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81 translatio
translātĭo or trālātĭo, ōnis, f. [transfero], a carrying or removing from one place to another, a transporting, transferring.I.Lit.A.In gen.:B.pecuniarum translatio a justis dominis ad alienos,
Cic. Off. 1, 14, 43:domicilii,
removal, Suet. Ner. 9. —In partic., of plants, a transplanting, ingrafting, Plin. 17, 11, 14, § 75; Col. 3, 10, 20; Varr. R. R. 1, 41, 3.—C.A pouring out into another vessel, Col. 12, 52, 11. —II.Trop.A.In gen.:B.criminis,
a transferring, shifling off, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 42, § 91; cf. id. Inv. 1, 8, 10; 2, 19, 57; Quint. 3, 6, 23; 3, 6, 38 sq. —In partic.1.Of speech or writing, a version, translation into another language, Quint. 1, 4, 18; Hier. Ep. 99, 1; Aug. Retract. 1, 7, 2; Greg. Mag. in Job, 12, 6.—b.A transfer to a figurative signification, a trope, metaphor:2.translationes audaciores,
Cic. de Or. 3, 38, 156 sq.:durior... verecunda,
id. ib. 3, 41, 165; id. Or. 25, 85; Auct. Her. 4, 34, 45; Quint. 8, 6, 4 sq. al.—In gram., a transposition.a.Of letters, metathesis, Don. p. 1773 P.; Diom. p. 437 ib.—b.Of words:id verborum translatione emendatur,
Quint. 7, 9, 9. -
82 μόργος
μόργος, ὁ, -
83 σκαφίς
I bowl, ἄγγεα πάντα, γαυλοί τε σκαφίδες τε small milk-pails, Od.9.223; mentioned among bakers' vessels in Ar.Fr. 417; later, drinking vessel or measure, Hp.Mul.1.86, cf. Morb.2.64; pot for honey, Theoc.5.59.II spade, shovel,σ. εἰς παλαίστραν Inscr.Délos 290.76
(iii B.C.); used in dredging, Ph.Bel.98.27: ῥαπτὰς γειοφόρους σκαφίδας perh. baskets for carrying earth, AP6.297 (Phan.).------------------------------------A boat, skiff, ib.7.214 (Arch.), Palaeph.12. -
84 χιλιοφόρος
χῑλιο-φόρος, ον,Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > χιλιοφόρος
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85 σκεῦος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `vessel, device', mostly pl. `house-, ship-equipment, weapon, armour, luggage' (IA.).Compounds: Often as 1. member, e.g. σκευο-φόρος `carrying luggage, luggage-carrier' (IA.), σκευ-ωρός `luggage-watcher' (Cratin.) with - ωρέομαι, - ωρέω, - ωρία, - ώρημα `to look after, through the luggage, to instigate (slyly)' (D., Arist. etc.), later also σκαιωρέομαι etc. (after σκαιός); as 2. member in ἀ-σκευής `without equipment' (Hdt.).Derivatives: σκευή f. `armour, clothing, wear' (IA.); as 2. member e.g. ὁμό-σκευος `with equal armour' (Th.); to this very often w. prefix: παρα-, κατα-, ἐπι-σκευή a.o. as backformations to παρα-σκευάζω etc. (cf. below). -- Diminut.: σκευ-άριον n. `small device' (Ar. a. o.), `simple wear' (Pl. Alc. 1, 113e), - ύφιον n. `small device' (Lyd.). -- Secondary formation: σκευ-άζω, - άζομαι, aor. σκευ-άσαι, - άσασθαι, very often w. prefix, παρα-, κατα-, ἐπι- etc. in diff. shades of meaning, `to equip, to arm, to dress, to prepare etc.' (IA. since h. Merc.); from there, mostly to the prefixcompp., σκεύ-ασις, - άσιμος, - ασία, - ασμα, - αστός, - αστής, - αστι-κός; also παρασκευ-ή etc. (s. above). Denominative ἐπι-, κατα-σκευ-όω (: ἐπι-, κατα-σκευή) = - ἀζω (Argos, Crete, Delphi a. o.), σκευοῦσθαι = ἑτοιμάζεσθαι H.Etymology: The nouns σκεῦος, -ή (for *σκεῦσος, - σά because of the retained ευ-diphthongs?; cf. Schwyzer 348 Zus. 4) look like primary formations and presuppose as such the former existence of a primary verb, approx. *σκεῦ[σ]-σαι, *σκεύ[σ]-ι̯ω, which must have been replaced by the second., denomin. or deverbat., σκευ-άζω. -- Expression of every-day language, prob. inherited, but without convincing etymology. Hypotheses by Prellwitz (to Lith. šáu-ju, -ti `shut, scove', Russ. sovátь `shove, sting, push', OHG sciozan `shut' a. o.; cf. Vasmer s. v.); by Zupitza Germ. Gutt. 122 (to OWNo. høyja, OE hēgan `carry out', Slav., e.g. OCS prě-kutiti `adorn'; cf. Vasmer s. kutítь). WP. 2, 546, Pok. 950f. Older lit. in Curtius 169.Page in Frisk: 2,727Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκεῦος
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86 Harrison, John
[br]b. 24 March 1693 Foulby, Yorkshire, Englandd. 24 March 1776 London, England[br]English horologist who constructed the first timekeeper of sufficient accuracy to determine longitude at sea and invented the gridiron pendulum for temperature compensation.[br]John Harrison was the son of a carpenter and was brought up to that trade. He was largely self-taught and learned mechanics from a copy of Nicholas Saunderson's lectures that had been lent to him. With the assistance of his younger brother, James, he built a series of unconventional clocks, mainly of wood. He was always concerned to reduce friction, without using oil, and this influenced the design of his "grasshopper" escapement. He also invented the "gridiron" compensation pendulum, which depended on the differential expansion of brass and steel. The excellent performance of his regulator clocks, which incorporated these devices, convinced him that they could also be used in a sea dock to compete for the longitude prize. In 1714 the Government had offered a prize of £20,000 for a method of determining longitude at sea to within half a degree after a voyage to the West Indies. In theory the longitude could be found by carrying an accurate timepiece that would indicate the time at a known longitude, but the requirements of the Act were very exacting. The timepiece would have to have a cumulative error of no more than two minutes after a voyage lasting six weeks.In 1730 Harrison went to London with his proposal for a sea clock, supported by examples of his grasshopper escapement and his gridiron pendulum. His proposal received sufficient encouragement and financial support, from George Graham and others, to enable him to return to Barrow and construct his first sea clock, which he completed five years later. This was a large and complicated machine that was made out of brass but retained the wooden wheelwork and the grasshopper escapement of the regulator clocks. The two balances were interlinked to counteract the rolling of the vessel and were controlled by helical springs operating in tension. It was the first timepiece with a balance to have temperature compensation. The effect of temperature change on the timekeeping of a balance is more pronounced than it is for a pendulum, as two effects are involved: the change in the size of the balance; and the change in the elasticity of the balance spring. Harrison compensated for both effects by using a gridiron arrangement to alter the tension in the springs. This timekeeper performed creditably when it was tested on a voyage to Lisbon, and the Board of Longitude agreed to finance improved models. Harrison's second timekeeper dispensed with the use of wood and had the added refinement of a remontoire, but even before it was tested he had embarked on a third machine. The balance of this machine was controlled by a spiral spring whose effective length was altered by a bimetallic strip to compensate for changes in temperature. In 1753 Harrison commissioned a London watchmaker, John Jefferys, to make a watch for his own personal use, with a similar form of temperature compensation and a modified verge escapement that was intended to compensate for the lack of isochronism of the balance spring. The time-keeping of this watch was surprisingly good and Harrison proceeded to build a larger and more sophisticated version, with a remontoire. This timekeeper was completed in 1759 and its performance was so remarkable that Harrison decided to enter it for the longitude prize in place of his third machine. It was tested on two voyages to the West Indies and on both occasions it met the requirements of the Act, but the Board of Longitude withheld half the prize money until they had proof that the timekeeper could be duplicated. Copies were made by Harrison and by Larcum Kendall, but the Board still continued to prevaricate and Harrison received the full amount of the prize in 1773 only after George III had intervened on his behalf.Although Harrison had shown that it was possible to construct a timepiece of sufficient accuracy to determine longitude at sea, his solution was too complex and costly to be produced in quantity. It had, for example, taken Larcum Kendall two years to produce his copy of Harrison's fourth timekeeper, but Harrison had overcome the psychological barrier and opened the door for others to produce chronometers in quantity at an affordable price. This was achieved before the end of the century by Arnold and Earnshaw, but they used an entirely different design that owed more to Le Roy than it did to Harrison and which only retained Harrison's maintaining power.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society Copley Medal 1749.Bibliography1767, The Principles of Mr Harrison's Time-keeper, with Plates of the Same, London. 1767, Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately Published by the Rev. Mr Maskelyne Under theAuthority of the Board of Longitude, London.1775, A Description Concerning Such Mechanisms as Will Afford a Nice or True Mensuration of Time, London.Further ReadingR.T.Gould, 1923, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development, London; reprinted 1960, Holland Press.—1978, John Harrison and His Timekeepers, 4th edn, London: National Maritime Museum.H.Quill, 1966, John Harrison, the Man who Found Longitude, London. A.G.Randall, 1989, "The technology of John Harrison's portable timekeepers", Antiquarian Horology 18:145–60, 261–77.J.Betts, 1993, John Harrison London (a good short account of Harrison's work). S.Smiles, 1905, Men of Invention and Industry; London: John Murray, Chapter III. Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. IX, pp. 35–6.DV -
87 תוך II
תּוֹךְII m. (b. h. תָּוֶךְ, constr. תּוֹךְ) 1) middle, inside, receptacle. Kel. XXVII, 1 כל שאין לו ת׳וכ׳ earthen vessels which have no inside (receptacle), have no back, i. e. their back is not susceptible of levitical uncleanness. Ib. XXV, 2. Ib. 4 כלי שנטמאו … לא נטמא תוֹכוֹ if the outside of a vessel has become unclean, its inside is not affected thereby. Yoma 72b, v. בַּר I; a. fr.Pl. תּוֹכוֹת. Gitt.20a חק ת׳, v. חָקַק. 2) (prep.) in, into, within. Nidd.45b ת׳ זמן within the period (during the year of developing puberty); B. Bath. 155b. Ib. 5a פרעתיך בת׳ זמני I paid thee within my appointed time (before the debt was due). Dem. VII, 5 בת׳ ביתו in his house. Kil. I, 8 לת׳ האבטיח in to a melon; a. v. fr.ת׳ כדי דיבור, v. דַּימִתּ׳. immediately from, through, because of. Ber.V, 1 מת׳ כובד ראש in a mood of humility, v. כּוֹבֶד. Ib. 31a אין … לא מת׳ דיןוכ׳ you must not rise for prayer immediately after giving judgment, or after an undecided discussion Ib. מת׳ עצבות from a mood of grief. Pes.50b מת׳ שלא לשמה, v. שֵׁם; Naz.23b.Shebu.32b, a. fr. מת׳ שאינו יכול לישבעוכ׳ because he cannot make oath, he must pay. Bets.12a, a. e. מת׳ שהותרה הוצאהוכ׳ since carrying for an immediate need (on the Holy Bay) has once been permitted, it has also been permitted for a less immediate need; a. v. fr. -
88 תּוֹךְ
תּוֹךְII m. (b. h. תָּוֶךְ, constr. תּוֹךְ) 1) middle, inside, receptacle. Kel. XXVII, 1 כל שאין לו ת׳וכ׳ earthen vessels which have no inside (receptacle), have no back, i. e. their back is not susceptible of levitical uncleanness. Ib. XXV, 2. Ib. 4 כלי שנטמאו … לא נטמא תוֹכוֹ if the outside of a vessel has become unclean, its inside is not affected thereby. Yoma 72b, v. בַּר I; a. fr.Pl. תּוֹכוֹת. Gitt.20a חק ת׳, v. חָקַק. 2) (prep.) in, into, within. Nidd.45b ת׳ זמן within the period (during the year of developing puberty); B. Bath. 155b. Ib. 5a פרעתיך בת׳ זמני I paid thee within my appointed time (before the debt was due). Dem. VII, 5 בת׳ ביתו in his house. Kil. I, 8 לת׳ האבטיח in to a melon; a. v. fr.ת׳ כדי דיבור, v. דַּימִתּ׳. immediately from, through, because of. Ber.V, 1 מת׳ כובד ראש in a mood of humility, v. כּוֹבֶד. Ib. 31a אין … לא מת׳ דיןוכ׳ you must not rise for prayer immediately after giving judgment, or after an undecided discussion Ib. מת׳ עצבות from a mood of grief. Pes.50b מת׳ שלא לשמה, v. שֵׁם; Naz.23b.Shebu.32b, a. fr. מת׳ שאינו יכול לישבעוכ׳ because he cannot make oath, he must pay. Bets.12a, a. e. מת׳ שהותרה הוצאהוכ׳ since carrying for an immediate need (on the Holy Bay) has once been permitted, it has also been permitted for a less immediate need; a. v. fr.
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