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81 soda pulp
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82 sulfate pulp
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83 sulfite pulp
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84 sulphate pulp
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85 sulphite pulp
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86 Dyes
The following list gives a general classification of colouring matters for dyeing textile fibres: - Acid Colours dye animal fibres only and have no affinity for cellulose. If union goods are dyed with acid dyes the cotton remains white and the wool is dyed. They dye wool and silk from baths containing Glauber's salt and some acid, hence their name. Acid colours consist principally of the Azo compounds and are fairly cheap, so are used for the dyeing of dress materials, suitings, etc. No preparation of the fabric is necessary prior to dyeing. Wool and silk fabrics ate simply steeped in a warm acidified solution. Azo Dyes - These are colouring matters used for cotton dyeing and are developed direct on to the fibre. Basic Dyes - Cotton has no direct affinity for basic dyes, which consist of colour bases in combination with other chemicals, as tannic acid, sumach, or other tanning substances. Tannic acid is taken up by cotton which will then absorb the basic colours. They are very bright but not very fast. They dye wool and silk direct from plain baths. Developing Colours - See Developing Colours. Direct Cotton Colours - Dye cotton, linen, wool or silk directly, will dye cotton direct but by the addition of various salts deeper shades are obtained. With the addition of a little acid will dye wool and silk. See direct Dyes. Mordant Colours - As a rule these are very fast to washing and mostly fast to; light, such as logwood, black, Turkey red, etc. The mordant forms insoluble compounds with the colours, which are then applied to the fibres so that the insoluble coloured compounds are formed within the fibres The cotton is prepared first with some metallic mordant, as chrome, iron or alumina. Substantive Dyes - Have the property of dyeing fibres direct. They are Direct Dyes, that is they have an affinity for fibres. Sulphur and vat dyes are substantive towards cotton. Sulphur Colours are used for vegetable fibres only. These colours are insoluble in water and require the addition of sodium sulphide which converts them into soluble substances which will dye cotton. Usually fast to washing and alkalis - not so fast to bleaching (see Sulphur Colours). Vat Colours - These are fast dyes for cotton. They are insoluble in water so are converted into a soluble compound by some chemical reducing agent, and then they have a direct affinity for cotton which is dyed when immersed in the solution. There are two main classes, those prepared from anthraquinone and those related to indigo. They will dye viscose and cuprammonium rayons (see Vat Dyes) -
87 Mitscherlich, Alexander
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 28 May 1836 Berlin, Germanyd. 31 May 1918 Oberstdorf, Germany[br]German inventor of sulphite wood pulp for papermaking.[br]Mitscherlich had an impeccable scientific background; his father was the celebrated chemist Eilhardt Mitscherlich, discoverer of the law of isomorphism, and his godfather was Alexander von Humboldt. At first his progress at school failed to live up to this auspicious beginning and his father would only sanction higher studies if he first qualified as a teacher so as to assure a means of livelihood. Alexander rose to the occasion and went on to gain his doctorate at the age of 25 in the field of mineralogical chemistry. He worked for a few years as Assistant to the distinguished chemists Wöhler in Göttingen and Wurtz in Paris. On his father's death in 1863, he succeeded him as teacher of chemistry in the University of Berlin. In 1868 he accepted a post in the newly established Forest Academy in Hannoversch-Munden, teaching chemistry, physics and geology. The post offered little financial advantage, but it left him more time for research. It was there that he invented the process for producing sulphite wood pulp.The paper industry was seeking new raw materials. Since the 1840s pulp had been produced mechanically from wood, but it was unsuitable for making fine papers. From the mid-1860s several chemists began tackling the problem of separating the cellulose fibres from the other constituents of wood by chemical means. The American Benjamin C.Tilghman was granted patents in several countries for the treatment of wood with acid or bisulphite. Carl Daniel Ekman in Sweden and Karl Kellner in Austria also made sulphite pulp, but the credit for devising the process that came into general use belongs to Mitscherlich. His brother Oskar came to him at the Academy with plans for producing pulp by the action of soda, but the results were inferior, so Mitscherlich substituted calcium bisulphite and in the laboratory obtained good results. To extend this to a large-scale process, he was forced to set up his own mill, where he devised the characteristic towers for making the calcium bisulphite, in which water trickling down through packed lime met a rising current of sulphur dioxide. He was granted a patent in Luxembourg in 1874 and a German one four years later. The sulphite process did not make him rich, for there was considerable opposition to it; government objected to the smell of sulphur dioxide, forestry authorities were anxious about the inroads that might be made into the forests and his patents were contested. In 1883, with the support of an inheritance from his mother, Mitscherlich resigned his post at the Academy to devote more time to promoting his invention. In 1897 he at last succeeded in settling the patent disputes and achieving recognition as the inventor of sulphite pulp. Without this raw material, the paper industry could never have satisfied the insatiable appetite of the newspaper presses.[br]Further ReadingH.Voorn "Alexander Mitscherlich, inventor of sulphite wood pulp", Paper Maker 23(1): 41–4.LRDBiographical history of technology > Mitscherlich, Alexander
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88 rayon pulp
The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > rayon pulp
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89 sheet pulp
The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > sheet pulp
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90 straw pulp
The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > straw pulp
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91 sulphite pulp
The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > sulphite pulp
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92 wood pulp
The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > wood pulp
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93 yellow pulp
The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > yellow pulp
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94 yellow straw pulp
The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > yellow straw pulp
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95 cellulóz
woodfibre, chemical wood pulp, cellulose
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