-
1 al-múgi
a, and almúgr, s, m., at present the first form is always used [cp. múgi and múgr, Dan. almue, plebs], prop. the commons, people; konungrinn ok almúginn, king and commons, Stj.; eigi vissi almúginn ( people in general) hvat fram fór í sóttinni, Bs. i. 74; almúgrinn ( the people) geystist, Bret. 37, 94; allvinsælir við almúgann, having very many friends among the commonalty, Fms. i. 184.β. now in Icel. = plebs, the masses, opp. to the higher classes; so in many compds, e. g. almúga-maðr, m., almúga-legr, adj., etc. -
2 Heim-dalr
m., with single l, not Heimdallr, as shewn from the gen. -dalar, not -dalls; a later form used in the Rímur was Heimdæl-l, Þrymlur 1. 8:—the god Heimdal, Edda, whence the poem Heimdalar-galdr, m. id. The etymology has not been made out: Heimdal was the heavenly watchman in the old mythology, answering to St. Peter in the medieval legends; respecting him vide Edda 17 (Sksm.) and passim, Gm. 13: he was also regarded as the father and founder of the different classes of mankind, see Rm. and Vsp. 1,—meiri ok minni mögu Heimdalar, the higher and lower sons of H., i. e. all men.II. a ram in Edda (Gl.) is called heimdali. -
3 JARL
* * *(-s, -ar), m.1) poet. a highborn, noble man or warrior;2) earl (in dignity next to the king).* * *m., older form earl, [Hel. erl; A. S. eorl; Engl. earl]: this word had a double sense, one old and common to the Saxons as well as the earliest Scandinavians, one later and specifically Norse, which afterwards became English through the Norse and Danish invasion, and was finally established by the Norman Conquest.A. A gentle, noble man, a warrior, and collect. gentlefolk, as opp. to the churl folk or common people (karlar, búendr); thus the old poem Rígsmál distinguishes three classes, earls, churls, and thralls (jarla-ætt, karla-ætt, þræla-ætt); so also in A. S. eorl and ceorl are almost proverbially opposed; in the old Saxon poem Heliand, ‘erl’ is used about a hundred times = a man. Prof. Munch suggested that the name of the Teutonic people Eruli or Heruli simply represents an appellative ( warriors), which the Roman writers took to be a proper name. In the Scandin. countries this use of jarl is rare and obsolete, but remains in poët. phrases, in old saws, and in law phrases; oddar görva jarli megin, spears make the earl’s might, Mkv.; rudda ek sem jarlar forðum mér til landa, I won me lands like the earls of yore, Glúm, (in a verse): jarls yndi, an earl’s delight = a man’s delight, Hm. 96; jörlum öllum óðal batni, Gh. 21; hlaðit ér, earlar, eikiköstinn, 20; ítrar jarla-brúðir, ‘earl’s-brides,’ ladies, Gkv. 1. 3; alsnotrir jarlar, the gentle earls, 2; eggja ek yðr, jarlar, Am. 54; jarla einbani, ‘earl-slayer’ = ανδροκτόνος, Em., Hkm.; karl-fólk ok jarla, churlfolk and earl folk, Sighvat; eitt mein sækir hvern jarl, every earl (man) has his ill luck, Fb. ii. (in a verse): in the law, jarls jörð, an earl’s estate, is opp. to konungs jörð, a king’s estate, in the phrase, hálfan rétt skal hann taka er hann kömr á jarls jörð, en þá allan ok fullan er hann kömr á konungs jörð, Grág. (Kb.) i. 192, for this is undoubtedly the bearing of this disputed passage; jarlmaðr is opp. to búkarl, Fms. vii. (in a verse); so also karlmaðr (q. v.) in its oldest sense is opp. to jarlmaðr, = churl-man and earl-man; hirð-jarl = hirðmaðr, Fms. xi. 302, v. l.; berg-jarl, poët. a ‘crag-earl’ = a giant, Edda (in a verse); bak-jarl, a ‘back-earl,’ an enemy in one’s rear; of-jarl (q. v.), an ‘over-earl,’ an overbearing man.B. A chief, as a title, specially Norse and Danish. The Landnáma, which is almost our only source for the political and personal history of Norway before king Harald Fairhair and the settlement of Iceland, records several chiefs of the 8th and 9th centuries who bore an earl’s name as a family dignity; Ívarr Upplendinga-jarl (Upplönd, a Norse county), Asbjörn jarl Skerja-blesi, Eyvindr jarl, 317; Atli jarl Mjóvi af Gaulum (a Norse county), Þorkell Naumdæla-jarl (earl in Naumdale, a Norse county), 281; Grjótgarðr jarl í Sölva (a county), 297: and as a family title, the famous Háleygja-jarlar (the earls of the Norse county Hálogaland, whose pedigree from Odin was drawn out in the old poem Háleygja-tal; Hákon jarl Grjótgarðsson, etc.): so also the Mæra-jarlar, the earls of Mæri (a Norse county), the foremost of whom was Rögnvaldr Mæra-jarl, the forefather of the earls of the Orkneys (Orkneyja-jarlar) and the earls of Rouen (Rúðu-jarlar = the dukes of Normandy).II. along with the Danish and Norse invasion the name appears in England, Bjartmár jarl in Ireland, Landn.; Hunda-Steinarr, an earl in England, id.; see also the Saxon Chronicle passim, where the very name indicates a Danish or Norse connexion. It is very likely that many of the earls of the Landnáma were sovereign chiefs, differing from kings only in title, for in old poetry a king and an earl were addressed in the same way.III. about the time of Harald Fairhair all the petty chiefs became liegemen under one king, the earl being in dignity nearest the king, answering to comes in mid. Lat. and graf in Germ. In Scandinavia both name and office became extinct about the 13th century: in Iceland, being a commonwealth, it never took root; see however Gizur jarl (died A. D. 1268) in the Sturlunga.—For references see the Sagas passim, esp. Har. S. Harf. ch. 6.IV. in eccl. translation the Roman procurator provinciae is often rendered by jarl, e. g. Pílatus jarl, earl Pilate, Ver. 67, Pass. 20. 2.COMPDS: jarlakappi, jarlaskáld, Jarlasögur, jarlsefni, jarlsmaðr, jarlsníð, jarlsríki, jarlssæti. -
4 Ó-
the negative prefix un-. See ‘ú-’.* * *or ú-, the negative prefix before nouns and verbs, [Goth., Engl., and Germ. un-; Dan. and Swed. û-, the nasal being absorbed.] The Icel. at a very early date changed this ú into ó, for the very oldest and best vellums use ó, not only the Greg., Eluc., Íb., the Miracle-book (Bs. i. 333 sqq.), but also the Grág., the Cod. Reg. of the Sæm. Edda, etc.; in later vellums of the better kind ú and ó are used promiscuously; till about the union with Norway the ú prevailed, and is chiefly used in vellums of the 14th century; but in the 15th the ó again took its old place, and has been retained ever since, agreeably with the usual pronunciation. The ó is therefore the proper Icel. form, e. g. ó-vitr = Engl. un-wise; that it was sounded thus even in the 12th century is also shewn by the treatise of the second grammarian (Gramm. p. i, col. 1),—ó eðr ú þat skiptir orðum, svá sem er satt eðr ó-satt (ú-satt), Skálda 171. This change of spelling in the MSS. about (or a little before) the union with Norway cannot have been owing to any change in pronunciation, but was simply a Norwegianism, as were many other cases, e. g. the dropping the h before liquids, contrary to the Icel. pronunciation. On the other hand, as for the rest of Scandinavia, the ú has been retained in Denmark and in the east of Norway; but ó in the west and north of Norway (see Ivar Aasen’s Dict.), as also in mod, Swed. (e. g. o-möjlig = Germ. un-möglich). In early Swed. (in the laws) u and o are used indifferently. The Orkneys seem to have followed the Icel., to judge from a rhyme in the poem Jd. composed by bishop Bjarni (died A. D. 1222), a native of the Orkneys,— ó-teitan mik sútar, the metre of which requires a half rhyme, a rule followed strictly throughout that poem.B. Of the compds with ú- or ó-, all but a few words are from un-; these exceptional words appear to be contractions, either,α. from ör-, where we have such double forms as ör-sekr and ó-sekr, N. G. L. i. 379; ör-viti and ó-viti, ó-verðr and ör-verðr, ó-vænn and ör-vænn, ör-hæfi and ú-hæfa, ör-keypis and ó-keypis, ú-dæmi qs. ör-dæmi (?), ó-bóta qs. ör-bóta (?), ó-birgr and ör-birgr; perh. also ú-helgi qs. ör-helgi, ú-heilagr qs. ör-heilagr; cp. also such words as ú-megin and ör-megna, ú-synja qs. ör-synja (?).β. from of-, esp. before a labial or dental; thus, of-vægr and ó-vægr, ó-frýnn qs. of-frýnn, ó-sköp = of-sköp (?), ó-freskr qs. of-freskr, ó-fyrirsynju qs. of-fyrirsynju (?), ó-hljóð or ú-hljóð qs. of-hljóð (?), of-dæll and ó-dæll, of-ljóss and ó-ljóss. In some of these instances doubt may arise, for a double set of compds might have sprung up. On the other hand, the great number of compds with ur-, er- in German and Saxon, and the scarcity of such words in the Norse tongue, lead to the conclusion that many of these compds in the course of time have been lost or replaced by ú-; cp. also of-allt and á-valt, (of-saka and á-saka, of-brýði and á-brýði, of-munir and á-munr, af-vöxtr and á-vöxtr, af-burðr and of-burðr?). Since in most Editions the spelling with ú- has been adopted in these classes of words, they must be sought for under that head.
См. также в других словарях:
classes — Each class of share has specific rights, usually contained in the Articles of Association or the documentation creating the shares. These relate to dividend, return of capital, voting and other similar rights. Any variation of class rights must… … Law dictionary
Classes — Classe Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom … Wikipédia en Français
Classes — Classis Clas sis, n.; pl. {Classes}. [L. See {Class}, n.] 1. A class or order; sort; kind. [Obs.] [1913 Webster] His opinion of that classis of men. Clarendon. [1913 Webster] 2. (Eccl.) An ecclesiastical body or judicatory in certain churches, as … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
classes — In Novell Directory Services, an object can be defined as an instance of an object class. Classes include User, Group, Printer, Print Server, Computer, and so on … Dictionary of networking
CLASSES SOCIALES — Les situations qui sont faites aux individus dans une société, quelle qu’elle soit, ne sont pas toutes semblables et, de ce point de vue, on peut les classer en plusieurs catégories présentant entre elles une sorte de hiérarchie plus ou moins… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Classes D'amplificateurs — Classes de fonctionnement d un amplificateur électronique Les classes de fonctionnement des amplificateurs électroniques sont un système de lettres utilisé pour caractériser les amplificateurs électroniques. Ce classement assigne une lettre pour… … Wikipédia en Français
Classes d'amplificateurs — Classes de fonctionnement d un amplificateur électronique Les classes de fonctionnement des amplificateurs électroniques sont un système de lettres utilisé pour caractériser les amplificateurs électroniques. Ce classement assigne une lettre pour… … Wikipédia en Français
Classes Préparatoires Scientifiques — En France, les classes préparatoires scientifiques sont une des filières des classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles (CPGE), préparant aux concours d entrée des grandes écoles scientifiques après le baccalauréat. Sommaire 1 Filières en 2008 1.1… … Wikipédia en Français
Classes preparatoires scientifiques — Classes préparatoires scientifiques En France, les classes préparatoires scientifiques sont une des filières des classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles (CPGE), préparant aux concours d entrée des grandes écoles scientifiques après le… … Wikipédia en Français
CLASSES D’ÂGE (anthropologie) — Toute société connaît une division tripartite entre enfants, adolescents nubiles et couples mariés. Partout, l’âge autant que le sexe définit la position, les droits et les devoirs de l’individu. Seuls les vieillards peuvent accéder à l’autorité… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Classes Préparatoires Littéraires — Le lycée Louis le Grand, où sont nées les premières classes préparatoires littéraires. Les classes préparatoires littéraires constituent en France une des trois filières des classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles. Elles préparent en deux ans… … Wikipédia en Français
