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101 Lister, Joseph, Baron Lister
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 5 April 1827 Upton, Essex, Englandd. 10 February 1912 Walmer, Kent, England[br]English surgeon, founder of the antiseptic and aseptic principles of surgical practice.[br]Of Quaker stock, his father also being a Fellow of the Royal Society, he studied medicine at University College, London. He qualified, and became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, in 1852. Wishing to pursue a surgical career, he moved to Edinburgh to study surgery under William Syme, whose daughter he married in 1852, the same year he was appointed Assistant Surgeon to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary.Until his appointment as Regius Professor of Surgery at Glasgow University and Glasgow Royal Infirmary in 1861, he was engaged in a wide variety of investigations into the nature of inflammation and the effects of irritants on wounds. Following his move to Glasgow, he became particularly involved in the major problems arising out of the vast increase in the number of surgical procedures brought about by the recent introduction of general anaesthesia. By 1865 his continuing study of wound inflammation and the microbial studies of Pasteur had led him to institute in the operating theatre a regime of surgical antisepsis involving the use of a carbolic acid spray coupled with the sterilization of instruments, the site of operation and the hands of the operator. Increasingly it was appreciated that the air was the least important origin of infection, and by 1887 the antiseptic approach had been superseded by the aseptic.In 1869 he succeeded Syme in the Chair at Edinburgh and his methods were widely accepted abroad. In 1877 he moved to the Chair of Surgery at King's College Hospital, London, in the hope of encouraging acceptance of his work in the metropolis. As well as developing a variety of new surgical procedures, he was engaged for many years in the development of surgical ligatures, which had always been a potent stimulant of infection. His choice of catgut as a sterilizable, absorbable material paved the way for major developments in this field. The Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine was named in his honour in 1903.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated Baronet 1883. Baron 1897. Order of Merit 1902. President, Royal Society 1895– 1900.Bibliography1870, "On the effects of the antiseptic system of treatment upon the salubrity of a surgical hospital", Lancet.1859, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.1863, Croonian Lecture.1881, 1900, Transactions of the International Medical Congress.Further ReadingR.J.Godlee, 1924, Lord Lister.1927, Lister Centenary Handbook, London: Wellcome Historical Medical Museum. H.C.Cameron, 1948, Joseph Lister, the Friend of Man.MGBiographical history of technology > Lister, Joseph, Baron Lister
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102 Poelzig, Hans
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 1869 Berlin, Germanyd. June 1936 Berlin, Germany[br]German teacher and practising architect, the most notable individualistic exponent of the German Expressionist movement in the modern school.[br]In the last decade of the nineteenth century and in the first of the twentieth, Poelzig did not, like most of his colleagues in Germany and Austria, follow the Jugendstil theme or the eclectic or fundamentalist lines: he set a path to individualism. In 1898 he began a teaching career at the Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland) Academy of Arts and Crafts, remaining there until 1916. He early introduced workshop practice into the curriculum, presaging Gropius's Bauhaus ideas by many years; the school's workshop produced much of the artisan needs for a number of his buildings. From Breslau Poelzig moved to Dresden, where he was appointed City Architect. It was there that he launched his Expressionist line: which was particularly evident in the town hall and concert hall in the city. The structure for which Poelzig is best known and with which his name will always be associated is the Großes Schauspielhaus in Berlin; he had returned to his native city after the First World War and this great theatre was his first commission there. Using modern materials, he created a fabulous interior to seat 5,000 spectators. It was in the form of a vast amphitheatre with projecting stage and with the curving area roofed by a cavernous, stalactited dome, the Arabic-style stalactites of which were utilized by Poelzig for acoustic purposes. In the 1920s Poelzig went on to design cinemas, a field for which Expressionism was especially suited; these included the Capitol Cinema in Berlin and the Deli in Breslau. For his later industrial commissions—for example, the administrative building for the chemical firm I.G.Far ben in Frankfurt—he had perforce to design in more traditional modern manner.Poelzig died in 1936, which spared him, unlike many of his contemporaries, the choice of emigrating or working for National Socialism.[br]Further ReadingDennis Sharp, 1966, Modern Architecture and Expressionism, Longmans.Theodor Heuss, 1966, Hans Poelzig: Lebensbild eines Baumeister, Tübingen, Germany: Wunderlich.DY -
103 Berufsfreiheit
f1. free choice of job2. freedom of occupation3. freedom to choose and carry out one's career
См. также в других словарях:
career — ca‧reer [kəˈrɪə ǁ ˈrɪr] noun [countable] JOBS HUMAN RESOURCES 1. a job or profession that you have been trained for and intend to do for your working life, and which offers the chance to be Promoted (= move up through different levels): • My son… … Financial and business terms
choice — choice1 [ tʃɔıs ] noun *** 1. ) singular or uncount the opportunity or right to choose between different things: Our aim is to provide greater choice for consumers. have a/the choice: These people have the choice of whether to buy a house or rent … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
choice — I UK [tʃɔɪs] / US noun Word forms choice : singular choice plural choices *** 1) [singular/uncountable] the opportunity or right to choose between different things Our aim is to provide greater choice for consumers. have a/the choice: These… … English dictionary
career — ca|reer1 [ kə rır ] noun count *** a job or series of related jobs that you do, especially a profession that you spend a lot of your working life in: Choosing a career can be a very difficult decision. the problems of combining a career and a… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
career — I UK [kəˈrɪə(r)] / US [kəˈrɪr] noun [countable] Word forms career : singular career plural careers *** a job or series of related jobs that you do, especially a profession that you spend a lot of your working life in Choosing a career can be a… … English dictionary
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choice — {{Roman}}I.{{/Roman}} noun 1 act of choosing ADJECTIVE ▪ careful, good, informed, right, wise ▪ a careful choice of words ▪ bad … Collocations dictionary
