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41 организация организаци·я
1) (союз, объединение, ассоциация) organizationАзиатская организация высших контрольных органов (АЗОСАП) — Asian Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (ASOSAI)
Всемирная организация (по защите) интеллектуальной собственности — World Intellectual Property Organization
Европейская организация высших контрольных органов (ЕВРОСАП) — European Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (EUROSAI)
исследовательская организация, разрабатывающая планы и проекты для правительства — think-tank
международные организации — international bodies / institutions / organizations
Международная морская организация — Internaional Maritime Organization, IMO
Международная организация высших контрольных органов (ИНТОСАП) — International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI)
Международная организация гражданской авиации — International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO
Международная организация труда, МОТ — International Labour Organization, ILO
некоммерческая организация — nonprofit institution / organization
неформальные организации — unformal / unofficial organizations
областные организации — regional bodies / organizations
общественные организации — public / social organizations
разведывательная организация — intelligence agency / organization
реваншистские организации — revanchist / revenge-seeking organizations
родственная организация — related / relating organization
организации, входящие в систему ООН — organizations of the family
Организация договора Юго-Восточной Азии, СЕАТО ист. — South-East Asia Treaty Organization, SEATO
Организация Объединённых Наций, ООН — United Nations Organization, UNO
Организация по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе, ОБСЕ — Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, OSCE
организация по проведению анкетного опроса населения (для определения общественного мнения) — polling organization
Организация Североатлантического договора, НАТО — North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO
Организация стран — экспортёров нефти, ОПЕК — Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC
организация, финансирующая какое-л. мероприятие — sponsor
Организация Центрального Договора, СЕНТО ист. — Central Treaty Organization, CENTO
Организация экономического сотрудничества и развития, ОЭСР — Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD
штаб-квартира организации — headquarters / seat of an organization орденоносец order-bearer
2) (действие) organizationRussian-english dctionary of diplomacy > организация организаци·я
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42 Smith, Oberlin
[br]b. 22 March 1840 Cincinnati, Ohio, USAd. 18 July 1926[br]American mechanical engineer, pioneer in experiments with magnetic recording.[br]Of English descent, Smith embarked on an education in mechanical engineering, graduating from West Jersey Academy, Bridgeton, New Jersey, in 1859. In 1863 he established a machine shop in Bridgeton, New Jersey, that became the Ferracute Machine Company in 1877, eventually specializing in the manufacture of presses for metalworking. He seems to have subscribed to design principles considered modern even in the 1990s, "always giving attention to the development of artistic form in combination with simplicity, and with massive strength where required" (bibliographic reference below). He was successful in his business, and developed and patented a large number of mechanical constructions.Inspired by the advent of the phonograph of Edison, in 1878 Smith obtained the tin-foil mechanical phonograph, analysed its shortcomings and performed some experiments in magnetic recording. He filed a caveat in the US Patent Office in order to be protected while he "reduced the invention to practice". However, he did not follow this trail. When there was renewed interest in practical sound recording and reproduction in 1888 (the constructions of Berliner and Bell \& Tainter), Smith published an account of his experiments in the journal Electrical World. In a corrective letter three weeks later it is clear that he was aware of the physical requirements for the interaction between magnetic coil and magnetic medium, but his publications also indicate that he did not as such obtain reproduction of recorded sound.Smith did not try to develop magnetic recording, but he felt it imperative that he be given credit for conceiving the idea of it. When accounts of Valdemar Poulsen's work were published in 1900, Smith attempted to prove some rights in the invention in the US Patent Office, but to no avail.He was a highly respected member of both his community and engineering societies, and in later life became interested in the anti-slavery cause that had also been close to the heart of his parents, as well as in the YMCA movement and in women's suffrage.[br]BibliographyApart from numerous technical papers, he wrote the book Press Working of Metals, 1896. His accounts on the magnetic recording experiments were "Some possible forms of phonograph", Electrical World (8 September 1888): 161 ff, and "Letter to the Editor", Electrical World (29 September 1888): 179.Further ReadingF.K.Engel, 1990, Documents on the Invention of Magnetic Recording in 1878, New York: Audio Engineering Society, Reprint no. 2,914 (G2) (a good overview of the material collected by the Oberlin Smith Society, Bridgeton, New Jersey, in particular as regards the recording experiments; it is here that it is doubted that Valdemar Poulsen developed his ideas independently).GB-N -
43 Sperry, Elmer Ambrose
[br]b. 21 October 1860 Cincinnatus, Cortland County, New York, USAd. 16 June 1930 Brooklyn, New York, USA[br]American entrepreneur who invented the gyrocompass.[br]Sperry was born into a farming community in Cortland County. He received a rudimentary education at the local school, but an interest in mechanical devices was aroused by the agricultural machinery he saw around him. His attendance at the Normal School in Cortland provided a useful theoretical background to his practical knowledge. He emerged in 1880 with an urge to pursue invention in electrical engineering, then a new and growing branch of technology. Within two years he was able to patent and demonstrate his arc lighting system, complete with its own generator, incorporating new methods of regulating its output. The Sperry Electric Light, Motor and Car Brake Company was set up to make and market the system, but it was difficult to keep pace with electric-lighting developments such as the incandescent lamp and alternating current, and the company ceased in 1887 and was replaced by the Sperry Electric Company, which itself was taken over by the General Electric Company.In the 1890s Sperry made useful inventions in electric mining machinery and then in electric street-or tramcars, with his patent electric brake and control system. The patents for the brake were important enough to be bought by General Electric. From 1894 to 1900 he was manufacturing electric motor cars of his own design, and in 1900 he set up a laboratory in Washington, where he pursued various electrochemical processes.In 1896 he began to work on the practical application of the principle of the gyroscope, where Sperry achieved his most notable inventions, the first of which was the gyrostabilizer for ships. The relatively narrow-hulled steamship rolled badly in heavy seas and in 1904 Ernst Otto Schuck, a German naval engineer, and Louis Brennan in England began experiments to correct this; their work stimulated Sperry to develop his own device. In 1908 he patented the active gyrostabilizer, which acted to correct a ship's roll as soon as it started. Three years later the US Navy agreed to try it on a destroyer, the USS Worden. The successful trials of the following year led to widespread adoption. Meanwhile, in 1910, Sperry set up the Sperry Gyroscope Company to extend the application to commercial shipping.At the same time, Sperry was working to apply the gyroscope principle to the ship's compass. The magnetic compass had worked well in wooden ships, but iron hulls and electrical machinery confused it. The great powers' race to build up their navies instigated an urgent search for a solution. In Germany, Anschütz-Kämpfe (1872–1931) in 1903 tested a form of gyrocompass and was encouraged by the authorities to demonstrate the device on the German flagship, the Deutschland. Its success led Sperry to develop his own version: fortunately for him, the US Navy preferred a home-grown product to a German one and gave Sperry all the backing he needed. A successful trial on a destroyer led to widespread acceptance in the US Navy, and Sperry was soon receiving orders from the British Admiralty and the Russian Navy.In the rapidly developing field of aeronautics, automatic stabilization was becoming an urgent need. In 1912 Sperry began work on a gyrostabilizer for aircraft. Two years later he was able to stage a spectacular demonstration of such a device at an air show near Paris.Sperry continued research, development and promotion in military and aviation technology almost to the last. In 1926 he sold the Sperry Gyroscope Company to enable him to devote more time to invention.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsJohn Fritz Medal 1927. President, American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1928.BibliographySperry filed over 400 patents, of which two can be singled out: 1908. US patent no. 434,048 (ship gyroscope); 1909. US patent no. 519,533 (ship gyrocompass set).Further ReadingT.P.Hughes, 1971, Elmer Sperry, Inventor and Engineer, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (a full and well-documented biography, with lists of his patents and published writings).LRD
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