgment, ruling

    el fallo fue a su favor — the judgment o ruling was in her favour

    4) [de concurso, premio] decision
    5) (Naipes) void
    2.
    ADJ
    (Naipes)
    * * *
    1) (en concurso, certamen) decision; (Der) ruling, judgment
    2) (Esp) falla 2)
    3) (Esp) ( lástima)

    qué fallo! si llego a saber que estás aquí te lo traigo — what a shame! if I'd known you were going to be here I would have brought it

    •
    * * *
    = breakdown, failing, failure, fault, flaw, malfunction, pitfall, slip, dysfunction, miss, crash, slip-up.
    Ex. Moreover, it would have been subject to frequent breakdown, for at that time and long after complexity and unreliability were synonymous.
    Ex. No supervisor should be a tiresome nag, but the achievements and failings of a persons's performance deserves mention in a constructive way at timely, regular intervals.
    Ex. DBMS systems aim to cope with system failure and generate restart procedures.
    Ex. Documents and information can be lost forever by faults in inputting.
    Ex. The author lists 10 advantages of procuring the journals through STC, but counterbalances these by listing 14 flaws in the corporation's organisation.
    Ex. All users are charged direct search costs plus an overhead for each request to allow for indirect costs (labour, hardware, software, training, system malfunction).
    Ex. Nevertheless, it is worth drawing a comparison between them so that menu-based information retrieval systems might avoid some of the pitfalls of traditional classification.
    Ex. Put a set of premises into such a device and turn the crank, and it will readily pass out conclusion after conclusion with no more slips that would be expected of a keyboard adding machine.
    Ex. Dysfunctions in performance were chiefly attributable to user failure to locate books (bad signposting and disappearance of stock through theft).
    Ex. But the costs that I've seen so far aren't worth it for what it gets for our patrons, that is, the number of misses we can afford compared to the costs of making sure people don't miss.
    Ex. In addition, programmers may not always anticipate all the mistakes which can be made, and so crashes occur anyway, though under more limited circumstances.
    Ex. Minor slip-ups are things like - your fly is undone while giving a presentation, you accidentally let out an audible burp at a work luncheon, wardrobe malfunctions, you pass gas.
    ----
    * a prueba de fallos = fail-safe.
    * arreglar un fallo = fix + fault.
    * detectar un fallo = detect + fault.
    * fallo cardíaco = heart attack, heart failure.
    * fallo de vestuario = wardrobe malfunction.
    * fallo mecánico = machine failure.
    * sin fallos = flawlessly.
    * tener fallos = be flawed.
    * * *
    1) (en concurso, certamen) decision; (Der) ruling, judgment
    2) (Esp) falla 2)
    3) (Esp) ( lástima)

    qué fallo! si llego a saber que estás aquí te lo traigo — what a shame! if I'd known you were going to be here I would have brought it

    •
    * * *
    = breakdown, failing, failure, fault, flaw, malfunction, pitfall, slip, dysfunction, miss, crash, slip-up.

    Ex: Moreover, it would have been subject to frequent breakdown, for at that time and long after complexity and unreliability were synonymous.

    Ex: No supervisor should be a tiresome nag, but the achievements and failings of a persons's performance deserves mention in a constructive way at timely, regular intervals.
    Ex: DBMS systems aim to cope with system failure and generate restart procedures.
    Ex: Documents and information can be lost forever by faults in inputting.
    Ex: The author lists 10 advantages of procuring the journals through STC, but counterbalances these by listing 14 flaws in the corporation's organisation.
    Ex: All users are charged direct search costs plus an overhead for each request to allow for indirect costs (labour, hardware, software, training, system malfunction).
    Ex: Nevertheless, it is worth drawing a comparison between them so that menu-based information retrieval systems might avoid some of the pitfalls of traditional classification.
    Ex: Put a set of premises into such a device and turn the crank, and it will readily pass out conclusion after conclusion with no more slips that would be expected of a keyboard adding machine.
    Ex: Dysfunctions in performance were chiefly attributable to user failure to locate books (bad signposting and disappearance of stock through theft).
    Ex: But the costs that I've seen so far aren't worth it for what it gets for our patrons, that is, the number of misses we can afford compared to the costs of making sure people don't miss.
    Ex: In addition, programmers may not always anticipate all the mistakes which can be made, and so crashes occur anyway, though under more limited circumstances.
    Ex: Minor slip-ups are things like - your fly is undone while giving a presentation, you accidentally let out an audible burp at a work luncheon, wardrobe malfunctions, you pass gas.
    * a prueba de fallos = fail-safe.
    * arreglar un fallo = fix + fault.
    * detectar un fallo = detect + fault.
    * fallo cardíaco = heart attack, heart failure.
    * fallo de vestuario = wardrobe malfunction.
    * fallo mecánico = machine failure.
    * sin fallos = flawlessly.
    * tener fallos = be flawed.

    * * *
    A (en un concurso, certamen) decision; ( Der) ruling, judgment
    el fallo es inapelable there is no right of appeal against the judgment o ruling
    Compuesto:
    photo finish
    tener or llevar fallo a tréboles to have a void in o be void in clubs
    C ( Esp)
    1 (error) mistake
    ¡qué/vaya fallo! ( fam); what a stupid mistake!, what a stupid thing to do!
    2 (defecto) fault
    se detectó un fallo en el sistema de seguridad a fault was found in the security system
    Compuestos:
    heart failure
    murió de un fallo cardíaco he died of heart failure o of a heart attack
    ( Inf) security hole
    human error
    debido a un fallo humano due to human error
    * * *

     

    Del verbo fallar: ( conjugate fallar)

    fallo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    falló es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    fallar    
    fallo    
    falló
    fallar ( conjugate fallar) verbo intransitivo
    1 [juez/jurado] fallo a or en favor/en contra de algn to rule in favor( conjugate favor) of/against sb
    2
    a) [frenos/memoria] to fail;

    [ planes] to go wrong;

    le falló la puntería he missed;
    a ti te falla (AmL) (fam) you've a screw loose (colloq)
    b) [ persona] (+ me/te/le etc) to let … down

    verbo transitivo ( errar) to miss;

    fallo sustantivo masculino
    a) (en concurso, certamen) decision;

    (Der) ruling, judgment
    b) (Esp) See Also→ falla 2

    fallar 1
    I vi Jur to rule
    II vtr (un premio) to award
    fallar 2 verbo intransitivo
    1 to fail: le falló la memoria, his memory failed
    2 (decepcionar) to disappoint: no nos falles, don't let us down
    fallo 1 sustantivo masculino
    1 Jur judgement, sentence
    2 (de un premio) award
    fallo 2 sustantivo masculino
    1 (error) mistake: se enfadó por un fallo sin importancia, he got angry over nothing
    2 (de un órgano, de un motor) failure
    fallo técnico, mechanical failure
    ' fallo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acero
    - amaraje
    - desperfecto
    - error
    - estructural
    - falla
    - fallar
    - guardagujas
    - imagen
    - tentativa
    - anular
    - impugnar
    - revocar
    English:
    aim
    - decree
    - disappoint
    - failure
    - findings
    - give out
    - glitch
    - judgement
    - judgment
    - lapse
    - malfunction
    - miss
    - repair
    - ruling
    - sentence
    - show up
    - verdict
    * * *
    fallo1 nm
    1. Esp [error] mistake;
    tuve dos fallos en el examen I made two mistakes in the exam;
    tu ejercicio no ha tenido ningún fallo there were no mistakes in your exercise;
    fue un fallo no llevar el abrelatas it was silly o stupid not to bring the can opener;
    un fallo técnico a technical fault;
    un fallo humano a human error
    2. Esp [defecto] fault;
    tener muchos fallos to have lots of faults;
    tener fallos de memoria to have memory lapses
    3. [veredicto] verdict;
    [en concurso] decision;
    el fallo del jurado the jury's verdict
    fallo absolutorio acquittal;
    fallo judicial court ruling
    fallo2, -a adj
    Chile Agr failed
    * * *
    m
    1 mistake;
    fallo del sistema INFOR system error
    2 TÉC fault
    3 JUR judg(e)ment
    * * *
    fallo nm
    1) sentencia: sentence, judgment, verdict
    2) : error, fault
    * * *
    1. (error) mistake / error
    3. (defecto) defect / flaw
    4. (avería) fault
    un fallo en el motor a fault in the engine / an engine fault

    Spanish-English dictionary > fallo

См. также в других словарях:

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