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1 FREE
(adj.) léra, aranya (not to be confused with aranya *"my king"; the shorter form ranya also cited must not be confused with the verb "stray, wander"), mirima (but a very similar word, mírima, is rather assigned the meaning “very valuable” in Tolkien’s later Quenya). The previous words are apparently used to describe “free” persons, whereas the following refer to inanimates: latin, latina (open, cleared [of land]), lerina ("free" of things in the sense of "not guarded, reserved, made fast, or 'owned'", VT41:5). Lehta “free, released” (perhaps applicable to persons, but cf. the following:) FREE ELEMENT (a term for "vowel") \#lehta tengwë (only pl. lehta tengwi is attested; we would rather expect *lehtë tengwi). (A word fairë "free" is mentioned in LT1:250, but may be obsolete: several other meanings are attributed to this word in later writings [see DEATH, PHANTOM, RADIANCE]. Fairië "freedom" does not clash with later words, but must probably be considered conceptually obsolete if fairë is so regarded.) FREE FROM EVIL aman (see BLESSED) –VT41:5, VT46:10, MIS, LAT, VT39:17, WJ:399 (verb) rúna- (see DELIVER); SET FREE lerya- (release, let go), sen- (let go, let loose) –VT43:23, VT41:5, 6, VT43:18 -
2 THEY, THEM
(3rd person pl. and dual forms): As the pronominal ending for “they”, Tolkien hesitated between -ltë and -ntë. For instance, a verb like “they do” is attested both as cariltë and carintë (VT49:16, 17). In one text, the ending -ltë is marked as archaic or poetic (VT49:17), but in other paradigms no such qualification occurs (VT49:51). The alternative form -nte- occurs in UT:317, with a second pronominal marker (-s “it”, denoting the object) following: Tiruvantes "they will keep it". General considerations of euphony may favour -ltë rather than -ntë (e.g. *quenteltë rather than *quententë for “they spoke” – in the past tense, many verbs end in -ntë even before any pronominal endings are supplied, like quentë “spoke” in this example). The ending -ltë (unlike -ntë) would also conform with the general system that the plural pronominal endings include the plural marker l (VT48:11). – In Tolkien’s early material, the ending -ltë appears as -lto instead (e.g. tulielto “they have come”, LT1:270). – A simple plural verb (with ending -r) can have “they” as its implied subject, as in the example quetir en “they still say” (PE17:167). – In the independent pronouns, distinct forms of may be used depending on whether “they, them” refers to living beings (persons, animals or even plants) or to non-living things or abstracts. The “personal” independent pronoun is te, which may have a long vowel when stressed (té, VT49:51). It is also attested in object position (laita te “bless them”, LotR:989 cf. Letters:308, VT43:20). It can receive case endings, e.g. dative ten (VT49:14; variant forms téna and tien, VT49:14, VT43:12, 21). As the “impersonal” they, them referring to non-living things, Tolkien in some sources used ta (VT43:20; 8, 9), but this apparently caused dissatisfaction because he also wanted ta to be the singular pronoun “that, it”. According to VT49:32, the form tai was introduced as the word for impersonal or inanimate “they, them” (in some places changed to te, apparently suggesting that Tolkien considered using te for both personal and impersonal “they/them”, abandoning the distinction). Another source (VT49:51) lists sa as the pl. impersonal form, but all other published sources use this pronoun for singular impersonal “it”, not pl. “they”. – The object “them” can also be expressed by the ending -t following another pronominal suffix (laituvalmet, “we shall bless [or praise] them", LotR:989 cf Letters:308). Presumably this ending -t makes no distinction between personal and impersonal forms. – Quenya also possesses special dual forms of “they, them”, used where only two persons or things are referred to (none of these pronouns distinguish between personal and impersonal forms). In VT49:16, the old ending for dual “they” is given as -stë (marked as archaic or poetic), but this would clash with the corresponding 2nd person ending. According to VT49:51, this ending was changed (also within the imaginary world) from -stë to -ttë, which seems the better alternative (*carittë, “the two of them do”). The independent dual pronoun is given as tú (ibid.) However, it may also be permissible to use te for “they, them” even where only two persons are involved (te is seemingly used with reference to Frodo and Sam in one of the examples above, laita te “bless them”). – Genitive forms, see THEIR; reflexive pronoun, see THEMSELVES. -
3 PLACE
\#nómë (isolated from nómesseron, compound "of place-names", VT42:17). In Etym the word for "place" is men, though this word would clash with the dative pronoun *men "to/for us"; \#nómë may be preferred not only for clarity but also because it is apparently present in the LotR itself in the word sinomë "in this place" (Elendil's Oath); –nomë would be the compound form of nómë. It also occurs in tanomë “in the place (referred to)”. STONY PLACE sarnë (gloss misread as "strong place" in the Etymologies as printed in LR, see VT46:12). AT BACK OF PLACE, see BEHIND. Verb WISH TO GO TO A PLACE mína- (desire to go in some direction, make for it, have some end in view) –VT42:17, MEN, LotR:1003, SD:56, VT49:11, SAR, VT39:11 -
4 RAY OF
LIGHT alca; RAY OF THE SUN firin (the latter may not be a valid word in LotR-style Quenya; it would clash with the verb "I fade" or "I die"). –AKLA-R, LT2:341
См. также в других словарях:
clash — ► VERB 1) (of opposing groups) come into violent conflict. 2) disagree or be at odds. 3) (of colours) appear discordant when placed together. 4) (of dates or events) occur inconveniently at the same time. 5) strike together, producing a loud… … English terms dictionary
clash — {{Roman}}I.{{/Roman}} noun ADJECTIVE ▪ angry, bitter, fierce, serious ▪ armed, bloody, deadly, violent ▪ … Collocations dictionary
clash´ing|ly — clash «klash», noun, verb. –n. 1. a loud, harsh sound like that of two things running into each other, of striking metal, or of bells rung together but not in tune: »He heard the clash of cymbals. 2. Figurative. a) strong disagreement or conflict … Useful english dictionary
clash´er — clash «klash», noun, verb. –n. 1. a loud, harsh sound like that of two things running into each other, of striking metal, or of bells rung together but not in tune: »He heard the clash of cymbals. 2. Figurative. a) strong disagreement or conflict … Useful english dictionary
clash — index affray, bicker, collision (dispute), commotion, compete, conflict (noun), conflict (verb), co … Law dictionary
clash — verb 1》 (of opposing groups) meet and come into violent conflict. ↘have a forceful disagreement. 2》 be incompatible. 3》 (of colours) appear discordant when placed together. 4》 (of dates or events) occur inconveniently at the same time. 5》… … English new terms dictionary
clash — [[t]klæ̱ʃ[/t]] ♦♦♦ clashes, clashing, clashed 1) V RECIP When people clash, they fight, argue, or disagree with each other. [JOURNALISM] [V with n] A group of 400 demonstrators ripped down the state Parliament s front gate and clashed with police … English dictionary
clash — I. verb Etymology: imitative Date: circa 1500 intransitive verb 1. to make a clash < cymbals clashed > 2. to come into conflict < where ignorant armies clash by night Matthew Arnold >; also to be incompatible … New Collegiate Dictionary
clash — I UK [klæʃ] / US noun [countable] Word forms clash : singular clash plural clashes ** 1) mainly journalism a fight or battle between two groups of people clash between: Yesterday saw violent clashes between police and protesters. 2) mainly… … English dictionary
clash — clash1 [ klæʃ ] noun count ** ▸ 1 fight/battle ▸ 2 violent argument ▸ 3 between two teams ▸ 4 bad combination ▸ 5 sound of metal hitting ▸ 6 two things at same time ▸ 7 bad looking combination 1. ) MAINLY JOURNALISM a fight or battle between two… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
clash — 1 verb 1 (I) if two armies, or groups of people clash, they suddenly start fighting each other: Troops clashed near the border. (+ with): Police have clashed with demonstrators again today. 2 (I) if two people or groups of people clash, they… … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
