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81 Breeches
BREECHES (Braccas, Latin)This term described a portion of male attire, to which it was first applied in the 16th century. The Gaulish Britons and other Celtic nations used the word " trousers," full and gathered at the ankles (see Trowsers). In an inventory of 1581 there is mentioned " six pare of velvet brytches with three pare of lether brytches." King James had his breeches in great plaits and full stuffed. In 1614 an engraving of James I, the king is represented in stuffed breeches tapering to the knees; profusely slashed and striped with lace. In shape, style, length and fitting varied considerably during later times (see Bracca:, Bombards) -
82 Cap
" For William Somar, the king's fool, a cappe of green clothe fringed with red crule and lined with fryse." Henry VIII's reign. ———————— Night caps are first mentioned in the times of the Tudors. In the inventory of the wardrobe of Henry VIII, we find " a nightcappe of black velvett embroidered." They were worn in the day-time by elderly men and invalids. In 1762 the French night cap was worn by women of fashion in the daytime. It sat close to the ears and cheeks, leaving but little of the face to be seen. ———————— A head covering for both sexes (in French, bonnet). The Belgic Britons appear to have worn some head covering. Anglo-Saxons wore caps made of many materials according to the station of the wearers, those of the higher class had ornaments of metal and embroidery. About the close of the 12th century, the Danes and Normans wore a cap more like a colf which did not cover the back of the head. In 1369 caps of various colours, mostly red, were popular, and had costly linings. During the reigns of Henry V, Henry VI, and Henry VII, caps of most peculiar shapes were worn. In later years, caps of silver and gold were used. During the reign of Henry VIII what were called " Milan Bonnets," so named from the duchy in which they were first made, when also the modern name of Milliner (Milainer) applied to ladles' caps and bonnet makers in England, were greatly in fashion. They were composed of the costliest stuffs, cloth of gold and silver, velvet and satin, slashed and puffed like the dresses, jewelled and bordered with feathers, etc. The fashion in caps was constantly changing, and there are innumerable varieties, so fantastic and preposterous, in the majority of instances, in its forms, that the monstrosities of the Middle Ages, which provoked the censure and satire of the poets and others, appear graceful by comparison. -
83 Plaid
PLAID, PLODDANThe chequered cloak or mantle still worn in Scotland. In 1598 it was stated " the citizens' wives and women of Scotland did weare cloaks made of a coarse cloth of two or three colours in chequer work, vulgarly called ' Ploddar'," and " plaiding " is still the term for the chequered tartans in the Lowlands. The Gaelic term for the plaid is breacan feile - literally " the chequered, striped, or spotted covering " and the particoloured cloth woven by the Gauls and Britons was by them called breach and bryean, from breac, specked or spotted. The plaid worn by the men was originally a large mantle of one piece belted round the body, and thence called " the belted plaid " (see Tartan) -
84 Ploddan
PLAID, PLODDANThe chequered cloak or mantle still worn in Scotland. In 1598 it was stated " the citizens' wives and women of Scotland did weare cloaks made of a coarse cloth of two or three colours in chequer work, vulgarly called ' Ploddar'," and " plaiding " is still the term for the chequered tartans in the Lowlands. The Gaelic term for the plaid is breacan feile - literally " the chequered, striped, or spotted covering " and the particoloured cloth woven by the Gauls and Britons was by them called breach and bryean, from breac, specked or spotted. The plaid worn by the men was originally a large mantle of one piece belted round the body, and thence called " the belted plaid " (see Tartan) -
85 civilise
(to change the ways of (a primitive people) to those found in a more advanced type of society: The Romans tried to civilize the ancient Britons.) civiliser- civilisation -
86 civilize
(to change the ways of (a primitive people) to those found in a more advanced type of society: The Romans tried to civilize the ancient Britons.) civiliser- civilisation -
87 civilise
(to change the ways of (a primitive people) to those found in a more advanced type of society: The Romans tried to civilize the ancient Britons.) civilizar- civilisation -
88 civilize
(to change the ways of (a primitive people) to those found in a more advanced type of society: The Romans tried to civilize the ancient Britons.) civilizar- civilisation -
89 Great Britain
(England before 1707)Next to Spain, the country with which Portugal has had the closest diplomatic, political, and economic relations into contemporary times and during much of its history as a nation. Today, the two countries retain the formal bonds of the world's oldest diplomatic alliance. Whatever the diplomatic ups and downs of the alliance, Britain and Portugal increasingly linked their economies, starting with the Methuen Treaty ( 1703) in the early 18th century. "English woolens for Portuguese wines" was the essence of this trade arrangement, but many other products were traded between these two peoples with quite different religious and cultural features. Among economic links, now traditional, are those in banking and finance, manufacturing, agriculture, and trade.Portugal joined Britain in several international economic organizations well before Portugal entered the European Economic Community (EEC), the predecessor of the European Union (EU), in 1986, among these the European Free Trade Association (in 1959), the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Tourism, too, has long been a key connection. Ever since the 1700s, privileged tourists have enjoyed the sun and citrus fruits of Portugal and Madeira for their health. Another significant link is that Britons comprise one of the largest foreign communities in Portugal. Tourism and foreign communities have increased considerably since the early 1960s, when cheap airfares began. Among EU members, Britain remains one of Portugal's largest foreign investors. -
90 generation
generation [dʒenə'reɪʃən](a) (age group) génération f;∎ the present generation is or are anxious about the future la génération actuelle est inquiète face à l'avenir;∎ the 1960s saw the appearance of the hippy generation la génération hippie est apparue au cours des années 60;∎ the rising generation la jeune ou nouvelle génération;∎ a new generation of writers une nouvelle génération d'écrivains;∎ from generation to generation de génération en génération, de père en fils∎ she is second generation Irish elle est née de parents irlandais;∎ third generation black Britons still face racial prejudice les noirs britanniques de la troisième génération sont encore confrontés au racisme(c) (period of time) génération f;∎ the house has been in the family for three generations la maison est dans la famille depuis trois générations;∎ traditions that have been practised for generations des traditions en vigueur depuis des générations(d) (model → of machine) génération f;∎ a third generation microprocessor un microprocesseur de la troisième génération(e) (UNCOUNT) (of electricity) génération f, production f; (of ideas etc) génération f, formation f; Linguistics génération f►► generation gap écart m entre les générations; (conflict) conflit m des générations;Generation X génération f X
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