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1 Godowsky, Leopold Jr
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 27 May 1900 Chicago, Illinois, USA d. 1983[br]American musician and photographic experimenter whose researches, with those of his colleague Mannes, led to the introduction of the first commercial tripack colour film, Kodachrome.[br]Both from distinguished musical families, Godowsky and Leopold Damrosch Mannes met at Riverdale School in New York in 1916, and shared an interest in photography. They began experiments in methods of additive colour photography, gaining a patent for a three-colour projector. Godowsky went to the University of California to study chemistry, physics and mathematics, while working as a professional violinist; Mannes, a pianist, went to Harvard to study music and physics. They kept in touch, and after graduating they joined up in New York, working as musicians and experimenting in colour photography in their spare time.Initially working in kitchens and bathrooms, they succeeded in creating a two-layer colour photographic plate, with emulsions separately sensitized to parts of the spectrum, and patented the process. This achievement was all the greater since they were unable to make the emulsions themselves and had to resort to buying commercial photographic plates so that they could scrape off the emulsions, remelt them and coat their experimental materials. In 1922 their work came to the attention of C.E.K. Mees, the leading photographic scientist and Director of the Eastman Kodak Research Laboratory in Rochester, New York. Mees arranged for plates to be coated to their specifications. With a grant from Kuhn, Loeb \& Co. they were able to rent laboratory space. Learning of Rudolf Fischer's early work on dye couplers, they worked to develop a new process incorporating them. Mees saw that their work, however promising, would not develop in an amateur laboratory, and in 1930 he invited them to join the Kodak Research Laboratory, where they arrived on 15 June 1931. Their new colleagues worked on ways of coating multi-layer film, while Mannes and Godowsky worked out a method of separately processing the individual layers in the exposed film. The result was Kodachrome film, the first of the modern integral tripack films, launched on 15 April 1935.They remained with Eastman Kodak until December 1939; their work contributed to the later appearance of Ektachrome colour-reversal film and the Kodacolor and Eastman Color negative-positive colour processes. Mannes became the Director of his father's Music Academy in New York, remaining as such until his death in 1964. Godowsky returned to Westport, Connecticut, and continued to study mathematics at Columbia University. He carried out photographic research un his private laboratory up until the time of his death in 1983.[br]Further ReadingC.E.K.Mees, 1961, From Dry Plates to Ektachrome Film, New York.BC -
2 плёнка
ж. film -
3 кинопленка
cinefilm, motion-picture film, film, film product, photographic film stock, film strip, motion picture film strip* * *киноплё́нка ж.
cine [motion-picture] film, filmацетилцеллюло́зная киноплё́нка — cellulose acetate filmбезопа́сная киноплё́нка — safety filmкиноплё́нка для звукоза́писи — sound-recording filmконтра́стная киноплё́нка — duplicating [intermediate] filmли́нзово-ра́стровая киноплё́нка — lenticular cine filmмелкозерни́стая киноплё́нка — fine-grain cine filmнегати́вная киноплё́нка — negative cine filmнегорю́чая киноплё́нка — non-flammable filmнеэкспони́рованная киноплё́нка — raw filmнитроцеллюло́зная киноплё́нка — cellulose nitrate filmобрати́мая киноплё́нка — reversal cine filmпозити́вная киноплё́нка — positive cine filmу́зкая киноплё́нка — sub-standard [narrow-gauge] cine filmцветна́я киноплё́нка — colour cine filmчё́рно-бе́лая киноплё́нка — black-and-write cine filmширокоформа́тная киноплё́нка — large [wide-gauge] film* * * -
4 фотоплёнка
light-sensitive film, film, stencil paper, film product* * *фотоплё́нка ж.
(photographic) filmфотоплё́нка скру́чивается ( в поперечном направлении) — the film curlsкату́шечная фотоплё́нка — roll filmнегати́вная фотоплё́нка — negative filmобрати́мая фотоплё́нка — reversal [reversible] filmпло́ская фотоплё́нка — cut [flat] filmпозити́вная фотоплё́нка — positive filmрастри́рованная фотоплё́нка — film with the lattice-work of the crossed linesро́ликовая фотоплё́нка — roll filmформа́тная фотоплё́нка — cut [flat] filmцветна́я фотоплё́нка — colour photographic filmчё́рно-бе́лая фотоплё́нка — black-and-white film -
5 киноплёнка
ж. cine film, film -
6 Lumière, Auguste
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 19 October 1862 Besançon, Franced. 10 April 1954 Lyon, France[br]French scientist and inventor.[br]Auguste and his brother Louis Lumière (b. 5 October 1864 Besançon, France; d. 6 June 1948 Bandol, France) developed the photographic plate-making business founded by their father, Charles Antoine Lumière, at Lyons, extending production to roll-film manufacture in 1887. In the summer of 1894 their father brought to the factory a piece of Edison kinetoscope film, and said that they should produce films for the French owners of the new moving-picture machine. To do this, of course, a camera was needed; Louis was chiefly responsible for the design, which used an intermittent claw for driving the film, inspired by a sewing-machine mechanism. The machine was patented on 13 February 1895, and it was shown on 22 March 1895 at the Société d'Encouragement pour l'In-dustrie Nationale in Paris, with a projected film showing workers leaving the Lyons factory. Further demonstrations followed at the Sorbonne, and in Lyons during the Congrès des Sociétés de Photographie in June 1895. The Lumières filmed the delegates returning from an excursion, and showed the film to the Congrès the next day. To bring the Cinématographe, as it was called, to the public, the basement of the Grand Café in the Boulevard des Capuchines in Paris was rented, and on Saturday 28 December 1895 the first regular presentations of projected pictures to a paying public took place. The half-hour shows were an immediate success, and in a few months Lumière Cinématographes were seen throughout the world.The other principal area of achievement by the Lumière brothers was colour photography. They took up Lippman's method of interference colour photography, developing special grainless emulsions, and early in 1893 demonstrated their results by lighting them with an arc lamp and projecting them on to a screen. In 1895 they patented a method of subtractive colour photography involving printing the colour separations on bichromated gelatine glue sheets, which were then dyed and assembled in register, on paper for prints or bound between glass for transparencies. Their most successful colour process was based upon the colour-mosaic principle. In 1904 they described a process in which microscopic grains of potato starch, dyed red, green and blue, were scattered on a freshly varnished glass plate. When dried the mosaic was coated with varnish and then with a panchromatic emulsion. The plate was exposed with the mosaic towards the lens, and after reversal processing a colour transparency was produced. The process was launched commercially in 1907 under the name Autochrome; it was the first fully practical single-plate colour process to reach the public, remaining on the market until the 1930s, when it was followed by a film version using the same principle.Auguste and Louis received the Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society in 1909 for their work in colour photography. Auguste was also much involved in biological science and, having founded the Clinique Auguste Lumière, spent many of his later years working in the physiological laboratory.[br]Further ReadingGuy Borgé, 1980, Prestige de la photographie, Nos. 8, 9 and 10, Paris. Brian Coe, 1978, Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years, London ——1981, The History of Movie Photography, London.Jacques Deslandes, 1966, Histoire comparée du cinéma, Vol. I, Paris. Gert Koshofer, 1981, Farbfotografie, Vol. I, Munich.BC -
7 плёнка
skim, skin, layer, sheet* * *плё́нка ж.
filmзапи́сывать на плё́нку — record on filmзаряжа́ть плё́нку кфт. — load a cameraнаноси́ть плё́нку като́дным распыле́нием — sputter a filmнапыля́ть плё́нку испаре́нием — deposit by evaporationобвола́кивать плё́нкой — filmма́сло обвола́кивает твё́рдые части́цы плё́нкой — the oil films the solid particlesобраба́тывать плё́нку кфт. — process the filmосажда́ть [наноси́ть осажде́нием] плё́нку — deposit a filmпроявля́ть плё́нку — develop the filmстека́ть то́нкой плё́нкой — flow in thin sheetsадсорбцио́нная плё́нка — adsorbed filmацета́тная плё́нка — acetate filmацетилцеллюло́зная плё́нка — acetate filmбесподло́жечная плё́нка — unbacked filmбрызгозащи́тная плё́нка — antispray (oil) filmвысокочувстви́тельная плё́нка — high-speed [fast] filmдвусторо́нняя плё́нка — duplitized filmдвухэмульсио́нная плё́нка — sandwich filmдиазоти́пная плё́нка кфт. — diazosensitized filmдиапозити́вная плё́нка — transparency filmкле́йкая плё́нка — adhesive filmли́нзово-ра́стровая плё́нка — lenticutal filmмагни́тная плё́нка — magnetic filmмагнитострикцио́нная плё́нка — magnetostrictive filmмалочувстви́тельная плё́нка — slow filmмелкозерни́стая плё́нка — fine-grain filmмономолекуля́рная плё́нка — monomolecular [unimolecular] film, monomolecular layerмонта́жная плё́нка полигр. — stripping filmплё́нка на грани́це разде́ла фаз — interfacial filmплё́нка на кра́ске ( засохшая) — paint scumневоспламеня́ющаяся плё́нка — safety filmнегати́вная плё́нка — negative filmнепрозра́чная плё́нка — opaque filmнеэкспони́рованная плё́нка — unexposed filmобрати́мая плё́нка — reversal [reversible] filmокси́дная плё́нка — oxide filmортохромати́ческая плё́нка — orthochromatic filmпанхромати́ческая плё́нка — panchromatic filmпарова́я плё́нка — steam blanket, steam filmпове́рхностная плё́нка — surface filmпозити́вная плё́нка — positive filmпокро́вная плё́нка кож. — coating filmполивинилхлори́дная плё́нка — polyvinylchloride [PVC] filmполиме́рная плё́нка — polymer filmполиэтиле́новая плё́нка — polyethylene filmполупроводнико́вая плё́нка — semiconductor filmпрозра́чная плё́нка — transparent filmрадиографи́ческая плё́нка — radiographic filmрастри́рованная плё́нка — screened [pre-screened] filmрезисти́вная плё́нка — resistive filmрентге́новская плё́нка — X-ray filmрота́торная плё́нка цел.-бум. — duplicating stencil paperсверхпроводя́щая плё́нка — superconducting filmсветочувстви́тельная плё́нка — light-sensitive filmсегнетоэлектри́ческая плё́нка — ferroelectric filmскле́ивающая плё́нка — glue filmплё́нка с подло́жкой — backed filmто́лстая плё́нка — thick filmто́нкая плё́нка — thin filmупако́вочная плё́нка — packaging filmферромагни́тная плё́нка — ferromagnetic filmфлюорографи́ческая плё́нка — fluorographic filmплё́нка фоногра́ммы — sound filmфотографи́ческая плё́нка — photographic filmфоторезисти́вная плё́нка — photoresist filmцветна́я плё́нка — colour filmцеллофа́новая плё́нка — cellophane filmцилиндри́ческая плё́нка — cylindrical filmчё́рно-бе́лая плё́нка — black-and-white filmэпитаксиа́льная плё́нка — epitaxial [epitaxially grown] film -
8 Umkehrfarbfilm
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