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1 каменноугольный бензол
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2 каменноугольный бензол
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3 бензол
1) General subject: benzene, benzol, benzole, carbon oil2) Engineering: one-degree benzene3) Chemistry: benz, coal naphtha, phene, phenyl hydride, phone4) Automobile industry: benzene (смесь разных углеводородов бензольного ряда), benzine, benzol (смесь разных углеводородов бензольного ряда)5) Textile: light ligroine6) Physics: bensole8) Polymers: coal tar naphtha9) Makarov: tar spirit -
4 каменноугольный бензол
Chemistry: coal naphthaУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > каменноугольный бензол
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5 Macintosh, Charles
[br]b. 29 December 1766 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 25 July 1843 Dunchattan, near Glasgow, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor of rubberized waterproof clothing.[br]As the son of the well-known and inventive dyer George Macintosh, Charles had an early interest in chemistry. At the age of 19 he gave up his work as a clerk with a Glasgow merchant to manufacture sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) and developed new processes in dyeing. In 1797 he started the first Scottish alum works, finding the alum in waste shale from coal mines. His first works was at Hurlet, Renfrewshire, and was followed later by others. He then formed a partnership with Charles Tennant, the proprietor of a chemical works at St Rollox, near Glasgow, and sold "lime bleaching liquor" made with chlorine and milk of lime from their bleach works at Darnley. A year later the use of dry lime to make bleaching powder, a process worked out by Macintosh, was patented. Macintosh remained associated with Tennant's St Rollox chemical works until 1814. During this time, in 1809, he had set up a yeast factory, but it failed because of opposition from the London brewers.There was a steady demand for the ammonia that gas works produced, but the tar was often looked upon as an inconvenient waste product. Macintosh bought all the ammonia and tar that the Glasgow works produced, using the ammonia in his establishment to produce cudbear, a dyestuff extracted from various lichens. Cudbear could be used with appropriate mordants to make shades from pink to blue. The tar could be distilled to produce naphtha, which was used as a flare. Macintosh also became interested in ironmaking. In 1825 he took out a patent for converting malleable iron into steel by taking it to white heat in a current of gas with a carbon content, such as coal gas. However, the process was not commercially successful because of the difficulty keeping the furnace gas-tight. In 1828 he assisted J.B. Neilson in bringing hot blast into use in blast furnaces; Neilson assigned Macintosh a share in the patent, which was of dubious benefit as it involved him in the tortuous litigation that surrounded the patent until 1843.In June 1823, as a result of experiments into the possible uses of naphtha obtained as a by-product of the distillation of coal tar, Macintosh patented his process for waterproofing fabric. This comprised dissolving rubber in naphtha and applying the solution to two pieces of cloth which were afterwards pressed together to form an impermeable compound fabric. After an experimental period in Glasgow, Macintosh commenced manufacture in Manchester, where he formed a partnership with H.H.Birley, B.Kirk and R.W.Barton. Birley was a cotton spinner and weaver and was looking for ways to extend the output of his cloth. He was amongst the first to light his mills with gas, so he shared a common interest with Macintosh.New buildings were erected for the production of waterproof cloth in 1824–5, but there were considerable teething troubles with the process, particularly in the spreading of the rubber solution onto the cloth. Peter Ewart helped to install the machinery, including a steam engine supplied by Boulton \& Watt, and the naphtha was supplied from Macintosh's works in Glasgow. It seems that the process was still giving difficulties when Thomas Hancock, the foremost rubber technologist of that time, became involved in 1830 and was made a partner in 1834. By 1836 the waterproof coat was being called a "mackintosh" [sic] and was gaining such popularity that the Manchester business was expanded with additional premises. Macintosh's business was gradually enlarged to include many other kinds of indiarubber products, such as rubber shoes and cushions.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1823.Further ReadingG.Macintosh, 1847, Memoir of Charles Macintosh, London (the fullest account of Charles Macintosh's life).T.Hancock, 1957, Narrative of the Indiarubber Manufacture, London.H.Schurer, 1953, "The macintosh: the paternity of an invention", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 28:77–87 (an account of the invention of the mackintosh).RLH / LRD -
6 Mansfield, Charles Blachford
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 8 May 1819 Rowner, Hampshire, Englandd. 26 February 1855 London, England[br]English chemist, founder of coal-tar chemistry.[br]Mansfield, the son of a country clergyman, was educated privately at first, then at Winchester College and at Cambridge; ill health, which dogged his early years, delayed his graduation until 1846. He was first inclined to medicine, but after settling in London, chemistry seemed to him to offer the true basis of the grand scheme of knowledge he aimed to establish. After completing the chemistry course at the Royal College of Chemistry in London, he followed the suggestion of its first director, A.W.von Hofmann, of investigating the chemistry of coal tar. This work led to a result of great importance for industry by demonstrating the valuable substances that could be extracted from coal tar. Mansfield obtained pure benzene, and toluene by a process for which he was granted a patent in 1848 and published in the Chemical Society's journal the same year The following year he published a pamphlet on the applications of benzene.Blessed with a private income, Mansfield had no need to support himself by following a regular profession. He was therefore able to spread his brilliant talents in several directions instead of confining them to a single interest. During the period of unrest in 1848, he engaged in social work with a particular concern to improve sanitation. In 1850, a description of a balloon machine in Paris led him to study aeronautics for a while, which bore fruit in an influential book, Aerial Navigation (London, 1851). He then visited Paraguay, making a characteristically thorough and illuminating study of conditions there. Upon his return to London in 1853, Mansfield resumed his chemical studies, especially on salts. He published his results in 1855 as Theory of Salts, his most important contribution to chemical theory.Mansfield was in the process of preparing specimens of benzene for the Paris Exhibition of 1855 when a naphtha still overflowed and caught fire. In carrying it to a place of safety, Mansfield sustained injuries which unfortunately proved fatal.[br]Bibliography1851, Aerial Navigation, London. 1855, Theory of Salts, London.Further ReadingE.R.Ward, 1969, "Charles Blachford Mansfield, 1819–1855, coal tar chemist and social reformer", Chemistry and Industry 66:1,530–7 (offers a good and well-documented account of his life and achievements).LRDBiographical history of technology > Mansfield, Charles Blachford
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7 керосин
1) General subject: burning oil, kerosene, mineral turpentine (Mineral turpentine is a hydrotreated light distillate of petroleum, and consists of a complex mixture of highly refined hydrocarbon distillates mainly in the C9-C16 range. -- Смеси углеводородов, преимущественно C9-C16 (вы), naphtha, paraffin, paraffin oil2) Geology: crude naphtha, mineral oil3) Naval: petroleum oil4) Engineering: carbon oil, kerosene stock, kerosine, kerosine oil, paraffine oil5) Chemistry: astral oil, coal oil, illuminating oil, kerosene oil, lamp oil, mineral burning oil, paraffine, paraffinic oil, petroleum, refined oil6) Australian slang: kero7) Automobile industry: liquid petroleum oil8) Mining: petrol9) Oil: American paraffin oil, kerosene( jet fuel) (авиационный керосин), vaporizing oil10) Drilling: american paraffine oil -
8 нефть
1) General subject: black gold, (сырая) earth oil, oil, oil fuel, oil-fuel, petrol, petroleum, (сырая) rock tar, rock-oil, stone oil2) Geology: mineral earth-oil, oleum terrae3) Colloquial: Texas Tea (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum)4) Obsolete: Seneca oil, Sicilian oil, oyl of peter5) Latin: oleum vivum6) Engineering: bad oil, crude oil (смесь углеводородов в жидком состоянии в пласте и на выходе из сепаратора; смесь углеводородов в жидком состоянии и неуглеводородов, добываемых с нефтью), oil in place, refinable crude7) Construction: (сырая) crude oil, petroleum-oil8) Railway term: fuel oil9) Automobile industry: heavy oil11) Jargon: devil's tar12) Oil: crude, crude oil (смесь углеводородов в жидком состоянии в пласте и на выходе из сепаратора), earth oil, fossil oil, geoline, mineral earth oil, mineral oil, naphtha, oil (все жидкие углеводороды, получаемые из скважины, и конденсаты, извлекаемые из природного газа), oil (жидкие углеводороды, получаемые из скважин, и конденсаты, извлекаемые из природного газа), rock oil, rock tar14) Sakhalin energy glossary: pipeline oil15) Polymers: coal oil16) Makarov: crude (сырая), crude oil (1. смесь углеводородов в жидком состоянии в пласте и на выходе из сепаратора;, 2. смесь углеводородов в жидком состоянии и неуглеводородов, добываемых с нефтью), crude petroleum, oil (все жидкие углеводороды, получаемые из скважин, и конденсаты, извлекаемые из природного газа), petroleum (природная смесь жидких углеводородов и орг. соединений кислорода, серы и азота), petroleum (смесь жидких углеводородов) -
9 каменноугольный сольвент
1) Oil: coal-tar solvent2) Polymers: coal tar naphthaУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > каменноугольный сольвент
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10 каменноугольная смола, применяющаяся в качестве растворителя при химической чистке
Textile: coal-tar naphthaУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > каменноугольная смола, применяющаяся в качестве растворителя при химической чистке
См. также в других словарях:
Naphtha — Naph tha (n[a^]f th[.a] or n[a^]p th[.a]), n. [L. naphtha, Gr. na fqa, fr.Ar. nafth, nifth.] 1. (Chem.) The complex mixture of volatile, liquid, inflammable hydrocarbons, occurring naturally, and usually called {crude petroleum}, {mineral oil},… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Naphtha vitrioli — Naphtha Naph tha (n[a^]f th[.a] or n[a^]p th[.a]), n. [L. naphtha, Gr. na fqa, fr.Ar. nafth, nifth.] 1. (Chem.) The complex mixture of volatile, liquid, inflammable hydrocarbons, occurring naturally, and usually called {crude petroleum}, {mineral … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
naphtha — [naf′thə, nap′thə] n. [L < Gr naphtha, naphtha, bitumen < Pers neft, pitch < ? IE base * nebh , damp, water > Gr nephelē, cloud, fog] 1. a flammable, volatile, oily liquid produced by the fractional distillation of petroleum: it is… … English World dictionary
Coal gasification — is the process of producing coal gas, a type of syngas–a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapour (H2O)–from coal. Coal gas, which is a combustible gas, was traditionally used as a source of energy for … Wikipedia
Coal liquefaction — is the process of producing synthetic liquid fuels from coal. Contents 1 Methods 1.1 Pyrolysis and carbonization processes 1.2 Hydrogenation processes 1.3 … Wikipedia
naphtha — ► NOUN ▪ a flammable oil distilled from coal, shale, or petroleum. ORIGIN Greek … English terms dictionary
naphtha — naphthous, adj. /naf theuh, nap /, n. 1. a colorless, volatile petroleum distillate, usually an intermediate product between gasoline and benzine, used as a solvent, fuel, etc. Cf. mineral spirits. 2. any of various similar liquids distilled from … Universalium
Naphtha — Not to be confused with naphthalene, a solid benzene derivative which is the main ingredient in mothballs. Naphtha ( /ˈn … Wikipedia
Naphtha launch — An Escher Wyss launch of 1888 Alfred Nobel s aluminium hulled … Wikipedia
coal tar — noun a tar formed from distillation of bituminous coal; coal tar can be further distilled to give various aromatic compounds • Hypernyms: ↑pitch, ↑tar • Substance Meronyms: ↑naphthalene * * * noun : tar obtained by the destructive distillation of … Useful english dictionary
Naphtha flare — Most naphtha flare lamps are forerunners of the nowadays widely known high pressure parrafin lamps such as Coleman, Tilley and Petromax, They were invented around 1830 and widely used by showmen, market stall holders, and circuses until World War … Wikipedia