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21 Lumps
A term used in Burnley and other grey cloth manufacturing districts to denote pieces of cloth as taken from the loom. The term lump is also applied to double-width pieces of cloth which are split after weaving. -
22 Olanes
A plain weave cotton cloth of a good class. Burnley printer type, shipped to South America in printed designs, which are usually small floral effects in very dark red or maroon on a white ground. -
23 Ondule Reed
This is a special reed with alternate groups of wires converging towards the top and bottom as illustrated. During weaving the reed is gradually raised and lowered in the sley wchich places the warp threads alternately closer together and wider apart and this produces a curved effect in the cloth. The reed is the invention of a Burnley maker and can be arranged in various patterns.
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24 Open Band
A worsted yarn twisted from left to right, that is, in the same direction as the diagonal of a letter Z. Cross-band yarn is twisted in the opposite way, in the same direction as the diagonal of a letter S (see crossband yarn) lowered in the sley which places the warp threads alternately closer together and wider apart and this produces a curved effect in the cloth. The reed is the invention of a Burnley maker and can be arranged in various patterns.
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25 Persian Prints
A low-grade plain weave Burnley printer in the gorgeous colours desired by the Eastern peoples. Usually made 46-in. to 48-in., splits 50 ends and 46 picks per inch, 36's warp, 40's weft. Low-class yarns. -
26 Road Cloth
A number of roads in the United States have been laid with cotton cloth as a foundation for the asphalt. The preferred fabric is an osnaburg 75-in. to 90-in. wide, with 18 ends and 18 picks per inch. The sub-grade of the road is treated with a prime cast of tar-oil. After this is dry the cloth is placed directly upon it by unrolling. Each roll overlaps the previous one about 4-in. After that the distributor deposits a layer of hot black asphalt over the cloth. A road cloth used at Burnley, Lancashire, has 51/2 ends and 51/2 picks per inch, 4's warp, 4's weft, well sized. -
27 Belling, Charles Reginald
SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors[br]b. 11 May 1884 Bodmin, Cornwall, Englandd. 8 February 1965 while on a cruise[br]English electrical engineer best known as the pioneer of the wire-wound clay-former heating element which made possible the efficient domestic electric fire.[br]Belling was educated at Burts Grammar School in Lostwithiel, Cornwall, and at Crossley Schools in Halifax, Yorkshire. In 1903 he was apprenticed to Crompton \& Co. at Chelmsford in Essex, the firm that in 1894 offered for sale the earliest electric heaters. These electric radiant panels were intended as heating radiators or cooking hotplates, but were not very successful because, being cast-iron panels into which heating wires had been embedded in enamel, they tended to fracture due to the different rates of thermal expansion of the iron and the enamel. Other designs of electric heaters followed, notably the introduction of large, sausage-shaped carbon filament bulbs fitted into a fire frame and backed by reflectors. This was the idea of H. Dowsing, a collaborator of Crompton, in 1904.After qualifying in 1906, Belling left Crompton \& Co. and went to work for Ediswan at Ponders End in Hertfordshire. He left in 1912 to set up his own business, which he began in a small shed in Enfield. With a small staff and capital of £450, he took out his first patent for his wire-wound-former electric fire in the same year. The resistance wire, made from nickel-chrome alloy such as that patented in 1906 by A.L. Marsh, was coiled round a clay former. Six such bars were attached to a cast-iron frame with heating control knobs, and the device was marketed as the Standard Belling Fire. Advertised in 1912, the fire was an immediate success and was followed by many other variations. Improvements to the first model included wire safety guards, enamel finishes and a frame ornamented with copper and brass.Belling turned his attention to hotplates, cookers, immersion heaters, electric irons, water urns and kettles, producing the Modernette Cooker (1919), the multi-parabola fire bar (1921), the plate and dish warmer (1924), the storage heater (1926) and the famous Baby Belling cookers, the first of which appeared in 1929. By 1955 business had developed so well that Belling opened another factory at Burnley, Lancashire. He partly underwrote, for the amount of £1 million, a proposed scientific technical college for the electrical industry at Enfield.[br]Further Reading1985, Dictionary of Business Biography, Butterworth.G.Jukes, 1963, The Story of Belling, Belling and Co. Ltd (produced by the company in its Golden Jubilee year).DYBiographical history of technology > Belling, Charles Reginald
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