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81 denomination
1. n называние; обозначение2. n название, имя3. n спец. наименование4. n единицаin measures of length the smallest denomination is the millimetre — миллиметр является наименьшей единицей измерения длины
5. n мат. знаменатель6. n достоинство, стоимость, ценность7. n класс, тип, категория8. n вероисповедание; конфессияthe meeting was attended by all sects and denominations — на собрании были представители всех сект и вероисповеданий
Синонимический ряд:1. classification (noun) category; class; classification; group2. name (noun) appellation; appellative; association; cognomen; compellation; designation; identification; label; name; nomen; rubric; style; title3. religion (noun) belief; church; communion; connection; creed; cult; faith; persuasion; religion; sect -
82 synthetic
1. n синтетический продукт2. n искусственный драгоценный камень3. a комплексный4. a искусственный; синтетический5. a деланный, притворный6. a филос. синтетический; относящийся к синтезуСинонимический ряд:1. artificial (adj.) artificial; factitious; manmade; man-made; manufactured; polymerized; pseudo2. counterfeit (adj.) counterfeit; false; imitation; mock; phony; sham3. plastic (adj.) cast; ersatz; fake; moulded; plastic; substituteАнтонимический ряд:authentic; genuine -
83 Chain, Ernst Boris
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 19 June 1906 Berlin, Germanyd. 12 August 1979 Ireland[br]Anglo-German biochemist and physiologist, co-worker with Florey in the isolation of sufficient supplies of the antibiotic penicillin for clinical use during wartime.[br]Chain graduated in Berlin at the Charite Hospital in 1930. A refugee from political persecution, in 1933 he went to the School of Biochemistry in Cambridge, and in 1935 moved to the School of Pathology at Oxford. He became a British subject in 1939. His interests had involved the study of enzymes and the isolation of physiologically active substances from natural sources. In 1938 he drew Florey's attention to Fleming's note of 1929 reporting the bacterial growth inhibiting qualities of Penicillium mould. Using makeshift equipment and with little initial support, they isolated small quantities of penicillin, which they were then able to use clinically with dramatic effect.Chain had always hoped for adequate resources to develop penicillin and other antibiotics in Britain. This was not forthcoming, however, and in 1948 a research chair and institute was created for him in Rome, at the International Research Centre for Chemical Microbiology. In 1961 he returned to London to the Chair of Biochemistry at Imperial College. There, with the help of a large donation from the Wolfson Foundation, an appropriate building with facilities for the large-scale development and production of biochemical substances was finally made available. His co-equal part in the development of penicillin was recognized by the sharing of the Nobel Prize for Medicine between Florey, Fleming and himself, and he received numerous honours and honorary degrees from a large number of governments and international institutions.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1944. Nobel Prize for Medicine (jointly with H.W.Florey and A.Fleming) 1945. Fellow of the Royal Society 1949. Ehrlich Prize 1954.Bibliography1941, "Penicillin as a chemotherapeutic agent", Lancet (with Florey). 1941, "Further observations on penicillin", Lancet.1949, Antibiotics, Oxford, (with Florey et al.) MG -
84 Davidson, Robert
[br]b. 18 April 1804 Aberdeen, Scotlandd. 16 November 1894 Aberdeen, Scotland[br]Scottish chemist, pioneer of electric power and builder of the first electric railway locomotives.[br]Davidson, son of an Aberdeen merchant, attended Marischal College, Aberdeen, between 1819 and 1822: his studies included mathematics, mechanics and chemistry. He subsequently joined his father's grocery business, which from time to time received enquiries for yeast: to meet these, Davidson began to manufacture yeast for sale and from that start built up a successful chemical manufacturing business with the emphasis on yeast and dyes. About 1837 he started to experiment first with electric batteries and then with motors. He invented a form of electromagnetic engine in which soft iron bars arranged on the periphery of a wooden cylinder, parallel to its axis, around which the cylinder could rotate, were attracted by fixed electromagnets. These were energized in turn by current controlled by a simple commutaring device. Electric current was produced by his batteries. His activities were brought to the attention of Michael Faraday and to the scientific world in general by a letter from Professor Forbes of King's College, Aberdeen. Davidson declined to patent his inventions, believing that all should be able freely to draw advantage from them, and in order to afford an opportunity for all interested parties to inspect them an exhibition was held at 36 Union Street, Aberdeen, in October 1840 to demonstrate his "apparatus actuated by electro-magnetic power". It included: a model locomotive carriage, large enough to carry two people, that ran on a railway; a turning lathe with tools for visitors to use; and a small printing machine. In the spring of 1842 he put on a similar exhibition in Edinburgh, this time including a sawmill. Davidson sought support from railway companies for further experiments and the construction of an electromagnetic locomotive; the Edinburgh exhibition successfully attracted the attention of the proprietors of the Edinburgh 585\& Glasgow Railway (E \& GR), whose line had been opened in February 1842. Davidson built a full-size locomotive incorporating his principle, apparently at the expense of the railway company. The locomotive weighed 7 tons: each of its two axles carried a cylinder upon which were fastened three iron bars, and four electromagnets were arranged in pairs on each side of the cylinders. The motors he used were reluctance motors, the power source being zinc-iron batteries. It was named Galvani and was demonstrated on the E \& GR that autumn, when it achieved a speed of 4 mph (6.4 km/h) while hauling a load of 6 tons over a distance of 1 1/2 miles (2.4 km); it was the first electric locomotive. Nevertheless, further support from the railway company was not forthcoming, although to some railway workers the locomotive seems to have appeared promising enough: they destroyed it in Luddite reaction. Davidson staged a further exhibition in London in 1843 without result and then, the cost of battery chemicals being high, ceased further experiments of this type. He survived long enough to see the electric railway become truly practicable in the 1880s.[br]Bibliography1840, letter, Mechanics Magazine, 33:53–5 (comparing his machine with that of William Hannis Taylor (2 November 1839, British patent no. 8,255)).Further Reading1891, Electrical World, 17:454.J.H.R.Body, 1935, "A note on electro-magnetic engines", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 14:104 (describes Davidson's locomotive).F.J.G.Haut, 1956, "The early history of the electric locomotive", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 27 (describes Davidson's locomotive).A.F.Anderson, 1974, "Unusual electric machines", Electronics \& Power 14 (November) (biographical information).—1975, "Robert Davidson. Father of the electric locomotive", Proceedings of the Meeting on the History of Electrical Engineering Institution of Electrical Engineers, 8/1–8/17 (the most comprehensive account of Davidson's work).A.C.Davidson, 1976, "Ingenious Aberdonian", Scots Magazine (January) (details of his life).PJGR / GW -
85 Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus)
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. c. 23 AD Como, Italyd. 25 August 79 AD near Pompeii, Italy[br]Roman encyclopedic writer on the natural world.[br]Pliny was well educated in Rome, and for ten years or so followed a military career with which he was able to combine literary work, writing especially on historical subjects. He completed his duties c. 57 AD and concentrated on writing until he resumed his official career in 69 AD with administrative duties. During this last phase he began work on his only extant work, the thirty-seven "books" of his Historia Naturalis (Natural History), each dealing with a broad subject such as astronomy, geography, mineralogy, etc. His last post was the command of the fleet based at Misenum, which came to an end when he sailed too near Vesuvius during the eruption that engulfed Pompeii and he was overcome by the fumes.Pliny developed an insatiable curiosity about the natural world. Unlike the Greeks, the Romans made few original contributions to scientific thought and observation, but some made careful compilations of the learning and observations of Greek scholars. The most notable and influential of these was the Historia Naturalis. To the ideas about the natural world gleaned from earlier Greek authors, he added information about natural history, mineral resources, crafts and some technological processes, such as the extraction of metals from their ores, reported to him from the corners of the Empire. He added a few observations of his own, noted during travels on his official duties. Not all the reports were reliable, and the work often presents a tangled web of fact and fable. Gibbon described it as an immense register in which the author has "deposited the discoveries, the arts, and the errors of mankind". Pliny was indefatigable in his relentless note-taking, even dictating to his secretary while dining.During the Dark Ages and early Middle Ages in Western Europe, Pliny's Historia Naturalis was the largest known collection of facts about the natural world and was drawn upon freely by a succession of later writers. Its influence survived the influx into Western Europe, from the twelfth century, of translations of the works of Greek and Arab scholars. After the invention of printing in the middle of the fifteenth century, Pliny was the first work on a scientific subject to be printed, in 1469. Many editions followed and it may still be consulted with profit for its insights into technical knowledge and practice in the ancient world.[br]BibliographyThe standard Latin text with English translation is that edited by H.Rackham et al.(1942– 63, Loeb Classical Library, London: Heinemann, 10 vols). The French version is by A.Further ReadingThe editions mentioned above include useful biographical and other details. For special aspects of Pliny, see K.C.Bailey, 1929–32, The Elder Pliny's Chapters on Chemical Subjects, London, 2 vols.LRDBiographical history of technology > Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus)
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86 защита изолированием токоведущих частей
защита изолированием токоведущих частей
-Параллельные тексты EN-RU
Protection by insulation of live parts
Live parts protected by insulation shall be completely covered with insulation that can only be removed by destruction.
Such insulation shall be capable of withstanding the mechanical, chemical, electrical, and thermal stresses to which it can be subjected under normal operating conditions.
NOTE
Paints, varnishes, lacquers, and similar products alone are generally considered to be inadequate for protection against electric shock under normal operating conditions.
[IEC 60204-1-2006]Защита изолированием токоведущих частей
Токоведущие части, защищаемые изолированием, должны быть полностью покрыты изоляцией, которая может быть удалена только ее разрушением.
Такая изоляция должна длительно выдерживать механическое, химическое, электрическое и тепловое воздействие, которым она может быть подвержена в нормальных условиях эксплуатации.
Примечание.
Покрытие краской, эмалью, лаком и подобными материалами, как правило, не может рассматриваться как обеспечивающее достаточную изоляцию для защиты от поражения электрическим током в нормальных условиях эксплуатации.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > защита изолированием токоведущих частей
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87 protection by insulation of live parts
защита изолированием токоведущих частей
-Параллельные тексты EN-RU
Protection by insulation of live parts
Live parts protected by insulation shall be completely covered with insulation that can only be removed by destruction.
Such insulation shall be capable of withstanding the mechanical, chemical, electrical, and thermal stresses to which it can be subjected under normal operating conditions.
NOTE
Paints, varnishes, lacquers, and similar products alone are generally considered to be inadequate for protection against electric shock under normal operating conditions.
[IEC 60204-1-2006]Защита изолированием токоведущих частей
Токоведущие части, защищаемые изолированием, должны быть полностью покрыты изоляцией, которая может быть удалена только ее разрушением.
Такая изоляция должна длительно выдерживать механическое, химическое, электрическое и тепловое воздействие, которым она может быть подвержена в нормальных условиях эксплуатации.
Примечание.
Покрытие краской, эмалью, лаком и подобными материалами, как правило, не может рассматриваться как обеспечивающее достаточную изоляцию для защиты от поражения электрическим током в нормальных условиях эксплуатации.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > protection by insulation of live parts
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