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21 provision
n1) снабжение, обеспечение; предоставление2) запас; резерв3) pl ассигнования; резервы на покрытие потерь4) положение, условие (договора, контракта); оговорка
- additional provision
- anti-greenmail provision
- backout provision
- bad debts provision
- blanket provision
- budgetary provision
- call provision
- charter provision
- constitutional provision
- contractual provisions
- conversion provision
- debt provision
- depreciation provision
- drop-dead provision
- financial provision
- fiscal provisions
- general provisions
- general loss provisions
- guarantee provisions
- legal provisions
- licence provisions
- loan loss provision
- monetary law provision
- mandatory provision
- mandatory provisions of a contract
- margin provision
- nonrecurring provisions
- permissive provision
- policy provisions
- standard provisions
- statutory provision
- treatry provisions
- warranty provision
- warranty provisions
- written provision
- provisions against losses
- provisions for bad debts
- provisions for capital reserves
- provisions for contingencies
- provision for cost overruns
- provisions for credit risks
- provision for depletion
- provision for depreciation
- provision for depreciation of gold and precious metals
- provisions for depreciation of investments in affiliated undertaking
- provision for depreciation of securities
- provision for doubtful accounts
- provision for doubtful debts
- provision for income tax
- provisions for liabilities and charges
- provisions for losses
- provision for losses on contractual commitments
- provision for losses on investment in securities
- provision for losses on loans and advances
- provision for losses on share investments
- provisions for material incentives fund
- provisions for negotiations
- provisions for outstanding losses
- provisions for payment
- provisions for pension costs
- provision for possible loss in value of securities
- provision for replacement of inventories
- provisions for the reserve fund
- provisions for reserves
- provision for retirement
- provision for risks
- provisions for securities
- provision for taxation
- provision for taxes
- provisions of an agreement
- provision of capital
- provision of consulting services
- provisions of a contract
- provision of credit
- provision of crediting
- provision of data
- provision of employment
- provision of financial resources
- provision of financing
- provision of funds
- provision of goods
- provisions of guarantee
- provisions of an insurance policy
- provision of law
- provisions of a lease
- provision of a loan
- provisions of a policy
- provision of services
- provision of technology
- provisions of warranty
- subject to provisions
- accept provisions
- apply provisions
- conform to guarantee provisions
- effectuate provisions
- enjoy warranty provisions
- follow the contractual provisions
- fulfil the contractual provisions
- implement provisions
- infringe the provisions
- make provisions
- observe provisions
- revise provisions
- set down provisionsEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > provision
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22 Constitutions
Beginning with the 1822 Constitution, which was imposed on a hesitant King João VI after his return from Brazil, Portugal has had six different constitutions of varying longevity. Most of them have undergone one or more major revisions. The following list indicates the political system and its dates, the dates of the constitution adopted, and the dates of major revisions. It should be noted that the 1976 Constitution of democratic Portugal is still in the process of revision.1822 Constitution (in effect: 1822-23, 1836-38)1826 Constitution (Carta = Charter)(in effect: 1826-28, 1834-36; reinstituted: 1842-1910); revised: 1852, 1885, 1895, 1896.) 1838 Constitution (in effect: 1838-42)1911 Constitution (in effect: 1911-33; revised: 1919, 1920, 1921.)1933 Constitution (in effect: 1933-74; included 1930 Colonial Act; revised: 1945, 1951, 1959, 1971.) Democratic Republic ( 1974-)1976 Constitution (in effect: 1976- ; revised: 1982, 1989, 1992, 1997.) -
23 Political parties
Portugal's political party system began only in the 19th century, and the first published, distinct political party program appeared about 1843. Under the constitutional monarchy (1834-1910), a number of political groupings or factions took the name of a political figure or soldier or, more commonly until the second half of the century, the name of the particular constitution they supported. For example, some were called "Septembrists," after the group that supported the 1836 (September) Revolution and the 1822 Constitution. Others described themselves as "Chartists" after King Pedro IV's 1826 Charter ( Carta). From the Regeneration to the fall of the monarchy in 1910, the leading political parties were the Regenerators and the Progressists (or Historicals). During the first parliamentary republic (1910-26), the leading political parties were the Portuguese Republican Party or "The Democrats," the Evolutionists, the Unionists, various monarchist factions, the Liberals, and the Nationalists. Small leftist parties were also established or reestablished after the collapse of President Sidónio Pais's New Republic (1917-18), the Socialist Party (PS) and the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP).Under the Estado Novo dictatorship (1926-74), all political parties and civic associations (such as the Masons) were banned in 1935, and the only legitimate political movement allowed was the regime's creature, the União Nacional (1930-74). Various oppositionist parties and factions began to participate in the rigged elections of the Estado Novo, beginning with the municipal elections of 1942 and continuing with general elections for president of the republic or the National Assembly (legislature) in 1945, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1961, 1969, 1972, etc. Among these parties were elements of the Communist Party, remnants of the old Portuguese Republican Party elite and of the old Socialist Party (originally founded in 1875), various workers' groups, and special electoral committees allowed by the regime to campaign during brief preelectoral exercises.The Revolution of 25 April 1974 swept away the regime's institutions and ushered in a flood of new political groups. During 1974 and 1975, about 60 new political parties and factions sprung up, but the PCP remained the senior, experienced political party. During the period of fallout and adjustment to the new pluralist, multiparty system of democracy (1974-85), four main political parties became the principal ones and garnered the largest percentage of votes in the many general and municipal elections held between the first free election of 25 April 1975, and the general election of 1985. These parties were the PCP, the PS, the Social Democrat Party (PSD), and the Social Democratic Center Party (CDS) or "Christian Democrats." Until 1985-87, the socialists were ahead in votes, but the social democrats were victorious, with clear majorities in 1987 and 1991. In the general elections of 1995 and 1999, the PS returned to power in the legislature, and in the presidential elections of 1996 and 2001, the victor was the socialist leader Jorge Sampaio. The PSD replaced the socialists in power in the 2002 general election.See also Left Bloc.
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