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1 HIMSELF
(reflexive pronoun) immo (a general sg. reflexive pronoun, covering English "myself, him/herself, yourself"). A specific 3rd person reflexive pronoun "him/herself" is insë (for older imse; it is unclear whether the latter form was in use in later Quenya). A reflexive ending “he…himself” (and *”she…herself”) in -ssë existed at one conceptual stage (melissë, “he loves himself”), but it is uncertain how lasting this idea was, and the ending seems prone to confusion with other, similar endings. Another reflective ending is -xë (spelt “-kse” in the source), plural -xer, dual -xet. –VT47:37, VT49:21, 48 -
2 DIVINE
valaina (= "of or belonging to the Valar", probably not to be used with reference to the One who is above them), Eruva (adj. referring to the divinity of Eru himself), DIVINITY valassë –BAL, VT44:18 -
3 HE, HIM
(personal 3rd sg. pronoun): As a pronominal suffix, the entire 3rd person singular “he, she, it” is expressed by the ending -s, e.g. caris *“(s)he/it does” (VT49:16, 48). Sometimes a verb with no pronominal ending whatsoever implies a subject “he, she, it”, e.g. nornë “he ran” (PE17:58), fírië “she has breathed forth” (MR:250), tinë “it glints” (TIN). A distinctly masculine ending -ro does occur in early material (antaváro “he will give”, LR:63), but was apparently abandoned by Tolkien. The ending -s may also appear in the “rare” longer form -së (VT49:51, descended from older -sse, VT49:20), perhaps distinctly personal (cf. násë “he [or she] is” vs. nás “it is”, VT49:27, 30). The ending -s is also attested in object position, e.g. melinyes “I love him” (VT49:21; this could also mean *”I love her” or *”I love it”). “He/she” (or even “it”, when some living thing is concerned) does have a distinct form when it appears as an independent pronoun: se (VT49:37), also with a long vowel (sé, VT49:51) when stressed. (Contrast the use of sa for “it” with reference to non-living things.) The independent form may also appear in object position: melin sé, “I love him [/her]” (VT49:21). Case endings may be added, e.g. allative sena or senna “at him [/her]”, “to him/her” (VT49:14, 45-46); se also appears suffixed to a preposition in the word ósë *”with him/her” (VT43:29). A distinct pronoun hé can be used for “he/she” = “the other”, as in a sentence like “I love him (sé) but not him (hé).” Genitive HIS/HER (or ITS, of a living thing) would normally appear as the ending -rya, e.g. coarya “his house” (WJ:369), máryat “her hands” (Nam), the latter with a dual ending following -rya. “His/her” as an independent word could be *senya (compare ninya “my” vs. ni “I”, nin “for me”). – Reflexive pronoun, see HIMSELF. –VT49:16, 51, VT43:29, VT49:15, LotR:1008 -
4 HERSELF
(reflexive pronoun) immo (a general sg. reflexive pronoun, covering English "myself, him/herself, yourself"). A specific 3rd person reflexive pronoun "him/herself" is insë (for older imse; it is unclear whether the latter form was in use in later Quenya). See HIMSELF. –VT47:37 -
5 ONESELF
immo (see HIMSELF). –VT49:21 -
6 OUR
As described in the entry WE, the 3rd person pl. pronouns distinguish plural forms from dual (depending on whether two or more persons are involved) and exclusive forms from inclusive (depending on whether the party addressed is included in “we/our”). Tolkien revised the relevant endings repeatedly. According to one late resolution described in VT49:16, the endings for exclusive “our” are –lma in the plural and –mma as a dual form, hence *aldalma “our tree” (with an “our” of at least three persons, not including the party addressed), but *aldamma “our tree = my and one other person’s tree”. The corresponding inclusive forms are –lwa (plural) and –ngwa (dual). Since the subject ending corresponding to the former is attested as “-lwe, –lve” (VT49:51), –lwa can surely also appear as *-lva, as in *omentielva “our meeting” (attested in the genitive case: omentielvo “of our meeting”, WJ:367). Hence *aldalwa/aldalva “our tree” (an “our” of at least three persons, including the party addressed), dual *aldangwa “our tree = thy and my tree”. – An independent word for plural exclusive "our" appears in VT43:19, 35: menya (also menyë modifying a plural noun). The corresponding plural inclusive form should apparently be *venya (pl. *venyë) for archaic *wenya (pl. wenyai > wenyë). The dual forms would most likely be *mentya (excl.) and *ventya (incl.); compare me, we/ve as the independent pronouns for “we” (with dual forms met, wet/*vet and dative forms *ment, * went/vent, from which the independent possessive pronouns are apparently derived by adding the adjectival ending -ya). – Notice that in an earlier conceptual phase, the forms in –mm- were plural (not as later dual) inclusive, and the forms in –lm- were plural inclusive rather than exclusive. This is why the word translated “of our meeting” appeared as omentielmo in the first edition of LotR, but was changed to omentielvo in the Second Edition. Cf. also Átaremma “our Father” as the first word of Tolkien’s translation of the Lord’s Prayer (VT43:12); this “our” is obviously meant to be plural exclusive rather than dual as it later became (according to Tolkien’s later conventions, “our Father” would be *Átarelma when a group of three or more persons addresses a party not included in “our”, in this case the Father himself). -
7 WOMAN
nís (so in MR:213, Etym gives nis, but both sources agree that the pl is nissi (the alternative pl. form nísi in VT43:31 seems abnormal, since this would be expected to become *nízi > *níri). A longer form of nís/nis is nissë, clashing with *nissë "in me". For clarity writers should probably use the short sg nís, as Tolkien himself does in MR:213, with the stem niss- before endings, as in the pl. nissi). At the end of compounds the form –nis may occur, as in Artanis (see NOBLE WOMAN). A poetic word for "woman" is †ní (female). The form \#nína (gen. pl. nínaron attested, VT43:31) may have been but an ephemeral word for "woman" in Tolkien's conception. LARGE WOMAN nisto –NDIS/NĪ/NIS, MR:213, VT43:31, NĪ, INI, VT47:33
См. также в других словарях:
Himself — Him*self , pron. 1. An emphasized form of the third person masculine pronoun; used as a subject usually with he; as, he himself will bear the blame; used alone in the predicate, either in the nominative or objective case; as, it is himself who… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
himself — [him self′] pron. [OE him selfum, dat. sing. of he self: see HIM & SELF] a form of HE1, used: a) as an intensifier [he said so himself] b) as a reflexive [he hurt himself] c) wi … English World dictionary
Himself (disambiguation) — Himself is a reflexive pronoun.Himself may also refer to:* , a 1983 stand up comedy film * Himself (Bill Cosby album), a 1982 comedy album … Wikipedia
Himself — Him*self , Himselve Him*selve , Himselven Him*selv en (?), pron. pl. Themselves. See {Hemself}. [Obs.] Chaucer. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
himself — O.E. him selfum, from HIM (Cf. him), dative/accusative personal pronoun, + SELF (Cf. self), here used as an inflected adjective … Etymology dictionary
himself — ► PRONOUN (third person sing. ) 1) (reflexive ) used as the object of a verb or preposition to refer to a male person or animal previously mentioned as the subject of the clause. 2) (emphatic ) he or him personally … English terms dictionary
himself — him|self [ weak ım self, strong hım self ] pronoun *** Himself is a reflexive pronoun, being the reflexive form of he. It is used especially in the following ways: as an object that refers to the same male who is the subject of the sentence or… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
himself */*/*/ — strong UK [hɪmˈself] / US weak UK [ɪmˈself] / US pronoun Summary: Himself is a reflexive pronoun, being the reflexive form of he. It is used especially in the following ways: as an object that refers to the same male who is the subject of the… … English dictionary
himself — [[t]hɪmse̱lf[/t]] ♦ (Himself is a third person singular reflexive pronoun. Himself is used when the object of a verb or preposition refers to the same person as the subject of the verb, except in meaning 4.) 1) PRON REFL: v PRON, prep PRON You… … English dictionary
himself — him|self W1S1 [ım self strong hım self] pron [reflexive form of he ] 1.) a) used to show that the man or boy who does something is affected by his own action ▪ In despair, the young boy had hanged himself. ▪ His name is James but he calls himself … Dictionary of contemporary English
himself — /Im self/; strong / hIm / pronoun 1 used to emphasize the pronoun he , a male name etc: To her surprise it was the President himself who opened the door. | It must be true, he said so himself. | How can he criticise her work when he has been… … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
