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1 representative calculating operation
Information technology: RCOУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > representative calculating operation
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2 арифметическая счетная операция
Banks. Exchanges. Accounting. (Russian-English) > арифметическая счетная операция
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3 усреднённая вычислительная операция
1. average calculating operation2. average calculation operationРусско-английский большой базовый словарь > усреднённая вычислительная операция
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4 вычислительная операция
1) Engineering: computation2) Construction: calculating operation, calculation operation3) Mathematics: computing operationУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > вычислительная операция
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5 расчётная операция
1) General subject: clearing transaction2) Construction: calculating operation, calculation operation3) Economy: payment transaction, settlement operation4) Banking: settlement transactionУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > расчётная операция
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6 средняя вычислительная операция
Information technology: average calculating operation (по длительности), average calculation operation (по длительности)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > средняя вычислительная операция
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7 усреднённая вычислительная операция
Information technology: average calculating operation (по длительности), average calculation operation (по длительности)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > усреднённая вычислительная операция
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8 средняя вычислительная операция
( по длительности) average calculating operation, average calculation operationРусско-английский словарь по вычислительной технике и программированию > средняя вычислительная операция
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9 Rechenoperation
Rechenoperation f computing [arithmetic] operation, (calculating) operationDeutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch der Elektrotechnik und Elektronik > Rechenoperation
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10 арифметическая счётная операция
Economy: calculating operationУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > арифметическая счётная операция
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11 типичная вычислительная операция
Information technology: representative calculating operationУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > типичная вычислительная операция
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12 средняя вычислительная операция
Русско-английский словарь по электронике > средняя вычислительная операция
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13 средняя вычислительная операция
Русско-английский словарь по радиоэлектронике > средняя вычислительная операция
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14 Berechnungsgang
Berechnungsgang m calculating operationDeutsch-Englisch Fachwörterbuch Architektur und Bauwesen > Berechnungsgang
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15 mittlere Rechenoperation
Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch der Elektrotechnik und Elektronik > mittlere Rechenoperation
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16 Babbage, Charles
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 26 December 1791 Walworth, Surrey, Englandd. 18 October 1871 London, England[br]English mathematician who invented the forerunner of the modern computer.[br]Charles Babbage was the son of a banker, Benjamin Babbage, and was a sickly child who had a rather haphazard education at private schools near Exeter and later at Enfield. Even as a child, he was inordinately fond of algebra, which he taught himself. He was conversant with several advanced mathematical texts, so by the time he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1811, he was ahead of his tutors. In his third year he moved to Peterhouse, whence he graduated in 1814, taking his MA in 1817. He first contributed to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1815, and was elected a fellow of that body in 1816. He was one of the founders of the Astronomical Society in 1820 and served in high office in it.While he was still at Cambridge, in 1812, he had the first idea of calculating numerical tables by machinery. This was his first difference engine, which worked on the principle of repeatedly adding a common difference. He built a small model of an engine working on this principle between 1820 and 1822, and in July of the latter year he read an enthusiastically received note about it to the Astronomical Society. The following year he was awarded the Society's first gold medal. He submitted details of his invention to Sir Humphry Davy, President of the Royal Society; the Society reported favourably and the Government became interested, and following a meeting with the Chancellor of the Exchequer Babbage was awarded a grant of £1,500. Work proceeded and was carried on for four years under the direction of Joseph Clement.In 1827 Babbage went abroad for a year on medical advice. There he studied foreign workshops and factories, and in 1832 he published his observations in On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. While abroad, he received the news that he had been appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University. He held the Chair until 1839, although he neither resided in College nor gave any lectures. For this he was paid between £80 and £90 a year! Differences arose between Babbage and Clement. Manufacture was moved from Clement's works in Lambeth, London, to new, fireproof buildings specially erected by the Government near Babbage's house in Dorset Square, London. Clement made a large claim for compensation and, when it was refused, withdrew his workers as well as all the special tools he had made up for the job. No work was possible for the next fifteen months, during which Babbage conceived the idea of his "analytical engine". He approached the Government with this, but it was not until eight years later, in 1842, that he received the reply that the expense was considered too great for further backing and that the Government was abandoning the project. This was in spite of the demonstration and perfectly satisfactory operation of a small section of the analytical engine at the International Exhibition of 1862. It is said that the demands made on manufacture in the production of his engines had an appreciable influence in improving the standard of machine tools, whilst similar benefits accrued from his development of a system of notation for the movements of machine elements. His opposition to street organ-grinders was a notable eccentricity; he estimated that a quarter of his mental effort was wasted by the effect of noise on his concentration.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1816. Astronomical Society Gold Medal 1823.BibliographyBabbage wrote eighty works, including: 1864, Passages from the Life of a Philosopher.July 1822, Letter to Sir Humphry Davy, PRS, on the Application of Machinery to the purpose of calculating and printing Mathematical Tables.Further Reading1961, Charles Babbage and His Calculating Engines: Selected Writings by Charles Babbage and Others, eds Philip and Emily Morrison, New York: Dover Publications.IMcN -
17 Arbeitsgeschwindigkeit
Arbeitsgeschwindigkeit f 1. operating [operation, working] speed, speed of operation(s); 2. DAT, IF calculating speed, computing speed [velocity]Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch der Elektrotechnik und Elektronik > Arbeitsgeschwindigkeit
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18 activity based costing
Fin, Gen Mgta method of calculating the cost of a business by focusing on the actual cost of activities, thereby producing an estimate of the cost of individual products or services.Abbr. ABCEXAMPLEAn ABC cost-accounting system requires three preliminary steps: converting to an accrual method of accounting; defining cost centers and cost allocation; and determining process and procedure costs.Businesses have traditionally relied on the cash basis of accounting, which recognizes income when received and expenses when paid. ABC’s foundation is the accrual-basis income statement. The numbers this statement presents are assigned to the various procedures performed during a given period. Cost centers are a company’s identifiable products and services, but also include specific and detailed tasks within these broader activities. Defining cost centers will of course vary by business and method of operation. What is critical to ABC is the inclusion of all activities and all resources.Once cost centers are identified, management teams can begin studying the activities each one engages in and allocating the expenses each one incurs, including the cost of employee services.The most appropriate method is developed from time studies and direct expense allocation. Management teams who choose this method will need to devote several months to data collection in order to generate sufficient information to establish the personnel components of each activity’s total cost.Time studies establish the average amount of time required to complete each task, plus bestand worst-case performances. Only those resources actually used are factored into the cost computation; unused resources are reported separately. These studies can also advise management teams how best to monitor and allocate expenses which might otherwise be expressed as part of general overheads, or go undetected altogether. -
19 Flügge-Lotz, Irmgard
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 1903 Germanyd. 1974 USA[br]German/American aeronautical engineer, specializing inflight control.[br]Both her father, a mathematician, and her mother encouraged Flügge-Lotz in her desire, unusual for a woman at that time, for a technical education. Her interest in aeronautics was awakened when she was a child, by seeing zeppelins (see Zeppelin, Ferdinand, Count von) being tested. In 1923 she entered the Technische Hochschule in Hannover to study engineering, specializing in aeronautics; she was often the only woman in the class. She obtained her doctorate in 1929 and began working in aeronautics. Two years later she derived the Lotz Method for calculating the distribution in aircraft wings of different shapes, which became widely used. Later, Flügge-Lotz took up an interest in automatic flight control of aircraft, notably of the discontinuous or "on-off" type. These were simple in design, inexpensive to manufacture and reliable in operation. By 1928 she had risen to the position of head of the Department of Theoretical Aerodynamics at Göttingen University, but she and her husband, Wilhelm Flügge, an engineering academic known for his anti-Nazi views, felt themselves increasingly discriminated against by the Hitler regime. In 1948 they emigrated to the USA, where Flügge was soon offered a professorship in engineering, while his wife had at first to make do with a lectureship. But her distinguished work eventually earned her appointment as the first woman full professor in the Engineering Department at Stanford University.She later extended her work on automatic flight control to the guidance of rockets and missiles, earning herself the description "a female Werner von Braun ".[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsSociety of Women Engineers Achievement Award 1970. Fellow, Institution of Aeronautics and Astronautics.BibliographyFlügge-Lotz was the author of two books on automatic control and over fifty scientific papers.Further ReadingA.Stanley, 1993, Mothers and Daughters of Invention, Meruchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, pp. 899–901.LRD
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