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21 negative
негатив; негативныйassembled negative — комбинированный негатив, негатив для смешанной формы ; монтаж негативов
contact negative — контактный негатив, негатив, полученный путём контактной печати с позитива
dense negative — плотный негатив, негатив повышенной плотности
direct color separation negative — негатив, растрированный во время цветоделения, цветоделённый негатив, полученный способом прямого растрирования
duplicate negative — негатив-дубликат, дубль-негатив
faint negative — малоконтрастный негатив, негатив пониженной плотности
gang negative — негатив с рядом повторяющихся изображений, групповой негатив
normal negative — нормальный негатив, негатив нормальной плотности
paper negative — негатив на фотобумаге, негатив на бумажной подложке
photocontact paper negative — негатив на фотобумаге, служащий для рефлексного копирования
negative logic — отрицательная логика; негативная логика
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22 Dancer, John Benjamin
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1812 Englandd. 1887 England[br]English instrument maker and photographer, pioneer of microphotography.[br]The son of a scientific instrument maker, Dancer was educated privately in Liverpool, where from 1817 his father practised his trade. John Benjamin became a skilled instrument maker in his own right, assisting in the family business until his father's death in 1835. He set up on his own in Liverpool in 1840 and in Manchester in 1841. In the course of his career Dancer made instruments for several of the leading scientists of the day, his clients including Brewster, Dalton and Joule.Dancer became interested in photography as soon as the new art was announced in 1839 and practised the processes of both Talbot and Daguerre. It was later claimed that as early as 1839 he used an achromatic lens combination to produce a minute image on a daguerreotype plate, arguably the world's first microphotograph and the precursor of modern microfilm. It was not until the introduction of Archer's wet-collodion process in 1851 that Dancer was able to perfect the technique however. He went on to market a long series of microphotographs which proved extremely popular with both the public and contemporary photographers. It was examples of Dancer's microphotographs that prompted the French photographer Dagron to begin his work in the same field. In 1853 Dancer constructed a binocular stereoscopic camera, the first practicable instrument of its type. In an improved form it was patented and marketed in 1856.Dancer also made important contributions to the magic lantern. He was the first to suggest the use of limelight as an illuminant, pioneered the use of photographic lantern slides and devised an ingenious means of switching gas from one lantern illuminant to another to produce what were known as dissolving views. He was a resourceful innovator in other fields of instrumentation and suggested several other minor improvements to scientific apparatus before his working life was sadly terminated by the loss of his sight.[br]Further ReadingAnon., 1973, "John Benjamin Dancer, originator of microphotography", British Journal of Photography (16 February): 139–41.H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London.JW -
23 Sutton, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1819 Englandd. 1875 Jersey, Channel Islands[br]English photographer and writer on photography.[br]In 1841, while studying at Cambridge, Sutton became interested in photography and tried out the current processes, daguerreotype, calotype and cyanotype among them. He subsequently settled in Jersey, where he continued his photographic studies. In 1855 he opened a photographic printing works in Jersey, in partnership with L.-D. Blanquart- Evrard, exploiting the latter's process for producing developed positive prints. He started and edited one of the first photographic periodicals, Photographic Notes, in 1856; until its cessation in 1867, his journal presented a fresher view of the world of photography than that given by its London-based rivals. He also drew up the first dictionary of photography in 1858.In 1859 Sutton designed and patented a wideangle lens in which the space between two meniscus lenses, forming parts of a sphere and sealed in a metal rim, was filled with water; the lens so formed could cover an angle of up to 120 degrees at an aperture of f12. Sutton's design was inspired by observing the images produced by the water-filled sphere of a "snowstorm" souvenir brought home from Paris! Sutton commissioned the London camera-maker Frederick Cox to make the Panoramic camera, demonstrating the first model in January 1860; it took panoramic pictures on curved glass plates 152×381 mm in size. Cox later advertised other models in a total of four sizes. In January 1861 Sutton handed over manufacture to Andrew Ross's son Thomas Ross, who produced much-improved lenses and also cameras in three sizes. Sutton then developed the first single-lens reflex camera design, patenting it on 20 August 1961: a pivoted mirror, placed at 45 degrees inside the camera, reflected the image from the lens onto a ground glass-screen set in the top of the camera for framing and focusing. When ready, the mirror was swung up out of the way to allow light to reach the plate at the back of the camera. The design was manufactured for a few years by Thomas Ross and J.H. Dallmeyer.In 1861 James Clerk Maxwell asked Sutton to prepare a series of photographs for use in his lecture "On the theory of three primary colours", to be presented at the Royal Institution in London on 17 May 1861. Maxwell required three photographs to be taken through red, green and blue filters, which were to be printed as lantern slides and projected in superimposition through three projectors. If his theory was correct, a colour reproduction of the original subject would be produced. Sutton used liquid filters: ammoniacal copper sulphate for blue, copper chloride for the green and iron sulphocyanide for the red. A fourth exposure was made through lemon-yellow glass, but was not used in the final demonstration. A tartan ribbon in a bow was used as the subject; the wet-collodion process in current use required six seconds for the blue exposure, about twice what would have been needed without the filter. After twelve minutes no trace of image was produced through the green filter, which had to be diluted to a pale green: a twelve-minute exposure then produced a serviceable negative. Eight minutes was enough to record an image through the red filter, although since the process was sensitive only to blue light, nothing at all should have been recorded. In 1961, R.M.Evans of the Kodak Research Laboratory showed that the red liquid transmitted ultraviolet radiation, and by an extraordinary coincidence many natural red dye-stuffs reflect ultraviolet. Thus the red separation was made on the basis of non-visible radiation rather than red, but the net result was correct and the projected images did give an identifiable reproduction of the original. Sutton's photographs enabled Maxwell to establish the validity of his theory and to provide the basis upon which all subsequent methods of colour photography have been founded.JW / BC
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Collodion — is a flammable, syrupy solution of pyroxylin (a.k.a. nitrocellulose , cellulose nitrate , flash paper , and gun cotton ) in ether and alcohol. There are two basic types; flexible and non flexible. The flexible type is often used as a surgical… … Wikipedia
Collodion — Col*lo di*on, n. [Gr. ? like glue; ko lla glue + ? form. Cf. {Colloid}.] (Chem.) A solution of pyroxylin (soluble gun cotton) in ether containing a varying proportion of alcohol. It is strongly adhesive, and is used by surgeons as a coating for… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Collodion process — Collodion Col*lo di*on, n. [Gr. ? like glue; ko lla glue + ? form. Cf. {Colloid}.] (Chem.) A solution of pyroxylin (soluble gun cotton) in ether containing a varying proportion of alcohol. It is strongly adhesive, and is used by surgeons as a… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Collodion process — An old deteriorated wet plate featuring Theodore Roosevelt The collodion process is an early photographic process. It was introduced in the 1850s and by the end of that decade it had almost entirely replaced the first practical photographic… … Wikipedia
Collodion-albumen process — The Collodion Albumen process is one of the early dry plate processes, invented by Joseph Sidebotham in 1861. The process lacked economical success because the plate was much less sensitive (about 1/4)[clarification needed]and tended to have… … Wikipedia
collodion process — noun : a photographic process in which collodion is used as a vehicle for sensitive salts; specifically : an early process in which the negative is prepared by coating a glass plate with collodion containing iodide, exposing in a camera while wet … Useful english dictionary
collodion wet plate — A photographic process invented in 1851, involving the use of a thick glass plate on which to create a negative, exposing it in the camera with its emulsion still wet. Also called wet plate and wet collodion process. It was the standard… … Glossary of Art Terms
collodion process — Photog. See wet plate process. [1865 60] * * * … Universalium
wet plate — noun : an iodized collodion coated photographic glass plate exposed while wet after sensitizing in a silver nitrate solution compare collodion process * * * wet plate noun (photography) A plate coated with collodion and sensitized with a salt of… … Useful english dictionary
wet plate — noun Photography a sensitized collodion plate exposed in the camera while the collodion is moist … English new terms dictionary
Styptic collodion — Collodion Col*lo di*on, n. [Gr. ? like glue; ko lla glue + ? form. Cf. {Colloid}.] (Chem.) A solution of pyroxylin (soluble gun cotton) in ether containing a varying proportion of alcohol. It is strongly adhesive, and is used by surgeons as a… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English