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1 Brunelleschi, Filippo
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 1377 Florence, Italyd. 15 April 1446 Florence, Italy[br]Italian artist, craftsman and architect who introduced the Italian Renaissance style of classical architecture in the fifteenth century.[br]Brunelleschi was a true "Renaissance Man" in that he excelled in several disciplines, as did most artists of the Italian Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. He was a goldsmith and sculptor; fifteenth-century writers acknowledge him as the first to study and demonstrate the principles of perspective, and he clearly possessed a deep mathematical understanding of the principles of architectural structure.Brunelleschi's Foundling Hospital in Florence, begun in 1419, is accepted as the first Renaissance building, one whose architectural style is based upon a blend of the classical principles and decoration of Ancient Rome and those of the Tuscan Romanesque. Brunelleschi went on to design a number of important Renaissance structures in Florence, such as the basilicas of San Lorenzo and Santo Spirito, the Pazzi Chapel at Santa Croce, and the unfinished church of Santa Maria degli Angeli.However, the artistic and technical feat for which Brunelleschi is most famed is the completion of Florence Cathedral by constructing a dome above the octagonal drum which had been completed in 1412. The building of this dome presented what appeared to be at the time insuperable problems, which had caused previous cathedral architects to shy away from tackling it. The drum was nearly 140 ft (43 m) in diameter and its base was 180 ft (55 m) above floor level: no wooden centering was possible because no trees long enough to span the gap could be found, and even if they had been available, the weight of such a massive framework would have broken centering beneath. In addition, the drum had no external abutment, so the weight of the dome must exert excessive lateral thrust. Aesthetically, the ideal Renaissance dome, like the Roman dome before it (for example, the Pantheon) was a hemisphere, but in the case of the Florence Cathedral such a structure would have been unsafe, so Brunelleschi created a pointed dome that would create less thrust laterally. He constructed eight major ribs of stone and, between them, sixteen minor ones, using a light infilling. He constructed a double-shell dome, which was the first of this type but is a design that has been followed by nearly all major architects since this date (for example Michelangelo's Saint Peter's in Rome, and Wren's Saint Paul's in London). Further strength is given by a herringbone pattern of masonry and brick infilling, and by tension chains of massive blocks, fastened with iron and with iron chains above, girding the dome at three levels. A large lantern finally stops the 50 ft (15.25 m) diameter eye at the point of the dome. Construction of the Florence Cathedral dome was begun on 7 August 1420 and was completed to the base of the lantern sixteen years later. It survives as the peak of Brunelleschi's Renaissance achievement.[br]Further ReadingPeter Murray, 1963, The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance, Batsford, Ch. 2. Howard Saalman, 1980, Filippo Brunelleschi: The Cupola of Santa Maria del Fiore, Zwemmer.Piero Sanpaolesi, 1977, La Cupola di Santa Maria del Fiore: Il Progetto: La Costruzione, Florence: Edam.Eugenio Battisti, 1981, Brunelleschi: The Complete Work, Thames and Hudson.DY -
2 Filippo Brunelleschi
s.Felipe Brunelleschi, Brunelleschi, Filippo Brunelleschi. -
3 Architecture and building
Biographical history of technology > Architecture and building
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BRUNELLESCHI (F.) — Ses contemporains, le rédacteur anonyme de sa biographie et Leon Battista Alberti, considéraient le Florentin Brunelleschi comme le premier artiste «moderne»: celui qui rompt la tradition pour retourner aux sources gréco romaines où il puise une… … Encyclopédie Universelle
BRUNELLESCHI (U.) — BRUNELLESCHI UMBERTO (1879 1949) L’œuvre d’illustrateur de Brunelleschi, trop méconnue, témoigne de l’étendue de son talent qui va de la peinture de chevalet à l’illustration de mode, de la publicité aux costumes de théâtre. Après une enfance à… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Brunelleschi — ist der Name folgender Personen: Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446), italienischer Architekt und Bildhauer Umberto Brunelleschi (1879–1949), italienischer Illustrator und Designer Diese Seite ist eine Begriffsklärung zur … Deutsch Wikipedia
Brunelleschi — [ leski], Brunellẹsco, Filippo, italienischer Baumeister und Bildhauer, * Florenz 1377, ✝ ebenda 15. 4. 1446; begann als Goldschmied und beteiligte sich 1402 am Wettbewerb um die zweite Bronzetür des Baptisteriums in Florenz (Relief mit… … Universal-Lexikon
Brunelleschi — (spr. Brunelleski, Brunellesco), Filippo, geb. 1377 in Florenz, widmete sich der Goldschmiede , später der Bildhauer u. endlich der Baukunst, als deren Wiederhersteller (Schöpfer der Renaissance) erbetrachtet wird. Durch das Studium der Antike,… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Brunelleschi — (spr. ski), Filippo, ital. Baumeister, Begründer der Renaissancebaukunst, geb. 1379 in Florenz, gest. das. 1446. Werke: Domkuppel zu Florenz, Kirchen Santo Spirito und San Lorenzo, Palast Pitti das. – Vgl. von Fabriczy (1892) … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Brunelleschi — (Brunelleski). Filippo, geb. 1377 zu Florenz, zuerst Goldarbeiter, dann Bildhauer, ging später mit Donatello nach Rom, wo er vorzugsweise dem Studium der Architektur und der antiken Baudenkmale oblag. Sein berühmtestes Bauwerk ist die kolossale… … Herders Conversations-Lexikon
Brunelleschi — Brunelleschi, Filippo … Enciclopedia Universal
Brunelleschi — (Filippo di Ser Brunellesco) (1377 1446) sculpteur et architecte florentin; l un des grands initiateurs de l architecture de la Renaissance: à Florence, coupole de Santa Maria del Fiore (1420 1436), chapelle et palais des Pazzi (1429 1446) … Encyclopédie Universelle
Brunelleschi — (izg. brunelèski), Filippo (1377 1446) DEFINICIJA talijanski graditelj i kipar, pionir kulture rane renesanse u Italiji; projektirao kupolu firentinske katedrale za čiju je izgradnju izumio posebne strojeve … Hrvatski jezični portal
Brunelleschi — [bro͞o΄nel les′kē] Filippo [fē lēp′pō̂] 1377 1446; Florentine architect … English World dictionary