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121 bank certificate
Fina document, often requested during an audit, that is signed by a bank official and confirms the balances due or from a company on a specific date -
122 capacity utilization
1. Econthe output of an economy, firm, or plant divided by its output when working at full capacity2. Gen Mgt, Opsa measure of the plant and equipment of a company or industry that is actually being used to produce goods or services. Capacity utilization usually is the measure of output over a specific period, for example, the average output for a month, or at a given point in time, for example, on a given date. It can be expressed as a ratio, where utilization = actual output/design capacity. This measure is used in both capacity planning and capacity requirements planning processes. -
123 cash flow statement
Fina record of a company’s cash inflows and cash outflows over a specific period of time, typically a year.EXAMPLEIt reports funds on hand at the beginning of the period, funds received, funds spent, and funds remaining at the end of the period. Cash flows are divided into three categories: cash from operations; cashinvestment activities; and cash-financing activities. Companies with holdings in foreign currencies use a fourth classification: effects of changes in currency rates on cash. A standard direct cash-flow statement looks like this: -
124 fixed charge
Fina form of protection given to secured creditors relating to specific assets of a company. The charge grants the holder the right of enforcement against the identified asset (in the event of default on repayment) so that the creditor may realize the asset to meet the debt owed. Fixed charges rank first in order of priority in receivership or liquidation. -
125 gilt-edged security
Fin1. a security issued by the U.K. government that pays a fixed rate of interest on a regular basis for a specific period of time until the redemption date when the principal is returned. Their name, for example, Exchequer 10½% 2005 (abbreviated to Ex 10½% ’05) or Treasury 11¾% 2003–07 (abbreviated to Tr 11¾% ’03–’07) indicates the rate and redemption date. Thought to have originated in the 17th century to help fund the war with France, today they form a large part of the National Debt.2. a U.S. term used to describe a security issued by a blue-chip company, which is therefore considered very secure -
126 management training
HRplanned activities for management development. Management training methods include public or in-company training courses and on-the-job training designed to improve managerial competences. Management training tends to be practical and to focus on specific management techniques. Unlike management education, it does not result in a formal qualification. -
127 micromarketing
Mktgmarketing to individuals or very small groups. Micromarketing contrasts with mass marketing and targets the specific interests and needs of individuals by offering customized products or services. It is similar to niche marketing, but rather than targeting one large niche, a micromarketing company targets a large number of very small niches. -
128 network organization
Gen Mgta company or group of companies that has a minimum of formal structures and relies instead on the formation and dissolution of teams to meet specific objectives. A network organization utilizes information and communications technologies extensively, and makes use of know-how across and within companies along the value chain.
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