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1 cost composition of output
структура себестоимости продукции; структура стоимости продукцииАнгло-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > cost composition of output
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2 структура продукции
composition of output -
3 структура производства
1) Law: industrial structure2) Economy: composition of output, output mix, structure of production3) Accounting: pattern of production4) Business: production patternУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > структура производства
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4 сдвиги в структуре производства
Economy: shifts in the composition of outputУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > сдвиги в структуре производства
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5 себестоимость продукции
1) General subject: production prime cost (costs included in the production prime cost - расходы, отнесенные на себестоимость - Бухг.), cost of production of goods2) Economy: cost composition of output, product cost3) Accounting: production costs4) Stock Exchange: production cost5) Business: production price6) Management: cost of production7) Gold mining: product costsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > себестоимость продукции
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6 структура продукции
Economy: composition of output, product mixУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > структура продукции
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7 структура себестоимости продукции
Economy: cost composition of outputУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > структура себестоимости продукции
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8 структура стоимости продукции
Economy: cost composition of outputУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > структура стоимости продукции
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9 товарная структура продукции
General subject: commodity composition of outputУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > товарная структура продукции
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10 структура себестоимости продукции
cost composition of output4000 полезных слов и выражений > структура себестоимости продукции
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11 структура себестоимости продукции
Русско-Английский новый экономический словарь > структура себестоимости продукции
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12 товарная структура продукции
Русско-Английский новый экономический словарь > товарная структура продукции
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13 structural change
Econa change in the composition of output in an economy that means that resources have to be reallocated -
14 сводный баланс
1. composite balance sheet2. composite sheet sheet3. composition balance sheet4. consolidated sheet sheetбаланс, балансовый отчёт — balance sheet
5. cumulative balance sheet6. input-output table7. summary balance -
15 синтез
1) General subject: synthesis2) Medicine: fusion3) Military: fusion (ядра атома)4) Mathematics: design5) Linguistics: output generation6) Psychology: composition (в противоположность анализу)7) Oil: synthesizing9) Polymers: cooking (при нагревании)10) Automation: synthetics11) Makarov: creation, synthetic process12) Cement: preparation -
16 зведений
1) (про руку, ногу) contracted, cramped2) ( про рахунок) settled, closed3) summaryзведений баланс — summary balance, consolidated balance-sheet, composition balance sheet, consolidated ( financial) statement
зведений звіт — consolidated return, consolidated report, general report, master accounts
4) ( з кількох компонентів) combined, compositeзведений батальйон — composite ( mixed) battalion
5) -
17 إنتاج
n. reproduction, product, produce, make, manufacture, output, procreation, fructification, composition, growth, flow, child -
18 Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. c. 1394–9 Mainz, Germanyd. 3 February 1468 Mainz, Germany[br]German inventor of printing with movable type.[br]Few biographical details are known of Johann Gensfleisch zum Gutenberg, yet it has been said that he was responsible for Germany's most notable contribution to civilization. He was a goldsmith by trade, of a patrician family of the city of Mainz. He seems to have begun experiments on printing while a political exile in Strasbourg c. 1440. He returned to Mainz between 1444 and 1448 and continued his experiments, until by 1450 he had perfected his invention sufficiently to justify raising capital for its commercial exploitation.Circumstances were propitious for the invention of printing at that time. Rises in literacy and prosperity had led to the formation of a social class with the time and resources to develop a taste for reading, and the demand for reading matter had outstripped the ability of the scribes to satisfy it. The various technologies required were well established, and finally the flourishing textile industry was producing enough waste material, rag, to make paper, the only satisfactory and cheap medium for printing. There were others working along similar lines, but it was Gutenberg who achieved the successful adaptation and combination of technologies to arrive at a process by which many identical copies of a text could be produced in a wide variety of forms, of which the book was the most important. Gutenberg did make several technical innovations, however. The two-piece adjustable mould for casting types of varying width, from T to "M", was ingenious. Then he had to devise an oil-based ink suitable for inking metal type, derived from the painting materials developed by contemporary Flemish artists. Finally, probably after many experiments, he arrived at a metal alloy of distinctive composition suitable for casting type.In 1450 Gutenberg borrowed 800 guldens from Johannes Fust, a lawyer of Mainz, and two years later Fust advanced a further 800 guldens, securing for himself a partnership in Gutenberg's business. But in 1455 Fust foreclosed and the bulk of Gutenberg's equipment passed to Peter Schöffer, who was in the service of Fust and later married his daughter. Like most early printers, Gutenberg seems not to have appreciated, or at any rate to have been able to provide for, the great dilemma of the publishing trade, namely the outlay of considerable capital in advance of each publication and the slowness of the return. Gutenberg probably retained only the type for the 42- and 36-line bibles and possibly the Catholicon of 1460, an encyclopedic work compiled in the thirteenth century and whose production pointed the way to printing's role as a means of spreading knowledge. The work concluded with a short descriptive piece, or colophon, which is probably by Gutenberg himself and is the only output of his mind that we have; it manages to omit the names of both author and printer.Gutenberg seems to have abandoned printing after 1460, perhaps due to failing eyesight as well as for financial reasons, and he suffered further loss in the sack of Mainz in 1462. He received a kind of pension from the Archbishop in 1465, and on his death was buried in the Franciscan church in Mainz. The only major work to have issued for certain from Gutenberg's workshop is the great 42-line bible, begun in 1452 and completed by August 1456. The quality of this Graaf piece of printing is a tribute to Gutenberg's ability as a printer, and the soundness of his invention is borne out by the survival of the process as he left it to the world, unchanged for over three hundred years save in minor details.[br]Further ReadingA.Ruppel, 1967, Johannes Gutenberg: sein Leben und sein Werk, 3rd edn, Nieuwkoop: B.de Graaf (the standard biography), A.M.L.de Lamartine, 1960, Gutenberg, inventeur de l'imprimerie, Tallone.Scholderer, 1963, Gutenberg, Inventor of Printing, London: British Museum.S.H.Steinberg, 1974, Five Hundred Years of Printing 3rd edn, London: Penguin (provides briefer details).LRDBiographical history of technology > Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum
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19 Wicks, Frederick
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]fl. mid-nineteenth century[br]Scottish inventor of a typecasting machine.[br]During the nineteenth century, the mechanical printing press achieved great success in speeding up the output of printing matter, but it proved much more difficult to mechanize the making and setting of type. Before the advent of Monotype and Linotype machines towards the end of the century, the fastest typecasting machine was the rotary caster invented by Wicks in 1878. The machine was said to be capable of delivering 60,000 finished types an hour and was intended to meet the demands of newspaper publishers. The types were formed by forcing a stream of molten metal into moulds mounted on a chain, and the moulds were presented in turn before the nozzle of a metal pot. The Times newspaper installed a battery of Wicks typecasters in the 1880s that remained in use until they were replaced in 1908 with Monotype machines. Wicks also invented a typesetting machine in 1883 in which types stored in upright inclined channels were released by depressing a key. It was used for a time by some London newspapers in conjunc-tion with type produced at the Wicks foundry in Blackfriars Road, again until overtaken by the two finally successful hot-metal machines.[br]Further ReadingJ.Moran, 1965, The Composition of Reading Matter, London: Wace (provides some details about the Wicks caster).LRD
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