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41 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
42 воздушный
аварийная связь с воздушным судномair distress communicationаварийная ситуация с воздушным судномaircraft emergencyаварийные воздушные перевозкиdistress trafficавиатрасса верхнего воздушного пространстваhigh-level airwayавиатрасса нижнего воздушного пространстваlow-level airwayавиационный двигатель воздушного охлажденияair-cooled engineавтоматическое выравнивание воздушного судна перед посадкойautoflareавторотация воздушного винтаpropeller windmillingавторотирующий воздушный винтwindmilling propellerагентство по отправке грузов воздушным транспортомair freight forwarderадминистративное воздушное судноexecutive aircraftангар для воздушного суднаaircraft shedаренда воздушного суднаaircraft leaseаренда воздушного судна без экипажа1. aircraft dry lease2. aircraft drylease аренда воздушного судна вместе с экипажемaircraft wet leaseарендатор воздушного суднаlessee of an aircraftарендованное воздушное судноleased aircraftарендовать воздушное судноlease an aircraftАссоциация воздушного транспорта СШАair TransportАссоциация воздушных перевозчиковNational Air Carrierаудиовизуальная система имитации воздушного движенияair traffic audio simulation system(для тренажеров) аэродинамически сбалансированное воздушное судноairodynamically balanced aircraftаэродром для реактивных воздушных судовjet aerodromeаэродром местных воздушных линийdomestic aerodromeаэродромный обогреватель воздушного суднаaircraft heaterаэродром совместного базирования гражданского и военных воздушных судовjoint civil and military aerodromeаэронавигационная карта воздушных подходовaeronautical approach chartаэропорт высокой плотности воздушного движенияhigh-density airportбаза ремонта воздушных судовaircraft repair depotбалансировать воздушное судно1. balance the aircraft2. trim the aircraft балансировать воздушный винтbalance the propellerбалансировка воздушного винтаpropeller balanceбалансировка воздушного суднаaircraft trimбезопасное управление воздушным судномsafe handling of an aircraftбезопасность воздушного движенияair safetyбезопасный срок службы воздушного суднаaircraft safe lifeбесшумное воздушное судноquiet aircraftбиение воздушного винтаairscrew knockборт воздушного суднаaircraft sideбортовая кухня воздушного суднаaircraft galleyбортовой регистрационный знак воздушного суднаaircraft registration markбригада для перегонки воздушных судовdelivery groupбригада технического обслуживания воздушных судовaircraft maintenance teamбуксировать воздушное судно хвостом впередpush the aircraft backбуксировочный узел воздушного суднаaircraft towing pointвал воздушного винтаpropeller shaftвводить воздушное судно в кренroll in the aircraftведомость дефектов воздушного суднаaircraft defects listвектор воздушной скоростиairspeed vectorверхнее воздушное пространство1. upper air2. upper air area весовая категория воздушного суднаaircraft weight categoryвесовая классификация воздушного суднаaircraft breakdownвзаимодействие воздушных потоковair flow interactionвид воздушного суднаaircraft categoryвинтовое воздушное судноprop-driven aircraftвладелец сертификата на воздушное судноaircraft certificate holderвлияние спутной струи от воздушного винтаslipstream effectвлиять на состояние воздушного суднаeffect on an aircraftвместимость воздушного суднаaircraft capacityвне воздушной трассыoff-airwayвнезапное отклонение воздушного суднаaircraft sudden swerveвнимание, отвлеченное от управления воздушным судномdiverted attention from operationвозвращать воздушное судноbring the aircraft backвоздушная болезньairsicknessвоздушная волнаair waveвоздушная заслонкаair flapвоздушная зонаair sideвоздушная линияair lineвоздушная массаair massвоздушная обстановкаair situationвоздушная обстановка в зоне аэродромаaerodrome air pictureвоздушная опораair bearingвоздушная перевозка1. air carriage2. air conveyance 3. air movement 4. skylift воздушная перевозка за платуair operation for remunerationвоздушная перевозка по наймуair operation for hireвоздушная перевозка типа инклюзив турinclusive tourвоздушная подушкаair cushionвоздушная подушка у землиground cushionвоздушная почтаair mailвоздушная пробкаair lockвоздушная система запуска двигателейair starting systemвоздушная скоростьairspeedвоздушная смесительная камераair-mixing chamberвоздушная трасса1. airway2. air track 3. skyway 4. air lane 5. air route 6. air path воздушная турбинаair turbineвоздушная турбулентностьair turbulenceвоздушная ударная волнаair blastвоздушная цельair targetвоздушная ямаair pocketвоздушная яма на пути полетаin flight bumpвоздушное барражированиеair loiteringвоздушное движение1. air traffic2. traffic flow воздушное охлаждениеair coolingвоздушное пиратствоair piracyвоздушное правоair lawвоздушное пространство1. airspace2. midair воздушное пространство с запретом визуальных полетовvisual exempted airspaceвоздушное путешествие1. air trip2. air travel воздушное сообщениеair communicationвоздушное судно1. aircraft2. ship воздушное судно без экипажаbare hullвоздушное судно большой вместимостиhigh-capacity aircraftвоздушное судно большой дальности полетовlong-distance aircraftвоздушное судно вертикального взлета и посадкиvertical takeoff and landing aircraftвоздушное судно в зоне ожиданияholding aircraftвоздушное судно в полете1. in-flight aircraft2. making way aircraft 3. aircraft on flight воздушное судно вспомогательной авиалинииfeeder aircraftвоздушное судно, выведенное из строяdisabled aircraftвоздушное судно государственной принадлежностиstate aircraftвоздушное судно, готовое к полетуunder way aircraftвоздушное судно гражданской авиацииcivil aircraftвоздушное судно для местный авиалинийshort-range aircraftвоздушное судно для местных авиалинийshort-haul transportвоздушное судно для обслуживания местных авиалинийfeederlinerвоздушное судно для патрулирования лесных массивовforest patrol aircraftвоздушное судно для полетов на большой высотеhigh-altitude aircraftвоздушное судно для смешанных перевозокcombination aircraftвоздушное судно, дозаправляемое в полетеreceiver aircraftвоздушное судно, загруженное не по установленной схемеimproperly loaded aircraftвоздушное судно, занесенное в реестрaircraft on registerвоздушное судно, идущее впередиpreceeding aircraftвоздушное судно, идущее следомfollowing aircraftвоздушное судно, имеющее разрешение на полетauthorized aircraftвоздушное судно, исключенное из реестраabandoned aircraftвоздушное судно короткого взлета и посадкиshort takeoff and landing aircraftвоздушное судно, летящее курсом на востокeastbound aircraftвоздушное судно местных воздушных линийcommuter-size aircraftвоздушное судно на подходеin-coming aircraftвоздушное судно - нарушительintruderвоздушное судно, находящееся в воздухеairborne aircraftвоздушное судно, находящееся в эксплуатации владельцаowner-operated aircraftвоздушное судно, находящееся на встречном курсеoncoming aircraftвоздушное судно небольшой массыlight aircraftвоздушное судно, не сертифицированное по шумуnonnoise certificate aircraftвоздушное судно, нуждающееся в помощиaircraft requiring assistanceвоздушное судно обнаруженияspotter(цели) воздушное судно общего назначенияgeneral-purpose aircraftвоздушное судно обычной схемы взлета и посадкиconventional takeoff and landing aircraftвоздушное судно, оставшееся на плавуstayed afloat aircraftвоздушное судно, отвечающее современным требованиямtoday's aircraftвоздушное судно первого поколенияfirst-generation aircraftвоздушное судно, получившее разрешениеcleared aircraftвоздушное судно по обменуinterchanged aircraftвоздушное судно, прибывающее в конечный аэропортterminating aircraftвоздушное судно, пропавшее без вестиaircraft in missingвоздушное судно с верхним расположением крылаhigh-wing aircraftвоздушное судно с газотурбинными двигателямиturbine-engined aircraftвоздушное судно с двумя двигателямиtwin-engined aircraftвоздушное судно с двумя и более двигателямиmultiengined aircraftвоздушное судно с неподвижным крыломfixed-wing aircraftвоздушное судно с несущим винтомrotary-wing aircraftвоздушное судно с несущим фюзеляжемlift-fuselage aircraftвоздушное судно с низким расположением крылаlow-wing aircraftвоздушное судно, совершающее заход на посадкуapproaching aircraftвоздушное судно с одним двигателем1. one-engined aircraft2. single-engined aircraft воздушное судно с одним пилотомsingle-pilot aircraftвоздушное судно, создающее опасность столкновенияintruding aircraftвоздушное судно со складывающимся крыломfolding wing aircraftвоздушное судно со средним расположением крылаmid-wing aircraftвоздушное судно с поршневым двигателемpiston-engined aircraftвоздушное судно с треугольным крыломdelta-wing aircraftвоздушное судно с турбовинтовыми двигателямиturboprop aircraftвоздушное судно с турбореактивными двигателямиturbojet aircraftвоздушное судно с убранной механизацией крылаclean aircraftвоздушное судно с удлиненным фюзеляжемstretched aircraftвоздушное судно с узким фюзеляжемnarrow-body aircraftвоздушное судно с фюзеляжем типовой схемыregular-body aircraftвоздушное судно схемы летающее крыло1. all-wing aircraft2. tailless aircraft воздушное судно схемы уткаcanard aircraftвоздушное судно считается пропавшим без вестиaircraft is considered to be missingвоздушное судно с экипажем из нескольких человекmulticrew aircraftвоздушное судно, терпящее бедствиеaircraft in distressвоздушное судно, удовлетворяющее требованиям сохранения окружающей средыenvironmentally attuned aircraftвоздушное судно укороченного взлета и посадкиreduced takeoff and landing aircraftвоздушное таксиair taxiвоздушное уплотнениеair sealвоздушное уплотнение опорыbearing air sealвоздушные винты противоположного вращенияcontrarotating propellersвоздушные воротаair gateвоздушные перевозкиairliftвоздушные перевозки большой протяженностиlong-haul serviceвоздушные перевозки вертолетомrotorcraft operationsвоздушные перевозки малой протяженностиshort-haul serviceвоздушные перевозки с большим количеством промежуточных остановокmultistop serviceвоздушные перевозки средней протяженностиmedium-haul serviceвоздушные перевозки типа инклюзив турinclusive tour trafficвоздушный буксирaerotowвоздушный винт1. airscrew2. prop 3. propeller воздушный винт во флюгерном положенииfeathered propellerвоздушный винт двусторонней схемыdoubleacting propellerвоздушный винт изменяемого шага1. adjustable-pitch propeller2. variable pitch propeller 3. controllable propeller воздушный винт левого вращенияleft-handed propellerвоздушный винт на режиме малого газаidling propellerвоздушный винт постоянного числа оборотовconstant-speed propellerвоздушный винт правого вращенияright-handed propellerвоздушный винт прямой тягиdirect drive propellerвоздушный винт с автоматически изменяемым шагомautomatic pitch propellerвоздушный винт с автоматической регулировкойautomatically controllable propellerвоздушный винт с большим шагомhigh-pitch propellerвоздушный винт с гидравлическим управлением шагаhydraulic propellerвоздушный винт фиксированного шага1. constant-pitch propeller2. fixed-pitch propeller воздушный дроссельthrottle airвоздушный клапанair valveвоздушный кодексair codesВоздушный кодексAir laws regulationsвоздушный коллектор1. air manifold2. air manifold pipe 3. air collector 4. pneumatic manifold воздушный коридорair corridorвоздушный лайнерairlinerвоздушный перевозчикair carrierвоздушный поток1. airflow2. airstream 3. air flow воздушный радиаторair coolerвоздушный редукторair pressure valveвоздушный стартерair starterвоздушный трактair flow ductвоздушный транспортair transportвоздушный участокairborne partвоздушный участок траекторииairborne pathвоздушный фильтрair filterвоздушный флотair fleetвозмущение воздушного потокаair distortionвосстанавливать воздушное судноrestore an aircraftвосходящий воздушный потокanabatic windвосходящий порыв воздушной массыair-up gustВПП для эксплуатации любых типов воздушных судовall-service runwayвращать воздушный винтdrive a propellerвредное воздействие шума от воздушных судовaircraft noise pollutionвремя прекращения действия ограничения на воздушное движениеtraffic release timeвсепогодное воздушное судноall-weather aircraftвспомогательная бортовая система воздушного суднаassociated aircraft systemвтулка воздушного винта1. propeller hub2. airscrew hub 3. airscrew boss входное воздушное устройствоair inlet section(двигателя) вывешивать воздушное судноlift an aircraft onвывешивать воздушное судно на подъемникахjack an aircraftвыводить воздушное судно из крена1. bring the aircraft out2. roll out the aircraft выводить воздушное судно из сваливания на крылоunstall the aircraftвыводить воздушное судно на заданный курсput the aircraft on the courseвыводить воздушный винт из флюгерного положенияunfeather the propellerвыдерживать воздушное судноkeep the aircraft onвыдерживать воздушное судно на заданном курсеhold the aircraft on the headingвылетающее воздушное судно1. departing aircraft2. originating aircraft 3. outbound aircraft 4. outward aircraft вынужденная посадка воздушного судна на водуaircraft ditchingвыполнять работу на воздушном суднеwork on the aircraftвыполнять этап пробега воздушного суднаroll on the aircraftвыравнивать воздушное судно1. ease the aircraft on2. level the aircraft out выруливать воздушное судноlead out the aircraftвыруливать воздушное судно на исполнительный стартline up the aircraftвысотное воздушное пространствоspecified upper-air layerвысотный воздушный винтaltitude propellerвыставка технического оборудования для обслуживания воздушных судовaircraft maintenance engineering exhibitionвычислитель воздушной скоростиair-speed computerвычислитель воздушных сигналовair data computerгарантийный срок воздушного суднаaircraft warrantyгерметизированное воздушное судноpressurized aircraftгерметичность воздушного суднаaircraft tightnessгидравлическое управление шагом воздушного винтаhydraulic propeller pitch controlгидровариант воздушного суднаsea aircraftгидроподъемник для воздушного суднаaircraft hydraulic jackгиперзвуковое воздушное судноhypersonic aircraftгироскоп с воздушной опорой осейair bearing gyroscopeГлавное агентство воздушных сообщенийCentral Agency of Air Serviceгосударственная система организации воздушного пространстваnational airspace systemгосударственный опознавательный знак воздушного суднаaircraft nationality markгосударство - изготовитель воздушного суднаstate of aircraft manufactureгосударство - поставщик воздушного суднаaircraft provider stateгосударство регистрации воздушного суднаaircraft registry stateгосударство - эксплуатант воздушного суднаaircraft user stateготовность воздушного суднаaircraft readinessгражданский воздушный транспортcivil air transportграница зоны управления воздушным движениемair traffic control boundaryграфик воздушного путешествияair travel planграфик движения воздушного транспортаair transport movement tableгруз для воздушной перевозкиair cargoгрузовое воздушное судно1. all-cargo aircraft2. air freighter 3. freight aircraft грузовое воздушное судно с откидной носовой частьюbow-loaderгрузопассажирское воздушное судноconvertible aircraftгруз, перевозимый воздушным судномaircraft freightгруппа прогнозирования воздушного движенияtraffic forecast groupдавать воздушному судну правоenable the aircraft toдавать разрешение воздушному суднуclear the aircraftдальность полета воздушного суднаaircraft rangeданные воздушных перевозокtraffic summaryданные о результатах испытаний воздушного суднаaircraft test dataдата обнаружения пропавшего воздушного суднаaircraft recovery dateдатчик воздушной скорости1. airspeed sensor2. airspeed transmitter датчик воздушных сигналовair-data sensorдвижение воздушного суднаaircraft movementдвухпалубное воздушное судноdouble-decker aircraftдвухфюзеляжное воздушное судноtwin-fuselage aircraftдействующая воздушная трассаeffective air pathдержать воздушное судно готовымmaintain the aircraft at readiness toдержаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного суднаkeep clear of the aircraftдеформация конструкции воздушного суднаaircraft structural deformationдиаграмма воздушных потоковair-flow patternдиспетчер воздушного движенияflight dispatcherдиспетчерский центр управления воздушным движениемair traffic control centerдиспетчерский центр управления потоком воздушного движенияflow control centerдиспетчерское обслуживание воздушного пространстваair controlдиспетчер службы управления воздушным движениемair traffic controllerдисплей индикации воздушной обстановкиair situation displayдистанционное управление воздушным судномflight monitoringдозвуковое воздушное судноsubsonic aircraftдонесение о состоянии парка воздушных судовaircraft status reportдопускать воздушное судно к дальнейшей эксплуатации1. consider an aircraft serviceable2. return the aircraft to service допуск на массу воздушного суднаaircraft weight toleranceдопуск на размеры воздушного суднаaircraft dimension toleranceдорабатывать конструкцию воздушного суднаafter an aircraftдоработка воздушного суднаaircraft retrofitдоход на единицу воздушной перевозкиrevenue per traffic unitЕвропейская группа прогнозирования воздушного движенияEuropean air traffic forecast Groupединица воздушной перевозкиtraffic unitзавихрение воздушной массыwhirlwindзагруженное воздушное судноladen aircraftзагрузка воздушного суднаaircraft ladingзаземление воздушного суднаaircraft earthingзаказчик воздушного суднаaircraft customerзакрытый воздушный винтshrouded propellerзамена парка воздушных судовfleet updatingзаменять воздушное судноsubstitute the aircraftзаменять оборудование воздушного суднаreequip an aircraftзаносить воздушное судно в реестрenter the aircraftзапасные части для воздушного суднаaircraft spare partзапас прочности воздушного суднаaircraft reserve factorзапас топлива воздушного суднаaircraft fuel quantityзапас управляемости воздушного суднаaircraft control marginзапускать воздушное судно в производствоput the aircraft into productionзарегистрированное воздушное пространствоspecified airspaceзарезервированное воздушное пространствоreserved airspaceзаруливать воздушное судноlead in the aircraftзаруливать на место стоянки воздушного суднаenter the aircraft standзасветка воздушного суднаaircraft flashзасекать воздушное судноplot the aircraftзатормаживать воздушный потокbring to rest airзафрахтованное воздушное судноchartered aircraftзачехлять воздушное судноcover an aircraft withзащита воздушного судна от угонаaircraft hijack protectionзвукоизоляция воздушного суднаaircraft sound proofingзона аэродромного управления воздушным движениемaerodrome traffic control zoneзона воздушного барражированияair patrol zoneзона воздушного движенияtraffic zoneзона воздушного пространства с особым режимом полетаairspace restricted areaзона движения воздушных судовaerodrome movement areaзона интенсивного воздушного движенияcongested areaзона управления воздушным движениемair traffic control areaизнос воздушного суднаageing aircraftизносостойкий воздушный подшипникmaintenance-free air bearingиндикатор наземного движения воздушных судовaircraft surface movement indicatorиндикаторная воздушная скорость1. rectified airspeed2. calibrate airspeed индикация воздушных целейair target indicationинженер по техническому обслуживанию воздушных судовaircraft maintenance engineerинструкция по загрузке воздушного суднаaircraft loading instructionинструкция по консервации и хранению воздушного суднаaircraft storage instructionинструкция по эксплуатации воздушного суднаaircraft operating instructionинтенсивное воздушное движениеhigh density air trafficинтенсивное регулярное воздушное сообщениеairbridgeинтенсивность воздушного движения1. traffic flow rate2. air-traffic intensity информация по воздушной трассеairway informationисправленная воздушная скоростьcorrected airspeedиспытание воздушного судна в термобарокамереaircraft environmental testиспытания воздушного судна на перегрузкиaircraft acceleration testsиспытания воздушного судна на переменные нагрузкиaircraft alternate-stress testsиспытательная станция воздушных судовaircraft test stationиспытываемое воздушное судноtest aircraftисследование конфликтной ситуации в воздушном движенииair conflict searchисследовательское воздушное судноresearch aircraftистинная воздушная скоростьtrue airspeedисходная масса пустого воздушного суднаbasic empty weightклассификационная отметка воздушного суднаaircraft ratingклассификация воздушных судовaircraft classificationклассификация воздушных судов по типамaircraft category ratingкольцевой обтекатель воздушного винтаairscrew antidrag ringкольцо воздушного лабиринтного уплотненияair labyrinth seal ringкомандир воздушного суднаaircraft commanderкомбинированный тип воздушного суднаcomplex type of aircraftкомель лопасти воздушного винтаpropeller blade shankКомитет по воздушным перевозкам1. Air Transport Committee2. Air Transportation Board коммерческая воздушная перевозкаcommercial air transportationкоммерческие воздушные перевозки1. commercial air transport operations2. revenue traffic коммерческий воздушный транспортcommercial air transportкоммерческое воздушное судноprofitable aircraftкоммерческое реактивное воздушное судноcommercial jetкомплексная система контроля воздушного пространстваintegrated system of airspace controlкомплект оборудования для удаления воздушного суднаaircraft recovery kitкомпоновка воздушного суднаaircraft layoutконвенция по управлению воздушным движениемair traffic conventionконструкция воздушного судна1. aircraft design2. aircraft structure консультативная информация о воздушном движенииtraffic advisory informationконсультативное воздушное пространствоadvisory airspaceконсультативное обслуживание верхнего воздушного пространстваupper advisory serviceконсультативное обслуживание воздушного движенияtraffic advisory serviceконсультативное сообщение о воздушной обстановкеtraffic advisoryконсультативное сообщение о воздушной обстановке, регистрируемой на первичной РЛСtraffic advisory against primary radar targetsКонсультативный комитет по управлению воздушным движениемAir Traffic Control Advisory Committeeконтактное кольцо воздушного винтаpropeller slip ringконтейнер для перевозки грузов и багажа на воздушном суднеaircraft containerконтракт на воздушную перевозкуair carriage contractконтролируемое воздушное пространствоcontrolled airspaceконтролируемое воздушное пространство предназначенное для полетов по приборамinstrument restricted airspaceконтроль качества изготовления воздушных судовaircraft production inspectionконтуры воздушного суднаaircraft geometryконфигурация базовой модели воздушного суднаbaseline aircraft configurationконцевой выключатель в системе воздушного суднаaircraft limit switchкоэффициент загрузки воздушного суднаaircraft load factorкоэффициент заполнения воздушного винтаpropeller solidity ratioкоэффициент использования воздушного суднаaircraft usability factorкоэффициент перегрузки воздушного суднаaircraft acceleration factorкрен воздушного судна1. aircraft heel2. aircraft roll 3. aircraft list крутящий момент воздушного винта1. propeller torque2. airscrew torque крутящий момент воздушного винта в режиме авторотацииpropeller windmill torqueкурс воздушного судна1. aircraft course2. aircraft heading ламинарность воздушного потокаflow laminarityлегкоуправляемое воздушное судноhandy aircraftлетательный аппарат на воздушной подушкеair-cushion vehicleлетать на воздушном суднеfly by an aircraftлетно-технические характеристики воздушного суднаaircraft performancesлиния заруливания воздушного судна на стоянкуaircraft stand lead-in lineлиния положения воздушного суднаaircraft position lineлиния руления воздушного судна в зоне стоянкиaircraft stand taxilaneлиния технологического разъема воздушного суднаaircraft production break lineлицензированное воздушное судноlicensed aircraftлопасть воздушного винтаpropeller bladeл управления шагом воздушного винтаpropeller pitch control systemмагистральная воздушная линияhighwayмагистральная воздушная трассаtrunk routeмакет воздушного суднаaircraft mockupмалошумное воздушное судноlow annoyance aircraftмалошумный воздушный винтsilenced tractor propellerманевренность воздушного суднаaircraft manoeuvrabilityмаркировка места стоянки воздушного суднаaircraft stand markingмаршрут верхнего воздушного пространстваupper air routeмаршрут вне воздушной трассыoff-airway routeмаршрут нижнего воздушного пространстваlow air routeмаршрутный лист воздушного путешествияair travel cardмаршрут, обслуживаемый службой воздушного движенияair traffic service routeмаршрут перегонки воздушных судовair ferry routeмаршрут управления воздушным движениемATC routeмасса пустого воздушного судна1. base weight2. empty weight 3. aircraft empty weight масса пустого воздушного судна при поставкеdelivery empty weightмасса снаряженного воздушного судна без пассажировaircraft operational weightмастерская капитального ремонта воздушных судовaircraft overhaul shopМеждународная ассоциация воздушного транспортаInternational Air TransportМеждународный совет ассоциаций владельцев воздушных судов и пилотовInternational Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot Associationsместный воздушный вихрьlocal whirlwindместо загрузки воздушного суднаaircraft's loading positionместо остановки воздушного суднаaircraft standместоположение воздушного суднаaircraft fixместо стоянки воздушного судна1. aircraft parking place2. aircraft's parking position место стоянки воздушного судна носом к аэровокзалуnose-in aircraft standместо стоянки воздушного судна хвостом к аэровокзалуnose-out aircraft standместо установки домкрата для подъема воздушного суднаaircraft jacking pointмеханизм реверса воздушного винтаpropeller reverserмеханизм реверса воздушного потока вентилятораfan jet reverserмеханизм реверсирования воздушного винтаairscrew reversing gearмеханизм синхронизации работы воздушного винтаpropeller synchronization mechanismминимум воздушного суднаaircraft minimaминимум командира воздушного суднаpilot-in-command minimaмногоцелевое воздушное судно1. multipurpose aircraft2. all-purpose aircraft многоцелевое реактивное воздушное судноall-purpose jetlinerмоделирование воздушного движенияart traffic simulationмодель воздушного суднаaircraft modelмодифицированное воздушное судно1. derived aircraft2. modified aircraft моечная установка для воздушных судовaircraft washing plantмонтировать на воздушном суднеinstall on the aircraftнаблюдение за воздушным пространствомair observationнаблюдение с борта воздушного суднаaircraft observationнадежность воздушного суднаaircraft reliabilityнаправление воздушного потокаairflow directionнаправлять воздушное судно против ветраhead the aircraft into windнарушение воздушного пространстваair intrusionнарушение поперечной центровки воздушного суднаaircraft lateral inbalanceнаставление по управлению воздушным движениемair traffic guideнегерметизированное воздушное судноunpressurized aircraftнезаконно захваченное воздушное судноunlawfully seized aircraftнезаконный захват воздушного суднаaircraft unlawful seizureнеконтролируемое воздушное пространствоuncontrolled airspaceнеполная загрузка воздушного суднаaircraft underloadingнеремонтопригодное воздушное судноirrepairable aircraftнесбалансированное воздушное судноout-of-balance aircraftнесбалансированный воздушный винтout-of-balance propellerнестандартный тип воздушного суднаinconventional type of aircraftнеуправляемость воздушного суднаaircraft uncontrollabilityнивелировочная точка воздушного суднаaircraft leveling pointнижнее воздушное пространство1. lower airspace2. low air area нисходящий воздушный поток1. katabatic wind2. fall wind нисходящий порыв воздушной массыair-down gustносовая часть воздушного суднаaircraft nose sectionобеспечение эшелонирования полетов воздушных судовaircraft separation assuranceоблегченный воздушный винтlower pitch propellerобледенение воздушного суднаaircraft icingобмен воздушными судамиaircraft interchangeобнаружение и удаление воздушного суднаaircraft recoveryобозначение места остановки воздушного суднаaircraft stand identificationобозначенное воздушное пространствоdesignated airspaceоборот парка воздушных судовaircraft fleet turnoverоборудование воздушных трассairways facilitiesоборудование для обслуживания воздушного суднаaircraft servicing equipmentоборудование места стоянки воздушного суднаaircraft parking equipmentоборудовать воздушное судно1. equip an aircraft with2. fit an aircraft with обратное вращение воздушного винтаairscrew reverse rotationобслуживание воздушного суднаaircraft servicingобтекатель втулки воздушного винтаpropeller domeобщий вид воздушного суднаaircraft main viewобщий налет на определенном типе воздушного суднаon-type flight experienceобщий поток воздушных перевозокgeneral trafficобъем воздушных перевозка в тоннах грузаairlift tonnageобъем воздушных перевозок1. traffic handling capacity2. lift capacity 3. air traffic performance ограничение воздушного пространстваairspace restrictionограничение потока воздушного движенияflow restrictionограничения на воздушных трассахair rote limitationsограниченное воздушное пространствоrestricted airspaceодноместное воздушное судноsingle-seater aircraftоколозвуковое воздушное судноtransonic aircraftокружная скорость законцовки воздушного винтаpropeller tip speedокружная скорость лопасти воздушного винтаairscrew blade speedопознавание воздушного суднаaircraft identificationопознавательный знак места стоянки воздушного суднаaircraft stand identification signопознавать воздушное судноidentify the aircraftопределение местонахождения воздушного судна по звездамastrofixопределять границы воздушного пространстваto define the airspaceопределять зону полета воздушного суднаspace the aircraftопытный вариант воздушного судна1. prototype aircraft2. preproduction aircraft 3. aircraft prototype 4. experimental aircraft орган обеспечения безопасности на воздушном транспортеaviation security authorityосветительное оборудование воздушного суднаaircraft electrificationосевая линия воздушного суднаaircraft center lineосновной вариант воздушного суднаbasic aircraftосновной режим воздушного пространстваdominant air modeосновные технические данные воздушного суднаaircraft basic specificationsостановка воздушного суднаaircraft stopось симметрии воздушного суднаaircraft axisотбалансированное воздушное судноtrimmedотказ электросистемы воздушного суднаaircraft electrical failureоткрытый воздушный винтunshrouded propellerотметка местоположения воздушного суднаaircraft positionотносительная воздушная скоростьrelative airspeedотрицательная тяга воздушного винтаpropeller dragотрывать воздушное судно от земли1. unstick the aircraft2. make the aircraft airborne отрывать переднюю опору шасси воздушного суднаrotate the aircraftотчет о воздушных перевозкахtraffic reportочаг пожара на воздушном суднеaircraft fire pointпарк воздушных судовaircraft fleetпарковать воздушное судноpark an aircraftпарковка воздушного суднаaircraft parkingпассажирские воздушные перевозкиpassenger operationsпассажирское воздушное судноpassenger aircraftпатрульное воздушное судноpatrol aircraftпеленг воздушного суднаaircraft bearingпеленгование воздушного суднаaircraft settingпереводить воздушное судно в горизонтальный полетput the aircraft overперевозимый на воздушном шареplaneborneперегружать воздушное движениеoverflow air trafficперегруженное воздушное судноoverweight aircraftпередача воздушного суднаaircraft blind transmissionпередача информации о воздушном движенииtraffic information broadcastпередача управления воздушным судномaircraft control transferпереоборудовать воздушное судноconvert an aircraftпересечение воздушных трассintersection of air routesперехват гражданского воздушного суднаinterception of civil aircraftперсонал диспетчерской службы воздушного движенияtraffic control personnelперспектива развития парка воздушных судовfleet developmentпилотировать воздушное судноfly the aircraftпилотируемое воздушное судноmanned aircraftпилот, управляющий воздушным судномpilot on the controlsплан восстановления воздушного суднаaircraft recovery planпланетарный редуктор воздушного винтаpropeller planetary gearпланирование воздушного судна по спиралиaircraft spiral glideплан развития воздушных перевозокair planплотность воздушного движенияair traffic densityплотность размещения кресел на воздушном суднеaircraft seating densityплощадь, ометаемая воздушным винтомpropeller disk areaпневматическая система воздушного суднаaircraft pneumatic systemповедение воздушного суднаaircraft behaviorповреждать конструкцию воздушного суднаdamage aircraft structureповрежденное воздушное судноdamaged aircraftподача топлива в систему воздушного суднаaircraft fuel supplyподниматься на борт воздушного суднаboard an aircraftпозывной код воздушного суднаaircraft call signпоисково-спасательное воздушное судно1. rescue aircraft2. search and rescue aircraft поисковый радиолокатор воздушных судовair-search radarпокидать воздушное судно1. ball2. abandon an aircraft покидать данное воздушное пространствоleave the airspaceпоколение воздушных судовaircraft generationполезная нагрузка воздушного суднаaircraft useful loadполетный лист воздушного суднаaircraft flight reportполет, открывающий воздушное сообщениеinaugural flightполет с частного воздушного суднаprivate flightполеты воздушных судовaircraft flyingполеты гражданских воздушных судовcivil air operationsполеты по воздушным трассамairways flyingпол кабины воздушного суднаaircraft deckполномасштабная модель воздушного суднаfull-scalle aircraftположение в воздушном пространствеair positionполомка воздушного суднаaircraft wreckполоса воздушных подходовapproach funnelпо оси воздушного суднаon aircraft center lineпоправка на воздушную скоростьairspeed compensationпорыв воздушной массыair gustпосадка воздушного суднаaircraft landingпосадка с неработающим воздушным винтомdead-stick landingпоставка воздушных судовaircraft deliveryпоставлять воздушное судноvend an aircraftпотеря воздушной целиairmissпотеря тяги при скольжении воздушного винтаairscrew slip lossпотеря управляемости воздушного суднаaircraft control lossпоток воздушного движенияflow of air trafficпоток воздушных перевозок через аэропортairport traffic flowпочтовое воздушное судноmail-carrying aircraftпоэтапные воздушные перевозки1. flight-stage traffic2. traffic by flight stage правила воздушного движенияair traffic proceduresправила обслуживания воздушного движенияair traffic services proceduresправила управления воздушным движением1. air traffic control procedures2. traffic control regulations 3. traffic control instructions предварительный старт для нескольких воздушных судовmultiple-holding positionпредел коммерческой загрузки воздушного суднаaircraft capacity rangeпреднамеренное отклонение воздушного суднаaircraft intentional swerveпредоставлять права на воздушные перевозкиgrant traffic privilegesпредполагаемое повреждение воздушного суднаsuspected aircraft damageпредприятие - поставщик воздушных судовaircraft supplierпредупреждать воздушное судноwarn the aircraftпрекращать контроль воздушного суднаrelease the aircraftприборная воздушная скорость1. basic airspeed2. indicated airspeed приборное оборудование воздушного суднаaircraft hardwareприбор предупреждения столкновений воздушных судовaircraft anticollision deviceприбывающее воздушное судно1. arriving aircraft2. inbound aircraft 3. inward aircraft приводить воздушное судно в состояние летной годностиreturn an aircraft to flyable statusпригодность для полета на местных воздушных линияхlocal availabilityприемник воздушного давления1. airspeed boom2. airspeed head 3. Pilot tube boom 4. airspeed tube приземлять воздушное судноland the aircraftпричина неисправности воздушного суднаcause of aircraft troubleпроводить доработку воздушного суднаaircraft embodyпроворачивать воздушный винтwind upпрогноз для верхнего воздушного пространстваupper-air forecastпродолжительность обслуживания воздушного суднаaircraft service periodпроизводство воздушных судовaircraft productionпроисшествие на территории государства регистрации воздушного суднаdomestic accidentпроисшествие с воздушным судномaccident to an aircraftпропавшее воздушное судноmissing aircraftпропускная способность воздушного пространстваairspace capacityпросадка воздушного суднаaircraft mushпрямое воздушное сообщениеthrough air serviceпункт обслуживания воздушного движенияair traffic services unitпункт управления воздушным движениемair traffic control unitрабочая часть лопасти воздушного винтаblade pressure sideрадиозондовое наблюдение за состоянием воздушных массrawinsonde observationрадиолокатор управления воздушным движениемair traffic control radarразворот воздушного суднаaircraft pivotingразгерметизация воздушного суднаaircraft decompressionразгруженное воздушное судноunladen aircraftраздвоенный воздушный трактbifurcated air bypass ductраздражающее воздействие шума от воздушного судaircraft noise annoyanceразмещать в воздушном суднеfill an aircraft withразмещать воздушное судно1. accommodate an aircraft2. house an aircraft размещение воздушных судно на стоянкеparking arrangementразрешение воздушному суднуclearance of the aircraftразрешение на выполнение воздушных перевозокoperating permitразрешение на эксплуатацию воздушной линииroute licenseразрешение службы управления воздушным движениемair traffic control clearanceрайон воздушных трассair-route areaрайон полетов верхнего воздушного пространстваupper flight regionраскачивание воздушного суднаaircraft overswingingраспределение воздушного пространстваair spacing(для обеспечения контроля полетов) распределение загрузки воздушного суднаaircraft load distributionрасстояние от воздушного судна до объекта на землеair-to-ground distanceрасфлюгирование воздушного суднаpropeller unfeatheringрасход топлива воздушным судномaircraft fuel consumptionрасходы на аренду воздушного суднаaircraft rental costsрасчетная воздушная скоростьdesign airspeedрасчетное положение воздушного суднаestimated position of aircraftрасчетный предел нагрузки воздушного суднаaircraft design loadреактивное воздушное судно1. jet aircraft2. jet 3. jetliner реактивное воздушное судно для обслуживания местных авиалинийfeederjetреактивное воздушное судно с низким расходом топливаeconomical-to-operate jetlinerреверсивный воздушный винт1. negative thrust propeller2. reversible-pitch propeller регистратор воздушной скоростиair-speed recorderрегистрация воздушного суднаaircraft registrationрегистрировать воздушное судноregister the aircraftрегулярное воздушное сообщениеregular airline serviceрегулярные воздушные перевозкиscheduled air serviceрегулятор оборотов воздушного винтаpropeller governorрегулятор числа оборотов воздушного винтаpropeller control unitредуктор воздушного винта1. propeller gearbox2. airscrew reduction gear 3. propeller gear режим воздушного потока в заборнике воздухаinlet airflow scheduleрезервирование воздушного пространстваairspace reservationрезервное воздушное судноstandby aircraftрезервное оборудование воздушного суднаaircraft standby facilitiesрейс с гражданского воздушного суднаcivil flightрекламный проспект воздушного суднаaircraft leafletремонт воздушного суднаaircraft overhaulремонт оборудования воздушного суднаaircraft equipment overhaulресурсные испытания воздушного суднаaircraft endurance testsруководство по полетам воздушных судов гражданской авиацииcivil air regulationsруководство по технической эксплуатации воздушного суднаaircraft maintenance guideрулящее воздушное судноtaxiing aircraftсанитарное воздушное судно1. ambulance aircraft2. hospital aircraft санитарный контроль воздушных судовaircraft sanitary controlсбалансированное воздушное судноbalanced aircraftсборник пассажирских тарифов на воздушную перевозкуAir Passenger Tariffсборочный стапель воздушного суднаaircraft assembly jigсверхзвуковое воздушное судноsupersonic aircraftсверхзвуковой воздушный транспортsupersonic transportсвойственный воздушному суднуinherent in the aircraftсебестоимость воздушного суднаaircraft cost levelсебестоимость производства воздушного суднаaircraft first costсектор воздушного пространстваairspace segmentСекция аэродромов, воздушных трасс и наземных средствAerodromes, Air Routes and Ground Aids Section(ИКАО) Секция исследования воздушного транспортаAir Transport Studies Section(ИКАО) Секция тарифов воздушных перевозчиковAir Carrier Tariffs Section(ИКАО) серийный вариант воздушного суднаproduction aircraftсерия воздушных судовaircrafts batchсертификат воздушного суднаaircraft certificateсертификат воздушного судна по шумуaircraft noise certificateсеть воздушных трассair route networkсигнал между воздушными судами в полетеair-to-air signalсистема воздушного наблюденияair surveillance systemсистема воздушного охлажденияair cooling systemсистема воздушных тормозовair brake systemсистема измерения посадочных параметров воздушного суднаaircraft landing measurement systemсистема обогрева воздушного суднаaircraft heating systemсистема оповещения о воздушном движенииtraffic alert systemсистема опознавания воздушного суднаaircraft identification systemсистема предупредительной сигнализации воздушного суднаaircraft warning systemсистема приемника воздушного давленияpitot-static systemсистема сбора воздушных параметровflight environment data system(условий полета) система сбора воздушных сигналовair data computer systemсистема управления воздушным движениемair traffic control systemсистема управления воздушным судномaircraft control systemсистема управления воздушным судном при установке на стоянкуapproach guidance nose-in to stand systemсистема флюгирования воздушного винтаpropeller feathering systemскоростное воздушное судноhigh-speed aircraftскорость воздушного суднаaircraft speedскорость движения воздушной массыair velocityслужба воздушного движенияair traffic serviceслужба воздушных сообщенийairways and air communications serviceслужба управления воздушным движениемair traffic control serviceслужебное воздушное судно1. business aircraft2. baseline aircraft смешанная воздушная перевозкаintermodal air carriageснаряженное воздушное судноtopped-up aircraftснижать высоту полета воздушного суднаpush the aircraft downснижать скорость воздушного судна доdecelerate the aircraft toснятие воздушного судна с эксплуатацииaircraft removal from serviceсовершать посадку на борт воздушного суднаjoin an aircraftсогласование объемов воздушных перевозокtraffic flow arrangementсоглашение между авиакомпаниями об аренде воздушных судовairlines leasing arrangementсоглашение об обмене воздушными суднамиintercharged aircraft agreementсоглашение о воздушном сообщенииair transport agreementсоздавать опасность для воздушного суднаendanger the aircraftсообщение о положении воздушного суднаaircraft position reportсоосный воздушный винтcoaxial propellerсопровождать воздушное судноfollow up the aircraftсопротивление движению воздушного суднаrolling resistanceсопротивление скольжению воздушного суднаaircraft skidding dragсостояние готовности воздушного судна к вылетуaircraft alert positionспасательное воздушное судноsurvival craftспециалист по ремонту воздушных судовaircraft repairmanсписание воздушного судна1. retirement of aircraft2. aircraft supersedeas спортивное воздушное судноsports aircraftспутная струя за воздушным винтомairscrew washспутная струя за воздушным судномaircraft wakeспутный след воздушного суднаaircraft trailсредства эвакуации воздушного суднаaircraft evacuation meansсрок службы воздушного суднаaircraft ageсрыв воздушного потокаairflow breakdownставить воздушный винт во флюгерное положениеfeather the propellerставить воздушный винт на полетный упорlatch the propeller flight stopставить воздушный винт на упорlatch a propellerстапель для сборки воздушного суднаaircraft fixtureстатистическая сводка воздушных перевозокtraffic flow summaryстационарная установка для обслуживания воздушного суднаaircraft servicing installationстенд балансировки воздушных винтовpropeller balancing standстепень вентиляции кабины воздушного суднаaircraft ventilation rateстепень износа воздушного суднаaircraft wearout rateстолкновение воздушного суднаaircraft impactстолкновение воздушных судовaircrafts impingementстолкновение птиц с воздушным судномbird strike to an air craftстопорить воздушный винтbrake the propellerстравливать воздушную пробкуbleed airстрагивание воздушного суднаaircraft breakawayстрахование воздушного суднаaircraft insuranceсудно на воздушной подушкеhovercraftсухой вес воздушного суднаdry weightсухопутное воздушное судноland aircraftсущественно поврежденное воздушное судноsubstantially dameged aircraftсхема воздушного движенияair traffic patternсхема воздушного поискаaerial search patternсхема воздушной обстановкиair plotсхема загрузки воздушного судна1. aircraft loading diagram2. aircraft loading chart схема обслуживания воздушного движенияair traffic service chartтаблица поправок воздушной скоростиair-speed calibration cardтарировка указателя воздушной скоростиair-speed indicator calibrationтариф на воздушную перевозку пассажираair fareтариф при регулярной воздушной перевозкиregular fareтемпература возмущенной воздушной массыstatic air temperatureтехническая аптечка воздушного суднаaircraft repair kitтехнология технического обслуживания воздушного суднаaircraft maintenance practiceтип воздушного суднаaircraft typeтолкающий воздушный винтpusher propellerтопливо без воздушных пузырьковbubble-free fuelтормоз воздушного винтаpropeller brakeтормозная характеристика воздушного судна1. aircraft stopping performance2. aircraft braking performance точка швартовки воздушного суднаaircraft tie-down pointточно опознавать воздушное судноproperly identify the aircraftтранспортное воздушное судно1. transport aircraft2. heavy aircraft транспортные средства для обслуживания воздушного суднаaircraft service truck'sтрафарет ограничения воздушной скоростиairspeed placardтренажер воздушного суднаaircraft simulatorтренировочное воздушное судноpractice aircraftтуннельный воздушный винтducting propellerтурбовинтовое реактивное воздушное судноprop jetтурбулентный след за воздушным винтомpropeller wakeтяга воздушного винта1. propeller thrust2. airscrew propulsion тянущий воздушный винтtractor propellerубирать механизацию крыла воздушного суднаclean the aircraftугол входа воздушной массыangle of indraftугол удара воздушного суднаaircraft impact angleугол установки лопасти воздушного винта1. airscrew blade incidence2. propeller incidence угон воздушного суднаhijackingудаление воздушного суднаremoval of aircraftудаление воздушной пробкиbleedingудалять воздушное судноremove the aircraftузловой район воздушного движенияair traffic hubуказания по управлению воздушным движениемair-traffic control instructionуказатель воздушной скорости1. airspeed indicator2. airspeed instrument указатель воздушной трассыairway designatorуказатель индикаторной воздушной скоростиcalibrated airspeed indicatorуказатель положения воздушного судна1. aircraft reference symbol(на шкале навигационного прибора) 2. aircraft position indicator укомплектованное воздушное судноentire aircraftуменьшение мощности двигателей воздушного суднаaircraft power reductionуменьшение ограничений в воздушных перевозкахair transport facilitationуниверсальное реактивное воздушное судноgo anywhere jetlinerуправление воздушным движением1. traffic control2. air traffic control управление воздушным движением на трассе полетаairways controlуправление воздушным судномaircraft handlingуправление потоком воздушного движенияair traffic flow managementуправление шагом воздушного винтаpropeller pitch controlуправляемое воздушное судно1. the aircraft under command2. under command aircraft управляемость воздушного суднаaircraft sensitivityуправлять воздушным судном1. control the aircraft2. steer the aircraft уровень безопасности полетов воздушного суднаaircraft safety factorусловия выполнения воздушных перевозокair traffic environmentусловия обтекания воздушным потокомairflow conditionsусловия при высокой плотности воздушного движенияhigh density traffic environmentусловно прозрачный вид воздушного суднаaircraft phantom viewусталостный ресурс воздушного суднаaircraft fatigue lifeустанавливать воздушное судно1. place the aircraft2. align the aircraft устанавливать воздушное судно по осиalign the aircraft with the center lineустанавливать воздушное судно по оси ВППalign the aircraft with the runwayустанавливать на борту воздушного суднаinstall in the aircraftустанавливать наличие воздушной пробки в системеdetermine air in a systemустанавливать шаг воздушного винтаset the propeller pitchустановившееся обтекание крыла воздушным потокомsteady airflow about the wingустановка шага лопасти воздушного винтаpropeller pitch settingустановленное повреждение воздушного суднаknown aircraft damageустановленный на воздушном суднеairborneустаревшая модель воздушного суднаoutdated aircraftустойчивость воздушной массыair stabilityустойчивый воздушный потокstable airутяжелять воздушный винтmove the blades to higherучебное воздушное судноschool aircraftучебно-тренировочное воздушное судноtraining aircraftфактическая воздушная скоростьactual airspeedфактическое положение воздушного суднаaircraft's present positionфиксатор шага лопасти воздушного винтаpropeller pitch lockфирма по производству воздушных судовaircraft companyфлюгирование воздушного винтаpropeller featheringфлюгируемый воздушный винтfeathering propellerформуляр воздушного винтаpropeller recordфрахтовать воздушное судноcharter an aircraftцельнометаллическое воздушное судноall-metal aircraftЦентральное управление международных воздушных сообщений гражданской авиацииGeneral Department of International Air Services of Aeroflotцентр обеспечения воздушной связиair communication centerцентровка воздушного суднаaircraft center - of - gravityцентровочный график воздушного суднаaircraft balance diagramцех технического обслуживания воздушных судовaircraft maintenance divisionцикл управления воздушным движениемair traffic control loopцилиндр управления воздушными тормозамиair-brake jackчелночное воздушное сообщениеshuttle serviceчетырехлопастный воздушный винтfour-bladed propellerшаг воздушного винтаpropeller pitchшвартовать воздушное судноmoor the aircraftшвартовка груза на воздушном суднеaircraft cargo lashingширокофюзеляжное воздушное судноwide-body aircraftширокофюзеляжное реактивное воздушное судно1. wide-bodied jet2. jumbo jet широта местонахождения воздушного суднаaircraft fix latitudeшкола подготовки специалистов по управлению воздушным движениемair traffic schoolштанга приемника воздушного давленияairspeed mastэвакуация воздушного судна с места аварииaircraft salvageэволюция воздушного суднаaircraft evolutionэквивалентная воздушная скоростьequivalent airspeedэкипаж воздушного суднаcrew teamэкран изображения воздушной обстановкиair displayэксперт по обслуживанию воздушного движенияair traffic services expertэксплуатационная дальность полета воздушного суднаaircraft operational rangeэксплуатационная технологичность воздушного суднаaircraft maintenance performanceэксплуатационные испытания воздушного суднаaircraft commissioning testsэксплуатационные расходы на воздушное судноaircraft operating expensesэксплуатация воздушного судна1. aircraft operation2. operation of aircraft 3. aircraft employment эксплуатировать воздушное судно1. operate an aircraft2. engage in aircraft operation эксплуатируемое воздушное судно1. active aircraft2. in-service aircraft 3. aircraft in service электрическое управление шагом воздушного винтаelectric propeller pitch controlэлектропроводка воздушного суднаaircraft leadэлектропроводка высокого напряжения на воздушном суднеaircraft high tension wiringэлектропроводка низкого напряжения на воздушном суднеaircraft low tension wiringэлектросистема воздушного суднаaircraft electric systemэлемент конструкции воздушного суднаaircraft componentэнергия порыва воздушной массыgust loadэффект воздушной подушкиair cushion effectэшелонирование полетов воздушных судовaircraft spacingэшелонировать воздушное судноseparate the aircraft -
43 поставить на место
1) General subject: (кого-л.) bring to his level, call down (кого-л.), (кого-л.) cut down to size, put back, (кого-л.) put in his place, put-down, (кого-л.) tell where to get off, (кого-л.) wipe eye, (кого-л.) bring to his bearings, (кого-л.) bring to his level, (кого-л.) make look small, (кого-л.) send about his business, put people where they belong (Sometimes it is necessary to put people where they belong.), shoot down (вербально), send about his business (кого-л.), bring smb. down a peg, cut smb./smth. down to size2) Naval: replace3) Colloquial: bring down4) Mathematics: move into position, place to the site6) Politics: (к-л) cut (smb) down to size7) Jargon: (кого-л.) clip someone's wings, (часто в страдательном залоге) Chastise8) Graphic expression: Take down a peg (кого-либо)9) Makarov: (кого-л.) bring (smb.) to his bearings, (кого-л.) put (smb.) in his place, (кого-л.) put (smb.) in his proper place, (кого-л.) tell (smb.) where to get off, call down (кого-л), cut down to size (кого-л.)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > поставить на место
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44 plan
I Adj. level* * *der Plan(Bauplan) plan; layout; blueprint;(Lageplan) map;(Vorhaben) proposition; scheme; plan;(Zeitplan) schedule* * *I [plaːn]m -(e)s, -e['plɛːnə]1) plandie Pläne zur Renovierung der Häuser — the plans for the renovation of the houses
den Plán fassen, etw zu tun — to form the intention of doing sth, to plan to do sth
wir haben den Plán,... — we're planning to...
nach Plán verlaufen — to run or go according to plan
das passt mir nicht in den Plán (inf) — it doesn't suit me, it's inconvenient
2) (= Stadtplan) (street) map, town plan; (= Grundriss, Bauplan) plan, blueprint; (= Zeittafel) schedule, timetable; (= Wirtschaftsplan) economic planIIm -(e)s, -e['plɛːnə] (obs = ebene Fläche) plainauf dem Plán erscheinen, auf den Plán treten (fig) — to arrive or come on the scene
* * *der1) (an idea of how to do something; a method of doing something: If everyone follows this plan, we will succeed; I have worked out a plan for making a lot of money.) plan2) (an intention or arrangement: My plan is to rob a bank and leave the country quickly; What are your plans for tomorrow?) plan3) (a drawing, diagram etc showing a building, town etc as if seen from above: These are the plans of/for our new house; a street-plan.) plan4) (a plan or scheme: a programme of reforms.) programme5) (a plan or scheme: a building project.) project6) (a list showing the work, duties etc that people are to do: a duty roster.) roster7) (a statement of details, especially of timing of activities, or of things to be done: a work schedule for next month.) schedule8) (a (usually secret) dishonest plan: His schemes to steal the money were discovered.) scheme* * *<-[e]s, Pläne>[pla:n, pl ˈplɛ:nə]m1. (geplantes Vorgehen) planPläne koordinieren/abstimmen to coordinate/harmonize plansnach \Plan laufen [o verlaufen] to go according to planjds Pläne durchkreuzen to thwart sb's planseinen \Plan fassen to [make a] planden \Plan fassen, etw zu tun to plan to do [or form the intention of doing] sthPläne machen [o schmieden] to make plansauf dem \Plan stehen to be planned [or on the agenda3. (zeichnerische Darstellung) plan, blueprint4. GEOG, TRANSP map5. JURstädtebaulicher \Plan urban development plan6.▶ jdn auf den \Plan bringen/rufen to bring sb on to the scene▶ auf dem \Plan erscheinen, auf den \Plan treten to appear/arrive on the scene* * *Ider; Plan[e]s, Pläne1) plan2) (Karte) map; plan; (StadtPlan) [street] planIIder inauf den Plan rufen — bring < person> on to the scene; bring < opponent> into the arena; arouse < curiosity>
* * *A. adj levelB. adv:plan liegen lie flat (auf +dat on, against)…plan m im subst:Einsatzplan plan of action;Veranstaltungsplan program(me) of events* * *Ider; Plan[e]s, Pläne1) plan2) (Karte) map; plan; (StadtPlan) [street] planIIder inauf den Plan rufen — bring < person> on to the scene; bring < opponent> into the arena; arouse < curiosity>
* * *¨-e m.concept n.conception n.idea n.plan n.scheme n. -
45 formar
v.1 to form.Sus manos formaron bolitas Her hands formed little balls.formar una bola con algo to make something into a ballformar un equipo to make up a teamformar una asociación cultural to set up a cultural organizationformar parte de to form o be part offorma parte del equipo she's a member of the team2 to train, to educate.Los maestros forman a los alumnos The teachers educated the students.3 to form up (military).4 to fall in (military).¡a formar! fall in!5 to instruct, to shape.El entrenador formó a los jugadores The coach instructed the players.* * *1 (gen) to form2 (integrar, constituir) to form, constitute3 (educar) to bring up4 (enseñar) to educate1 MILITAR (colocarse) to form up1 (desarrollarse) to grow, develop2 (educarse) to be educated, be trained\¡a formar! MILITAR fall in!* * *verb1) to form2) educate, train3) constitute•- formarse* * *1. VT1) [+ figura] to form, makelos barracones se disponen formando un cuadrado — the barrack huts are arranged forming o making a square
los curiosos formaron un círculo a su alrededor — the onlookers formed o made a circle around him
2) (=crear) [+ organización, partido, alianza] to form¿cómo se forma el subjuntivo? — how do you form the subjunctive?
3) (=constituir) to make uplos chiitas forman el 60% de la población — the Shiites make up o form 60% of the population
las dos juntas formaban un dúo de humoristas insuperable — the two of them together made an unbeatable comedy duo
•
estar formado por — to be made up ofla asociación está formada por parados y amas de casa — the association is made up of unemployed and housewives
•
formar parte de — to be part ofnuestros soldados formarán parte de las tropas de paz — our soldiers will be part of the peace-keeping force
el edificio forma parte del recinto de la catedral — the building is o forms part of the cathedral precinct
4) (=enseñar) [+ personal, monitor, técnico] to train; [+ alumno] to educate5) [+ juicio, opinión] to form6) (Mil) to order to fall inel sargento formó a los reclutas — the sergeant had the recruits fall in, the sergeant ordered the recruits to fall in
2. VI1) (Mil) to fall in¡a formar! — fall in!
2) (Dep) to line uplos equipos formaron así:... — the teams lined up as follows:...
3.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) personas <círculo/figura> to make, form; <asociación/gobierno> to form, set up; barricada to set upformen parejas — ( en clase) get into pairs o twos; ( en baile) take your partners
b) (Ling) to formc) (Mil) < tropas> to have... fall in2) ( componer) to make upformar parte de algo — to be part of something, to belong to something
está formada por tres provincias — it is made up of o it comprises three provinces
forman un ángulo recto — they form o make a right angle
3) <carácter/espíritu> to form, shape4) ( educar) to bring up; ( para trabajo) to train2.formar vi (Mil) to fall in3.formarse v pron1)a) (hacerse, crearse) to formse formó una cola — a line (AmE) o (BrE) queue formed
b) ( desarrollarse) niño/huesos to developc) <idea/opinión> to form2) ( educarse) to be educated* * *= fall into, form, make up, train, coach, make, populate, pull together, groom.Ex. Certain words may fall into a short list of 35 common words such as analysis, which do not give rise to inversion within the cross-reference.Ex. Formed in 1969, the first operational system was implemented in 1972-3.Ex. Each volume is make up of several issues which appear in the next lower level.Ex. The larger abstracting organisations train their own abstractors.Ex. The rapidly changing environment is forcing many librarians to seek new strategies for coaching researchers through the maze of electronic information sources = Los continuos cambios de nuestro entorno están obligando a muchos bibliotecarios a encontrar nuevas estrategias para guiar a los investigadores por el laberinto de las fuentes de información electrónicas.Ex. This concept comes mainly from the military, where a designated number of troops make a squad, a platoon, a regiment, etc..Ex. One way librarians can add value is by carefully selecting, evaluating, and describing the resources that populate their Internet collections.Ex. This library decided to launch an attack on illiteracy by pulling together a variety of approaches to learning to read.Ex. Iran is trying to form an unholy alliance with al-Qaeda by grooming a new generation of leaders to take over from Osama bin Laden.----* a medio formar = half-formed.* entrar a formar parte de = enter in.* formado por británicos = British-trained.* formar el núcleo = form + the nucleus.* formar en su conjunto = weave + to form.* formar fila = line up.* formar la base = form + the foundation.* formar la base de = form + the basis of.* formar parejas = pair up, pair off.* formar parte = form + part.* formar parte de = be part of, build into, enter into, become + (a) part of, be a part of, inhere in, become + one with, inform, fall under.* formar parte del paisaje = blend into + the landscape.* formar parte de un comité = serve on + committee.* formar parte integral = form + an integral part.* formar parte integral de = be part and parcel of, be an integral part of.* formar parte natural de su entorno = blend into + the landscape.* formar personal = produce + personnel.* formar remolinos = swirl.* formarse = shape up.* formarse una opinión = form + impression.* formar una cola = form + queue.* formar una colección = build + collection.* formar un comité = set up + committee.* formar un consorcio = form + consortium.* formar un grupo = set up + group.* formar un grupo de presión = form + lobby.* formar un piquete frente a = picket.* integrar formando un todo = articulate.* llamamiento para formar parte de un jurado = jury duty.* piedra + charca + formar + ondas = stone + pond + cast + ripples.* que forma parte de la cultura = culturally-embedded.* que forma parte en = involved in.* seda formando aguas = watered silk.* volver a formarse = reform.* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) personas <círculo/figura> to make, form; <asociación/gobierno> to form, set up; barricada to set upformen parejas — ( en clase) get into pairs o twos; ( en baile) take your partners
b) (Ling) to formc) (Mil) < tropas> to have... fall in2) ( componer) to make upformar parte de algo — to be part of something, to belong to something
está formada por tres provincias — it is made up of o it comprises three provinces
forman un ángulo recto — they form o make a right angle
3) <carácter/espíritu> to form, shape4) ( educar) to bring up; ( para trabajo) to train2.formar vi (Mil) to fall in3.formarse v pron1)a) (hacerse, crearse) to formse formó una cola — a line (AmE) o (BrE) queue formed
b) ( desarrollarse) niño/huesos to developc) <idea/opinión> to form2) ( educarse) to be educated* * *= fall into, form, make up, train, coach, make, populate, pull together, groom.Ex: Certain words may fall into a short list of 35 common words such as analysis, which do not give rise to inversion within the cross-reference.
Ex: Formed in 1969, the first operational system was implemented in 1972-3.Ex: Each volume is make up of several issues which appear in the next lower level.Ex: The larger abstracting organisations train their own abstractors.Ex: The rapidly changing environment is forcing many librarians to seek new strategies for coaching researchers through the maze of electronic information sources = Los continuos cambios de nuestro entorno están obligando a muchos bibliotecarios a encontrar nuevas estrategias para guiar a los investigadores por el laberinto de las fuentes de información electrónicas.Ex: This concept comes mainly from the military, where a designated number of troops make a squad, a platoon, a regiment, etc..Ex: One way librarians can add value is by carefully selecting, evaluating, and describing the resources that populate their Internet collections.Ex: This library decided to launch an attack on illiteracy by pulling together a variety of approaches to learning to read.Ex: Iran is trying to form an unholy alliance with al-Qaeda by grooming a new generation of leaders to take over from Osama bin Laden.* a medio formar = half-formed.* entrar a formar parte de = enter in.* formado por británicos = British-trained.* formar el núcleo = form + the nucleus.* formar en su conjunto = weave + to form.* formar fila = line up.* formar la base = form + the foundation.* formar la base de = form + the basis of.* formar parejas = pair up, pair off.* formar parte = form + part.* formar parte de = be part of, build into, enter into, become + (a) part of, be a part of, inhere in, become + one with, inform, fall under.* formar parte del paisaje = blend into + the landscape.* formar parte de un comité = serve on + committee.* formar parte integral = form + an integral part.* formar parte integral de = be part and parcel of, be an integral part of.* formar parte natural de su entorno = blend into + the landscape.* formar personal = produce + personnel.* formar remolinos = swirl.* formarse = shape up.* formarse una opinión = form + impression.* formar una cola = form + queue.* formar una colección = build + collection.* formar un comité = set up + committee.* formar un consorcio = form + consortium.* formar un grupo = set up + group.* formar un grupo de presión = form + lobby.* formar un piquete frente a = picket.* integrar formando un todo = articulate.* llamamiento para formar parte de un jurado = jury duty.* piedra + charca + formar + ondas = stone + pond + cast + ripples.* que forma parte de la cultura = culturally-embedded.* que forma parte en = involved in.* seda formando aguas = watered silk.* volver a formarse = reform.* * *formar [A1 ]vtA1 «personas» ‹círculo/figura› to make, form; ‹asociación› to form, set upformen fila a la entrada, por favor form a line o ( BrE) queue at the entrance, pleaselos estudiantes formaron barricadas the students set up barricadesformar gobierno to form a governmentel partido se formó a principios de siglo the party came into being o was formed at the turn of the centuryse formaron varios comandos terroristas en la zona several terrorist cells were established in the area2 ( Ling) to formpalabras que forman el plural añadiendo una `s' words which form the plural by adding an `s'3 ( Mil) ‹tropas› to have … fall in, order … to fall inB (componer) to make upestá formada por tres provincias it is made up of o it comprises three provincesal juntarse forman un ángulo recto they form o make a right angle where they meetlas distintas partes forman un todo indivisible the separate elements make up o form an indivisible wholeel jurado está formado por nueve personas the jury is made up of nine peopleC ‹carácter/espíritu› to form, shape■ formarvito fall inbatallón: ¡a formar! squad, fall in!■ formarseA1 (hacerse, crearse) to formse ha formado hielo en las carreteras ice has formed on the roadsse formó una cola de varios kilómetros a tailback several kilometers long built up2 (desarrollarse) «niño/huesos» to develop3 (forjarse) to formformarse una idea/opinión to form an idea/opinioncreo que se ha formado una impresión errónea I think he has got the wrong impressionB (educarse) to be educated* * *
formar ( conjugate formar) verbo transitivo
1
‹asociación/gobierno› to form, set up;
‹ barricada› to set up;◊ ¡formen parejas! ( en clase) get into pairs o twos!;
( en baile) take your partners!b) (Ling) to form
2 ( componer) to make up;
formar parte de algo to be part of sth, to belong to sth
3 ‹carácter/espíritu› to form, shape
4 ( educar) to bring up;
( para trabajo) to train
verbo intransitivo (Mil) to fall in
formarse verbo pronominal
1
◊ se formó una cola a line (AmE) o (BrE) queue formed
2 ( educarse) to be educated;
( para trabajo) to be trained
formar verbo transitivo
1 to form
2 (criar) to bring up
(instruir) to educate, train
' formar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
adherirse
- agruparse
- componer
- constituir
- correligionaria
- correligionario
- integrar
- piña
- sindicar
- a
- abultar
- agrupar
- capacitar
- emparejar
- hogar
- pareja
- parte
- pertenecer
- sindicalizarse
English:
coalition
- come under
- do
- form
- marshal
- more
- most
- pair up
- preclude
- shall
- shape
- should
- split off
- to
- train
- will
- arch
- co-opt
- draw
- eddy
- fall
- make
- mold
- muster
- pair
- parade
- picket
- put
- ring
* * *♦ vt1. [hacer] to form;formar una bola con algo to make sth into a ball;formar un equipo to make up a team;formar gobierno to form a government;formó una asociación cultural he set up a cultural organization;los manifestantes formaron una cadena the demonstrators formed a human chain;formar parte de to form o be part of;forma parte del equipo del colegio she's a member of the school team2. [educar] to train, to educate3. Mil to form up♦ viMil to fall in;¡a formar! fall in!* * *v/t1 form; asociación form, set up2 ( educar) educate* * *formar vt1) : to form, to make2) constituir: to constitute, to make up3) : to train, to educate* * *formar vb1. (crear) to form / to make3. (educar alumnos) to educate / to train -
46 salario inicial
m.initial salary, initial wage.* * *(n.) = entry level salary, starting salaryEx. There are several ways to gather information on entry level salaries as well as on other professional level jobs = Hay varias formas de recoger información sobre los salarios iniciales así como los de otros niveles profesionales.Ex. There are many factors that affect starting salary, and you need to take those into account to bring your expectations in line with reality.* * *(n.) = entry level salary, starting salaryEx: There are several ways to gather information on entry level salaries as well as on other professional level jobs = Hay varias formas de recoger información sobre los salarios iniciales así como los de otros niveles profesionales.
Ex: There are many factors that affect starting salary, and you need to take those into account to bring your expectations in line with reality. -
47 bas
I.bas1, basse1 [bα, bαs]━━━━━━━━━1. adjective2. adverb━━━━━━━━━1. <a. ( = peu élevé) [siège, porte, colline, nuages] low ; [ciel] overcast ; [maison] low-roofed ; [terrain] low-lyingb. ( = grave) [voix] deepc. ( = mesquin) [jalousie, vengeance] petty ; [action] base2. <a. low► plus basb. ( = doucement) [parler] softly► à bas !• à bas le fascisme ! down with fascism!• à bas les tyrans ! down with tyrants!3. <• la colonne est évasée dans le bas the pillar is wider at the bottom► dans le bas de at the bottom of• l'équipe se retrouve au bas du classement the team is at the bottom of the league► de bas en haut from the bottom upII.bas2 [bα]masculine noun* * *
1.
basse bɑ, bɑs adjectif1) [maison, table, mur] low; [salle] low-ceilinged (épith)2) [nuage] low; [côte, terre, vallée] low-lying (épith)3) [fréquence, pression, température, prix, salaire, latitude] low; Musique [note] low; [instrument] bassde bas niveau — [produit] low-grade; [élève, classe] at a low level (après n); [style, texte] low-brow
les cours sont au plus bas — ( en Bourse) prices have reached rock bottom
4) [origine, condition] low, lowly5) [époque, période] late6) [esprit, vengeance, complaisance] basede bas étage — [individu] common; [plaisanterie] coarse, vulgar
2.
1) ( à faible hauteur) lowcomment peut-on tomber si bas! — ( dans l'abjection) how can one sink to such a low level!
2) ( dans un texte)3) ( doucement) [parler] quietlytout bas — [parler] in a whisper; [chanter] softly
mettre bas — ( abattre) to bring [somebody/something] down [dictateur, régime]
mettre bas les armes — lit ( se rendre) to lay down one's arms; fig ( renoncer) to give up the fight; mettre 2.
4) ( mal)être au plus bas — ( physiquement) to be extremely weak; ( moralement) to be at one's lowest
3.
nom masculin invariable1) ( partie inférieure) bottomvers le bas — [incliner] downward(s)
2) ( vêtement) stocking3) Musique [U]
4.
en bas locution ( au rez-de-chaussée) downstairs; ( en dessous) down below; (sur panneau, page) at the bottomen bas de — at the bottom of [falaise, page]
Phrasal Verbs:••* * *abr nm bureau d'aide socialesocial security office Grande-BretagneWelfare office USA* * *A adj2 ( en altitude) [nuage] low; [côte, terre, vallée] low-lying ( épith); la partie basse d'un mur the lower part of a wall; l'étagère la plus basse the bottom shelf; les branches basses the lower ou bottom branches; le ciel est bas the sky is overcast;3 ( dans une échelle de valeurs) [fréquence, pression, température, prix, salaire, latitude] low; Mus [note] low; [instrument] bass; vendre qch à bas prix to sell sth cheap; un enfant en bas âge a very young child; basses besognes ( ennuyeuses) menial chores; ( répugnantes) dirty work ¢; le moral des joueurs est très bas the players are in very low spirits; de bas niveau [produit] low-grade; [élève, classe] at a low level ( après n); [style, texte] low-brow; être au plus bas de la hiérarchie to be at the bottom of the hierarchy; les cours sont au plus bas Fin prices have reached rock bottom;4 ( dans une hiérarchie) [origine, condition] low, lowly; les postes les plus bas the lowest-grade jobs;5 Géog le bas Dauphiné the Lower Dauphiné;7 ( moralement) [esprit, âme, vengeance, complaisance] base; de bas étage [individu] common; [plaisanterie] coarse, vulgar.B adv1 ( à faible hauteur) [voler, s'incliner] low; la lune est bas dans le ciel the moon is low in the sky; tomber or descendre très bas [thermomètre] to go down very low; [prix, cours] to fall very low; comment peut-on tomber si bas! ( dans l'abjection) how can one sink to such a low level!; tu es assis trop bas your seat is too low; colle-le plus bas sur la page stick it lower down (the page); loger un étage plus bas to live one floor below; plus bas dans la rue/sur la colline further down the street/the hill;2 ( dans un texte) voir plus bas see below;3 ( doucement) [parler] quietly; tout bas [parler] in a whisper; [chanter] softly; parle plus bas lower your voice; ce que chacun pense tout bas what everyone is thinking privately; jeter or mettre bas ( abattre) to bring [sb/sth] down [dictateur, régime]; mettre bas les armes lit ( se rendre) to lay down one's arms; fig ( renoncer) to give up the fight; ⇒ mettre B;4 ( mal) être bien bas ( physiquement) to be very weak; ( moralement) to be very low; être au plus bas ( physiquement) to be extremely weak; ( moralement) to be at one's lowest ou at a very low ebb.C nm inv1 ( partie inférieure) (d'escalier, échelle, de mur, montagne, meuble, vêtement, page) bottom; le bas du visage the lower part of the face; le bas du corps the bottom half of the body; déchiré dans le bas torn at the bottom; au bas de la liste/colline at the bottom of the list/hill; le rayon/l'image du bas the bottom shelf/picture; les pièces du bas the downstairs rooms; vers le bas [incliner] downward(s); le bas de son maillot de bain the bottom part of her swimsuit; sauter à bas de sa monture to jump off one's horse;D en bas loc ( au rez-de-chaussée) downstairs; ( en dessous) down below; (sur panneau, page) at the bottom; en bas de at the bottom of [falaise, page] ; tomber en bas de la falaise to fall to the bottom of the cliff; il habite en bas de chez moi he lives below me; l'arrêt de bus en bas de chez moi the bus stop outside my place; la cuisine est en bas the kitchen is downstairs; en bas dans la rue in the street (down) below; signe en bas à gauche sign on the bottom left-hand side; l'odeur vient d'en bas the smell is coming from below; tout en bas right at the bottom; jusqu'en bas right down to the bottom; passer par en bas ( dans un village) to take the bottom road; ( dans une maison) to get in on the ground GB ou first US floor.E basse ⇒ Le chant et les chanteurs, Les instruments de musique nf Mus (partie, chanteur, instrument) bass; ( voix) bass (voice); basse continue (bass) continuo; basse contrainte ground bass.bas allemand Ling Low German; bas de casse Imprim lower case; le bas clergé Relig the lower clergy; bas de contention Méd support stocking; bas de gamme Ind, Comm adj low-quality ( épith); nm lower end of the market; bas de laine fig nest egg, savings (pl); bas latin Ling Low Latin; bas morceaux Culin cheap cuts; bas sur pattes short-legged ( épith); le bas peuple the lower classes; les bas quartiers the seedy ou poor districts (of a town); bas à varices Méd = bas de contention; basse école Équit basic equitation; basse fréquence Phys, Télécom low frequency; basse saison Tourisme low season; basse de viole Mus viola da gamba; basses eaux ( de mer) low tide ¢; ( de rivière) low water ¢; pendant les basses eaux when the waters are low.avoir des hauts et des bas to have one's ups and downs; à bas les tyrans! down with tyrants!; mettre qn plus bas que terre to run sb into the ground.I( féminin basse) [ba, devant nm commençant par voyelle ou 'h' muet baz, bas ] adjectifA.[DANS L'ESPACE]attrape les branches basses grasp the lower ou bottom branches2. [peu profond] lowa. [de la mer] at low tideb. [d'une rivière] when the water level is low3. [incliné vers le sol]le chien s'enfuit, la queue basse the dog ran away with its tail between its legs4. GÉOGRAPHIEB.[DANS UNE HIÉRARCHIE]1. [en grandeur - prix, fréquence, pression etc.] lowà bas prix cheap, for a low priceson moral est très bas he's down, he's in very low spiritsles bas morceaux [en boucherie] the cheap cuts5. [peu fort] low, quietparler à voix basse to speak in a low ou quiet voice6. (péjoratif) [abject, vil - âme] low, mean, villainous ; [ - acte] low, base, mean ; [ - sentiment] low, base, abject[vulgaire - terme, expression] crude, vulgar7. [le plus récent]bas adverbe1. [à faible hauteur, à faible niveau] lowa. [physiquement] she's very poorlyb. [moralement] she's very low ou downa. [financièrement] you've certainly gone down in the worldb. [moralement] you've sunk really lowplus bas, vous trouverez la boulangerie [plus loin] you'll find the baker's a little further on[dans un document]bas les masques: je sais tout maintenant, alors bas les masques I know everything now, so you can stop pretending2. ACOUSTIQUE [d'une voix douce] in a low voice[d'une voix grave] in a deep voiceil dit tout haut ce que les autres pensent tout bas he voices the thoughts which others keep to themselves5. NAUTIQUEmettre pavillon bas to lower ou to strike the coloursbas nom masculin[partie inférieure - d'un pantalon, d'un escalier, d'une hiérarchie etc.] bottom ; [ - d'un visage] lower partbasse nom féminin1. MUSIQUE [partie] bass (part) ou score2. [voix d'homme] bass (voice)[chanteur] bass3. [instrument - généralement] bass (instrument) ; [ - violoncelle] (double) bass————————à bas locution adverbiale————————au bas de locution prépositionnelleau bas des escaliers at the foot ou bottom of the stairsau bas de la hiérarchie/liste at the bottom of the hierarchy/listde bas en haut locution adverbiale————————d'en bas locution adjectivale————————d'en bas locution adverbiale[dans une maison] from downstairs[d'une hauteur] from the bottom————————du bas locution adjectivale1. [de l'étage inférieur]l'appartement du bas the flat underneath ou below ou downstairs2. [du rez-de-chaussée] downstairs (modificateur)3. [de l'endroit le moins élevé] lower————————en bas locution adverbiale2. [dans la partie inférieure]3. [vers le sol]je ne peux pas regarder en bas, j'ai le vertige I can't look down, I feel dizzyle village semblait si petit, tout en bas the village looked so small, down there ou below————————en bas de locution prépositionnelleen bas de la côte at the bottom ou foot of the hillII[ba] nom masculin[de femme] stockingdes bas avec/sans couture seamed/seamless stockingsb. (figuré) savings, nest eggbas (de) Nylon® nylon stockings -
48 разравнивать
1) General subject: flatten2) Engineering: bring to true surface, level off, make even, set off (шихту в печи), smooth out3) Chemistry: level4) Construction: bring to uniform surface, float, spread, screed5) Automobile industry: broom6) Architecture: level out7) Mining: rake8) Makarov: bring to tree surface, thumb -
49 bajar
v.1 to take/bring down (poner abajo) (libro, cuadro).ayúdame a bajar la caja help me get the box down; (desde lo alto) help carry the box downstairs (al piso de abajo)2 to go/come down (descender) (montaña, escaleras).bajó las escaleras a toda velocidad she ran down the stairs as fast as she couldbajar por la escalera to go/come down the stairsbajar (a) por algo to go out and get somethingbajar corriendo to run down3 to reduce.bajar el fuego (de la cocina) to reduce the heat4 to lower (ojos, cabeza, voz).5 to download (informal) (computing).6 to fall, to drop.este modelo ha bajado de precio this model has gone down in price, the price of this model has gone downbajó la Bolsa share prices felllas acciones de C & C han bajado C & C share prices have fallen7 to descend, to come down, to decrease, to drop.Bajó el calor The heat descended.El hielo bajó la temperatura The ice reduced the temperature.8 to step down, to stand down, to climb down, to get down.Ricardo bajó del camión Richard stepped down from the truck.9 to take down, to discharge, to carry down, to get down.Pedro bajó el equipaje Peter took down the luggage.10 to put down, to lower, to put in a lower position.Ella bajó su mano She put down her hand.11 to go down, to descend.Ese elevador baja That elevator goes down.12 to have less.Me bajó la temperatura I have less temperature.13 to walk down, to descend.Ella bajó el camino al mar She walked down the path to the sea.* * *1 (coger algo de un lugar alto) to get down, take down2 (dejar más abajo) to lower■ ¿has bajado las persianas? have you lowered the blinds?■ ese cuadro está muy alto, bájalo un poco that picture's too high, bring it down a bit■ se bajó los pantalones para que le pusieran una inyección he took his trousers down so that they could give him an injection3 (reducir) to lower, reduce, bring down■ baja la voz, que te van a oír lower your voice, they'll hear you■ baja la tele un poco, no te oigo turn the telly down, I can't hear you■ baja la calefacción, hace calor turn the heating down, it's hot5 (alargar) to lengthen, let down6 (recorrer de arriba abajo) to go down, come down7 (en informática) to download1 (ir abajo - acercándose) to come down; (- alejándose) to go down■ ¡baja de ahí ahora mismo! come down from there right now!■ ¿bajas en ascensor o por la escalera? are you going down in the lift or by the stairs?■ bajó corriendo/volando he ran/flew down2 (reducirse) to fall, drop, come down3 (hinchazón) to go down; (fiebre) to go down, come down4 (marea) to go out5 (apearse - de coche) to get out (de, of); (de bicicleta, caballo) to get off (de, -); (de avión, tren, autobús) to get off (de, -)1 (ir abajo - acercándose) to come down; (- alejándose) to go down2 (apearse - de coche) to get out (de, -); (bicicleta, caballo) to get off (de, -); (avión, tren, autobús) to get off (de, -)3 (agacharse) to bend down, bend over\bajarse la cabeza to bow one's headno bajar de... to be at least..., not be less than...* * *verb1) to lower2) descend3) fall4) reduce5) take down•- bajarse* * *1. VT1) (=llevar abajo) to take down; (=traer abajo) to bring down¿has bajado la basura? — have you taken the rubbish down?
¿me bajas el abrigo?, hace frío aquí fuera — could you bring my coat down? it's cold out here
¿me baja a la Plaza Mayor? — [en taxi] could you take me to the Plaza Mayor?
2) (=mover hacia abajo) [+ bandera, ventanilla] to lower; [+ persiana] to put down, lower3) [con partes del cuerpo] [+ brazos] to drop, lowerbajó la vista o los ojos — he looked down
bajó la cabeza — she bowed o lowered her head
4) (=reducir) [+ precio] to lower, put down; [+ fiebre, tensión, voz] to lowerlos comercios han bajado los precios — businesses have put their prices down o lowered their prices
5) [+ radio, televisión, gas] to turn downbaja la radio que no oigo nada — turn the radio down, I can't hear a thing
¡baja la voz, que no estoy sordo! — keep your voice down, I'm not deaf!
6)bajar la escalera — [visto desde arriba] to go down the stairs; [visto desde abajo] to come down the stairs
7) (=perder) to lose8) (Inform) to download9) (=humillar) to humble, humiliate10) Caribe ** (=pagar) to cough up *, fork out *11) And ** (=matar) to do in **2. VI1) (=descender) [visto desde arriba] to go down; [visto desde abajo] to come down¡ahora bajo! — I'll be right down!
2) (=apearse) [de autobús, avión, tren, moto, bici, caballo] to get off; [de coche] to get outbajar de — [+ autobús, avión, tren, moto, bici, caballo] to get off; [+ coche] to get out of
3) (=reducirse) [temperatura, fiebre, tensión arterial] to go down, fall, drop; [hinchazón, calidad] to go downhan bajado los precios — prices have fallen o come o gone down
4)• bajar de (=perder) —
5)• no bajar de (=no ser menos de) —
6) [regla] to start3.See:BAJAR De vehículos ► Bajar(se) de un vehículo privado o de un taxi se traduce por get out of, mientras que bajar(se) de un vehículo público (tren, autobús, avión {etc}) se traduce por get off: Bajó del coche y nos saludó She got out of the car and said hello No baje del tren en marcha Don't get off the train while it is still moving ► Debe emplearse get off cuando nos referimos a bicicletas, motos y animales de montura: Se bajó de la bicicleta He got off his bicycle Otros verbos de movimiento ► Bajar la escalera/ la cuesta {etc}, por regla general, se suele traducir por come down o por go down, según la dirección del movimiento (hacia o en sentido contrario del hablante), pero come y go se pueden substituir por otros verbos de movimiento si la oración española especifica la forma en que se baja mediante el uso de adverbios o construcciones adverbiales: Bajó las escaleras deprisa y corriendo She rushed down the stairs Bajó la cuesta tranquilamente He ambled down the hill Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada* * *1.verbo intransitivo1)a) ascensor/persona ( alejándose) to go down; ( acercándose) to come downespérame, ya bajo — wait for me, I'll be right down
¿bajas a la playa con nosotros? — are you coming (down) to the beach with us?
bajar a + inf — to go/come down to + inf
b) ( apearse)bajar de algo — de tren/avión to get off sth; de coche to get out of sth; de caballo/bicicleta to get off sth
c) (Dep) equipo to go down2)a) marea to go outb) fiebre/tensión to go down, drop; hinchazón to go down; temperatura to fall, drople ha bajado la fiebre — her fever o temperature has gone down
c) precio/valor to fall, drop; cotización to fall; calidad to deteriorate; popularidad to diminishseguro que no baja de los dos millones — I bet it won't be o cost less than two million
d) menstruación to start2.bajar vt1) <escalera/cuesta> to go down2) <brazo/mano> to put down, lower3) (Inf) to download4)a)bajar algo (de algo) — de armario/estante to get sth down (from sth); del piso de arriba to bring/take down sth
¿me bajas las llaves? — can you bring down my keys?
b)bajar a algn de algo — de mesa/caballo to get sb off sth
5)a) <persiana/telón> to lower; < ventanilla> to openb) < cremallera> to undo3.bajarse verbo pronominal1) ( apearse)bajarse de algo — de tren/autobús to get off sth; de coche to get out of sth; de caballo/bicicleta to get off sth
2) < pantalones> to take down; < falda> to pull down* * *= come + downstairs, drop, go down, lower, walk down, ebb, subside, move down, come down, wind + Nombre + down, coast, freewheel, take + a tumble, turn down.Ex. Meanwhile the journeymen, who had just gone to bed, hearing the row quickly got up again, came downstairs and then shoved me out of the door.Ex. The search profile will only be modified periodically as the quality of the set of notifications output from the search drops to unacceptable levels.Ex. Since recall goes up as precision goes down, it is clearly not possible to achieve in general a system which gives full recall at the same time as full precision.Ex. When a forme was in place on the press stone, paper was lowered on to it by means of a tympan and frisket.Ex. Some of the questions to ask ourselves are will people walk up or down stairs, across quadrangles, etc just to visit the library?.Ex. Subsequently, library development stalled as cultural interaction ebbed from classical levels.Ex. Her agitation subsided suddenly.Ex. Of the 32 institutions indicating some change in status from July 1982 to January 1983, 19 moved down in status and 13 moved up.Ex. Costs are likely to be high but they will only come down as the system moves into the mass market.Ex. Not the least of the ironies of this venture is that going ahead with it is as full of hazard as winding it down abruptly.Ex. Pushing our bicycles up a very steep hill one sunny morning, two men on bicycles coasted down the hill and passed us.Ex. His vehicle freewheeled backwards down a hill and collided with another vehicle heading up the hill.Ex. Tourism takes a tumble in Australia due to the global credit crunch.Ex. Cytokines are small proteins used to communicate messages between the immune cells in the immune system to either turn up or down the immune response.----* bajar a = head down to.* bajar a Alguien del pedestal = knock + Nombre + off + Posesivo + pedestal, cut + Nombre + down to size.* bajar de categoría = demote.* bajar de precio = come down in + price.* bajar el listón = lower + the bar.* bajar el nivel = lower + the bar.* bajar el precio = lower + price.* bajar la calidad = lower + standards.* bajar la guardia = lower + Posesivo + guard.* bajar la moral = lower + morale.* bajar la ventana = wind down + window.* bajar la voz = lower + Posesivo + voice.* bajarle la nota a Alguien = mark + Nombre + down.* bajarle los humos a Alguien = knock + Nombre + off + Posesivo + pedestal, cut + Nombre + down to size, take + the wind out of + Posesivo + sails.* bajar los precios = roll back + prices.* bajar mucho = go + way down.* bajarse de = get off.* bajarse de las nubes = get real.* bajarse del tren = get off + the train.* hacer bajar = force down.* no bajarse del burro = stick to + Posesivo + guns.* precio + bajar = price + fall.* que baja los humos = humbling.* subir y = move up and/or down.* * *1.verbo intransitivo1)a) ascensor/persona ( alejándose) to go down; ( acercándose) to come downespérame, ya bajo — wait for me, I'll be right down
¿bajas a la playa con nosotros? — are you coming (down) to the beach with us?
bajar a + inf — to go/come down to + inf
b) ( apearse)bajar de algo — de tren/avión to get off sth; de coche to get out of sth; de caballo/bicicleta to get off sth
c) (Dep) equipo to go down2)a) marea to go outb) fiebre/tensión to go down, drop; hinchazón to go down; temperatura to fall, drople ha bajado la fiebre — her fever o temperature has gone down
c) precio/valor to fall, drop; cotización to fall; calidad to deteriorate; popularidad to diminishseguro que no baja de los dos millones — I bet it won't be o cost less than two million
d) menstruación to start2.bajar vt1) <escalera/cuesta> to go down2) <brazo/mano> to put down, lower3) (Inf) to download4)a)bajar algo (de algo) — de armario/estante to get sth down (from sth); del piso de arriba to bring/take down sth
¿me bajas las llaves? — can you bring down my keys?
b)bajar a algn de algo — de mesa/caballo to get sb off sth
5)a) <persiana/telón> to lower; < ventanilla> to openb) < cremallera> to undo3.bajarse verbo pronominal1) ( apearse)bajarse de algo — de tren/autobús to get off sth; de coche to get out of sth; de caballo/bicicleta to get off sth
2) < pantalones> to take down; < falda> to pull down* * *= come + downstairs, drop, go down, lower, walk down, ebb, subside, move down, come down, wind + Nombre + down, coast, freewheel, take + a tumble, turn down.Ex: Meanwhile the journeymen, who had just gone to bed, hearing the row quickly got up again, came downstairs and then shoved me out of the door.
Ex: The search profile will only be modified periodically as the quality of the set of notifications output from the search drops to unacceptable levels.Ex: Since recall goes up as precision goes down, it is clearly not possible to achieve in general a system which gives full recall at the same time as full precision.Ex: When a forme was in place on the press stone, paper was lowered on to it by means of a tympan and frisket.Ex: Some of the questions to ask ourselves are will people walk up or down stairs, across quadrangles, etc just to visit the library?.Ex: Subsequently, library development stalled as cultural interaction ebbed from classical levels.Ex: Her agitation subsided suddenly.Ex: Of the 32 institutions indicating some change in status from July 1982 to January 1983, 19 moved down in status and 13 moved up.Ex: Costs are likely to be high but they will only come down as the system moves into the mass market.Ex: Not the least of the ironies of this venture is that going ahead with it is as full of hazard as winding it down abruptly.Ex: Pushing our bicycles up a very steep hill one sunny morning, two men on bicycles coasted down the hill and passed us.Ex: His vehicle freewheeled backwards down a hill and collided with another vehicle heading up the hill.Ex: Tourism takes a tumble in Australia due to the global credit crunch.Ex: Cytokines are small proteins used to communicate messages between the immune cells in the immune system to either turn up or down the immune response.* bajar a = head down to.* bajar a Alguien del pedestal = knock + Nombre + off + Posesivo + pedestal, cut + Nombre + down to size.* bajar de categoría = demote.* bajar de precio = come down in + price.* bajar el listón = lower + the bar.* bajar el nivel = lower + the bar.* bajar el precio = lower + price.* bajar la calidad = lower + standards.* bajar la guardia = lower + Posesivo + guard.* bajar la moral = lower + morale.* bajar la ventana = wind down + window.* bajar la voz = lower + Posesivo + voice.* bajarle la nota a Alguien = mark + Nombre + down.* bajarle los humos a Alguien = knock + Nombre + off + Posesivo + pedestal, cut + Nombre + down to size, take + the wind out of + Posesivo + sails.* bajar los precios = roll back + prices.* bajar mucho = go + way down.* bajarse de = get off.* bajarse de las nubes = get real.* bajarse del tren = get off + the train.* hacer bajar = force down.* no bajarse del burro = stick to + Posesivo + guns.* precio + bajar = price + fall.* que baja los humos = humbling.* subir y = move up and/or down.* * *bajar [A1 ]viA1 «ascensor/persona» (alejándose) to go down; (acercándose) to come downyo bajo por la escalera I'll walk down o take the stairsespérame, ya bajo wait for me, I'll be right down¿bajas a la playa? are you coming (down) to the beach?bajar A + INF to go/come down to + INFbajó a saludarnos he came down to say hellotodavía no ha bajado a desayunar she hasn't come down for breakfast yetha bajado a comprar cigarrillos he's gone down to buy some cigarettes2 (apearse) bajar DE algo ‹de un tren/un avión› to get off sth; ‹de un coche› to get out OF sth; ‹de un caballo/una bicicleta› to get off sth, dismount FROM sthme caí al bajar del autobús I fell as I was getting off the busyo no bajo, me quedo en el coche I'm not getting out, I'll stay in the carno sabe bajar sola del caballo she can't get down off the horse o dismount on her own3 ( Dep) «equipo» to go down, be relegated4«río/aguas» (+ compl): el río baja crecido the river is (running) highB1 «marea» to go out2 «fiebre/tensión» to go down, drop, fall; «hinchazón» to go downhan bajado mucho las temperaturas temperatures have fallen o dropped sharplyno le ha bajado la fiebre her fever o ( BrE) temperature hasn't gone down3 «precio/valor» to fall, drop; «cotización» to fallel dólar bajó ligeramente the dollar slipped back o fell slightlynuestro volumen de ventas no ha bajado our turnover hasn't fallen o dropped o decreasedlos precios bajaron en un 25% prices fell by 25%los ordenadores están bajando de precio computers are going down in priceha bajado mucho la calidad del producto the quality of the product has deteriorated badlysu popularidad ha bajado últimamente her popularity has diminished recentlyseguro que no baja de los dos millones I bet it won't be o cost less than two millionha bajado mucho en mi estima he's gone down o fallen a lot in my estimation4 «período/menstruación» (+ me/te/le etc) to start5( Chi fam) (entrar) (+ me/te/le etc): con el vino le bajó un sueño tremendo the wine made him incredibly sleepyal escuchar tanta estupidez nos bajó una rabia … listening to such nonsense made us so angry …■ bajarvtA ‹escalera/cuesta› to go downbajó la cuesta corriendo she ran down the hillB1 ‹brazo/mano› to put down, lowerbajó la cabeza/mirada avergonzado he bowed his head/lowered o dropped his eyes in shame2 (de un armario, estante) to get down; (de una planta, habitación) to bring/take downme ayudó a bajar la maleta he helped me to get my suitcase down¿me bajas las llaves? can you bring down my keys?hay que bajar estas botellas al sótano we have to take these bottles down to the basementbajar algo/a algn DE algo to get sth/sb down FROM sthbájame la caja del estante get the box down from the shelf (for me)bájalo de la mesa/del caballo get him down off the table/horse3 ‹persiana/telón› to lowerle bajó los pantalones para ponerle una inyección she took his pants ( AmE) o ( BrE) trousers down to give him an injectiontengo que bajarle el dobladillo I have to let the hem downbaja la ventanilla open the windowC ‹precio› to lower; ‹fiebre› to bring down; ‹radio› to turn downbájale el volumen or ( Col) al volumen turn the volume downbaja la calefacción/el gas turn the heating/the gas downbaja la voz lower your voicelo bajaron de categoría it was downgraded o demotedD ( Inf) to downloadestoy bajando música a la computadora ( AmL) or al ordenador ( Esp) I'm downloading music to my computer■ bajarseA (apearse) bajarse DE algo ‹de un tren/un autobús› to get off sth; ‹de un coche› to get out OF sth; ‹de un caballo/una bicicleta› to get off sth, dismount FROM sthme bajo en la próxima I'm getting off at the next stop¡bájate del muro! get down off the wall!B ‹pantalones› to take down, pull down; ‹falda› to pull downC* * *
bajar ( conjugate bajar) verbo intransitivo
1
( acercándose) to come down;◊ bajar por las escaleras to go/come down the stairs;
ya bajo I'll be right down
‹ de coche› to get out of sth;
‹de caballo/bicicleta› to get off sth
2
[ hinchazón] to go down;
[ temperatura] to fall, drop
[ calidad] to deteriorate;
[ popularidad] to diminish;
verbo transitivo
1 ‹escalera/cuesta› to go down
2 ‹brazo/mano› to put down, lower
3a) bajar algo (de algo) ‹de armario/estante› to get sth down (from sth);
‹ del piso de arriba› ( traer) to bring sth down (from sth);
( llevar) to take sth down (to sth)
4
‹ ventanilla› to open
5 ‹ precio› to lower;
‹ fiebre› to bring down;
‹ volumen› to turn down;
‹ voz› to lower
bajarse verbo pronominal
1 ( apearse) bajarse de algo ‹de tren/autobús› to get off sth;
‹ de coche› to get out of sth;
‹de caballo/bicicleta› to get off sth;
‹de pared/árbol› to get down off sth
2 ‹ pantalones› to take down;
‹ falda› to pull down
bajar
I verbo transitivo
1 (descender) to come o go down: bajé corriendo la cuesta, I ran downhill ➣ Ver nota en ir 2 (llevar algo abajo) to bring o get o take down: baja los disfraces del trastero, bring the costumes down from the attic
3 (un telón) to lower
(una persiana) to let down
(la cabeza) to bow o lower
4 (reducir el volumen) to turn down
(la voz) to lower
5 (los precios, etc) to reduce, cut
6 (ropa, dobladillo) tengo que bajar el vestido, I've got to let the hem down
7 Mús tienes que bajar un tono, you've got to go down a tone
II verbo intransitivo
1 to go o come down: bajamos al bar, we went down to the bar
2 (apearse de un tren, un autobús) to get off
(de un coche) to get out [de, of]: tienes que bajarte en la siguiente parada, you've got to get off at the next stop
3 (disminuir la temperatura, los precios) to fall, drop: ha bajado su cotización en la bolsa, its share prices have dropped in the stock exchange
' bajar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abaratarse
- basura
- descender
- guardia
- irse
- a
- bandera
- hundir
- mirada
- poder
- vista
- volumen
English:
boil over
- bow
- bring down
- climb down
- come down
- decline
- decrease
- deflate
- descend
- dip
- down
- downgrade
- downstairs
- draw
- drop
- fall
- force down
- get down
- get off
- go below
- go down
- guard
- hang
- heave
- inflammation
- jump down
- jump off
- let down
- let off
- lift down
- lower
- mark down
- move down
- pull down
- relegate
- send down
- slide down
- slip
- slip down
- spiral down
- steeply
- subside
- swoop
- take down
- turn down
- walk down
- wind down
- bring
- can
- come
* * *♦ vt1. [poner abajo] [libro, cuadro] to take/bring down;[telón, persiana] to lower; [ventanilla] to wind down, to open;he bajado la enciclopedia de la primera a la última estantería I've moved the encyclopedia down from the top shelf to the bottom one;ayúdame a bajar la caja [desde lo alto] help me get the box down;[al piso de abajo] help me carry the box downstairs2. [ojos, cabeza, mano] to lower;bajó la cabeza con resignación she lowered o bowed her head in resignation3. [descender] [montaña, escaleras] to go/come down;bajó las escaleras a toda velocidad she ran down the stairs as fast as she could;bajó la calle a todo correr he ran down the street as fast as he could4. [reducir] [inflación, hinchazón] to reduce;[precios] to lower, to cut; [música, volumen, radio] to turn down; [fiebre] to bring down;bajar el fuego (de la cocina) to reduce the heat;bajar el tono to lower one's voice;bajar la moral a alguien to cause sb's spirits to drop;5. [hacer descender de categoría] to demote♦ vi1. [apearse] [de coche] to get out;[de moto, bicicleta, tren, avión] to get off; [de caballo] to dismount; [de árbol, escalera, silla] to get/come down;bajar de [de coche] to get out of;[de moto, bicicleta, tren, avión] to get off; [de caballo] to get off, to dismount; [de árbol, escalera, silla, mesa] to get/come down from;es peligroso bajar de un tren en marcha it is dangerous to jump off a train while it is still moving;bajar a tierra [desde barco] to go on shore;bajo en la próxima parada I'm getting off at the next stop2. [descender] to go/come down;¿podrías bajar aquí un momento? could you come down here a minute?;bajo enseguida I'll be down in a minute;bajar corriendo to run down;bajar por la escalera to go/come down the stairs;bajar (a) por algo to go down and get sth;ha bajado a comprar el periódico she's gone out o down to get the paper;bajar a desayunar to go/come down for breakfast;el río baja crecido the river is high;está bajando la marea the tide is going out;el jefe ha bajado mucho en mi estima the boss has gone down a lot in my estimation3. [disminuir] to fall, to drop;[fiebre, hinchazón] to go/come down; [cauce] to go down, to fall;los precios bajaron prices dropped;el euro bajó frente a la libra the euro fell against the pound;han bajado las ventas sales are down;este modelo ha bajado de precio this model has gone down in price, the price of this model has gone down;el coste total no bajará del millón the total cost will not be less than o under a million;no bajará de tres horas it will take at least three hours, it won't take less than three hoursbajaré a la capital la próxima semana I'll be going down to the capital next week;¿por qué no bajas a vernos este fin de semana? why don't you come down to see us this weekend?5. [descender de categoría] to be demoted (a to); Dep to be relegated, to go down (a to);el Atlético bajó de categoría Atlético went down* * *I v/tbajar la mirada lower one’s eyes o gaze, look down;2 TV, radio turn down3 escalera go down4 INFOR downloadII v/i1 go down2 de intereses fall, drop* * *bajar vt1) descender: to lower, to let down, to take down2) reducir: to reduce (prices)3) inclinar: to lower, to bow (the head)4) : to go down, to descend5)bajar de categoría : to downgradebajar vi1) : to drop, to fall2) : to come down, to go down3) : to ebb (of tides)* * *bajar vb1. (ir abajo) to go down¿bajas tú o subo yo? are you coming down or shall I come up?3. (salir de un coche) to get out¡bájate del coche! get out of the car!4. (salir de un tren, autobús) to get off¿me bajas la maleta? can you get my suitcase down?¿me bajas el bolso? can you bring my bag down?7. (voz, vista) to lower8. (cabeza) to bow9. (volumen) to turn downbaja la música, por favor turn the music down, please -
50 переговоры переговор·ы
negotiations, talks; (обыкн. военные) parleyвести переговоры — to be in negotiations, to carry on / to conduct / to pursue / to hold negotiations, to bargain, to negotiate; (о заключении соглашения и т.п.) to treat
вести переговоры лично — to conduct negotiations in person / by a personal interview
вести переговоры о мире — to carry on / to conduct peace negotiations / talks, to negotiate for peace
вести переговоры от имени кого-л. — to act as smb.'s ambassador in negotiations
вести переговоры под флагом перемирия, сдачи — to negotiate under a flag of truce or surrender
возобновить переговоры — to renew / to resume / to reopen negotiations / talks
вступать в переговоры — to enter into negotiations (with), to approach smb.
завершить переговоры — to round off negotiations / talks, to bring the negotiations to a conclusion
завести переговоры в тупик — to deadlock / to stalemate / to bog down negotiations, to lead negotiations into a blind alley
затруднять проведение переговоров — to hamper / to obstruct / to impede / talks / negotiations
затянуть переговоры — to drag out / to hold up / to protract negotiations / talks
мешать проведению переговоров — to bedevil negotiations, to militate against negotiations
начать переговоры — to start negotiations, to open discussions
обмануть на переговорах — to trick smb. in the talks
подорвать основу переговоров — to destroy the basis / foundation for negotiations
прервать переговоры — to break off / to cut off / to interrupt negotiations
продолжить переговоры — to resume negotiations / talks
срывать / торпедировать переговоры — to ruin / to thwart / to torpedo / to subvert the talks
в переговорах приняли участие с российской стороны... — attending the talks on the Russian side were...
переговоры возобновились в обстановке полной секретности — the talks reconvened under a total news blackout
переговоры всё ещё продолжаются — the negotiations are still going on / under way
переговоры вышли / вырвались из тупика — the talks have broken / escaped the deadlock
переговоры зашли в тупик — negotiations / talks have been stalemated / bogged down / have come to a deadlock
"глобальные переговоры" (по проблемам сырья, энергетики, торговли, экономического развития) — "global negotiations"
закулисные переговоры — backstage / clandestine / secret negotiations / talks
затянувшиеся переговоры — protracted discussions, long-stalled / extended negotiations
зашедшие в тупик переговоры — deadlocked / stalled / stalemated talks / negotiations
ожидаемые / предполагаемые переговоры — prospective talks
поэтапные переговоры — stage-by-stage / step-by-step negotiations
предварительные переговоры — preliminary negotiations, preliminaries
предварительные переговоры, определяющие позиции сторон — exploratory talks
трудные / тяжёлые переговоры — arduous / exacting talks
предоставить большие полномочия для ведения переговоров — to give smb. greater scope to negotiate
затягивание переговоров на неопределённый срок — indefinite prolongation of talks / negotiations
окончание переговоров — completion of negotiations / talks
переговоры, касающиеся космических и ядерных вооружений — talks on space and nuclear weapons
переговоры между вооружёнными силами воюющих сторон — negotiations between the armed forces of belligerents
переговоры на высшем уровне — summit / top-level talks
переговоры на основе ассимметричных сокращений — negotiations on the basis of asymmetrical reductions
переговоры о крупных, пятидесятипроцентных сокращениях — talks on large-scale, 50 per cent reductions
переговоры о ликвидации ядерных ракет средней и меньшей дальности — talks on the elimination of medium and shorter range nuclear missiles
переговоры о пересмотре (договора и т.п.) — renegotiation
переговоры о сокращении вооружённых сил и вооружений в Центральной Европе — negotiations on the reduction of armed forces and armaments in Central Europe
переговоры о сокращении стратегических вооружений — Strategic Arms Reduction Talks, START
переговоры об ограничении продажи и поставок обычных видов вооружений — negotiations on limiting conventional arms transfers
переговоры по ограничению стратегических вооружений, ОСВ — Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, SALT
переговоры по основным / существенным вопросам — substantive talks
переговоры по разоружению — disarmament / arms negotiations
переговоры по широкому кругу проблем — full-scale negotiations; wide ranging talks
переговоры, проводимые в два этапа — two-phase negotiations
переговоры, проводимые с перерывами — on-off talks разг.
переговоры с позиции силы — negotiations "from strength"
предмет и цели переговоров — the range and objectives of the talks, the subject and purpose of the negotiations
прекращение переговоров — breakdown of / in negotiations
путём переговоров — by means of / by negotiations
раунд / тур переговоров — round of talks
второй / третий раунд переговоров — second / third round of talks / negotiations
очередной раунд / тур переговоров — new round of talks
содержание, сроки и результаты переговоров — content, timing and outcome of negotiations
стол переговоров — negotiating / bargaining table
за столом переговоров — at the bargaining / negotiating table
вернуть кого-л. за стол переговоров — to draw smb. back to the bargaining table
сторона, участвующая в переговорах — party to negotiations
ход переговоров — progress / course of negotiations
Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > переговоры переговор·ы
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51 hiza
"1. line, level (to which something is adjusted). 2. mil. alignment, alinement. -sını bulmak to get into line, line up, form a straight line: Çocuklar, hizanızı bulun! Get into line, children! -ya gelmek 1. to get into line, come into line, line up, form a straight line. 2. (for soldiers) to dress, form a straight line, line up. 3. colloq. to shape up, behave, straighten up; to mind, obey; to come into line; to toe the line. (aynı/bir) -ya gelmek /la/ to reach the same level (as). -ya getirmek /ı/ 1. to align, aline, line (people, things) up, get (people, things) into a straight line; to bring (things) into line, arrange (things) in a straight line. 2. to dress (soldiers), make (soldiers) form a straight line, line (soldiers) up. 3. colloq. to make (someone) shape up, make (someone) behave, straighten (someone) out; to make (someone) mind, make (someone) obey; to bring (someone) into line; to make (someone) toe the line. (aynı/bir) -ya getirmek /ı, la/ to put (one person or thing) on a level with (another person or thing). -ya sokmak /ı/ 1. to line (people, things) up, get (people, things) into a straight line; to arrange (things) in a straight line. 2. colloq. to make (someone) shape up, make (someone) behave, straighten (someone) out; to make (someone) mind, make (someone) obey; to bring (someone) into line; to make (someone) toe the line." -
52 gelijkmaken
II 〈 overgankelijk werkwoord〉2 [verschillen wegwerken] equate, make even/equal ⇒ even/level up, bring into line (with)♦voorbeelden:2 Britse regelingen gelijkmaken aan die van de EEG • bring British regulations into line with those of the E.E.C. -
53 поставить (кого-л.) на место
1) General subject: bring to his level, cut down to size, put in his place, tell where to get off, wipe eye, bring to his bearings, bring to his level, make look small, send about his business2) Jargon: clip someone's wings3) Makarov: bring (smb.) to his bearings, put (smb.) in his place, put (smb.) in his proper place, tell (smb.) where to get offУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > поставить (кого-л.) на место
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54 Tisch
m; -(e)s, -e1. table; am Tisch sitzen sit ( oder be seated) at the table; Familie etc.: auch sit ( oder be seated) (a)round the table; sich an den Tisch setzen sit down ( oder take one’s seat geh.) at the table; vom Tisch aufstehen get up (from the table), stand up; bei Mahlzeiten: auch leave the table; abräumen, decken II 1 etc.2. Koll. (Leute): der ganze Tisch konnte mithören the whole table ( oder everyone at the table) could hear ( oder was listening)3. nur Sg.; fig. (Essen): bei Tisch at table geh., at lunch etc.; bei Tisch sitzen be having lunch etc., be eating; die Kinder durften bei Tisch nicht sprechen the children weren’t allowed to speak during meals; zu Tisch gehen go for ( oder to) lunch etc.; darf ich zu Tisch bitten? shall we sit down at the table?; wenn das Essen aufgetragen ist: lunch ( oder dinner) is served ( oder ready), let’s have something to eat now; essen, was auf den Tisch kommt eat what one is given, eat whatever is put before one; getrennt von Tisch und Bett separated; zum Tisch des Herrn treten KIRCHL. come to the Lord’s table, take communion4. fig. in Wendungen: bar auf den Tisch cash down; auf den Tisch hauen (sich durchsetzen) take a hard line; mit etw. reinen Tisch machen get s.th. sorted out properly ( oder once and for all); unter den Tisch fallen fall flat ( oder by the wayside), be passed over ( oder ignored), not be taken up ( oder pursued); eine Angelegenheit unter den Tisch fallen lassen (quietly) drop a matter; (nicht beachten) (choose to) ignore a matter; jemanden unter den Tisch trinken umg. drink s.o. under the table; jemanden über den Tisch ziehen umg. fleece ( oder rook) s.o., take s.o. to the cleaners; vom Tisch wischen oder fegen sweep ( oder brush) aside; ein Thema auf den Tisch bringen bring up ( oder raise) a matter (for discussion); die Sache muss auf dem Tisch bleiben / muss vom Tisch has got to be thrashed out / settled; Streitende an einen Tisch bringen bring the parties etc. face to face, get the parties etc. to agree to talks; Entscheidung am grünen Tisch bureaucratic decision; SPORT decision at administrative level ( oder by the sport’s ruling body)* * *der Tischtable* * *Tịsch [tɪʃ]m -(e)s, -etable; (= Schreibtisch) desk; (= Werktisch) bench; (= Mahlzeit) mealbitte zu Tisch! — lunch/dinner is served!
vor/nach Tisch — before/after the meal
zu Tisch sein — to be having one's lunch/dinner
zu Tisch gehen — to go to lunch/dinner
er zahlte bar auf den Tisch — he paid cash down or cash on the nail (Brit inf) or on the barrelhead (US)
es wird gegessen, was auf den Tisch kommt! — you'll eat what you're given
auf den Tisch kommen (fig: Vorschlag etc) — to be put forward
auf dem Tisch liegen (fig, Vorschlag etc) — to be on the table
etw auf den Tisch legen (fig, Geld, Vorschlag etc) — to put sth on the table
etw vom Tisch wischen (fig) — to dismiss sth
See:→ rund* * *(a piece of furniture consisting of a flat, horizontal surface on legs used eg to put food on at meals, or for some games: Put all the plates on the table.) table* * *<-[e]s, -e>[tɪʃ]m1. (Esstisch) tablejdn zu \Tisch bitten to ask sb to take their place [at the table]etw auf den \Tisch bringen (fam) to serve sthzu \Tisch gehen (geh) to go to lunch/dinnerzu \Tisch sein (geh) to be having one's lunch/dinnerbei \Tisch (geh) at the tablevor/nach \Tisch (geh) before/after the mealzu \Tisch! (geh) lunch/dinner is served2. (an einem Tisch sitzende Personen) table3.▶ jdn an einen \Tisch bringen to get sb round [or around] the table▶ am grünen \Tisch [o vom grünen \Tisch aus] planen from a bureaucratic ivory tower▶ vom \Tisch müssen to need clearing up▶ reinen \Tisch machen to sort things out, to get things straight▶ am runden \Tisch among equals▶ vom \Tisch sein to be cleared up▶ etw vom \Tisch wischen to strike sth off the roll, to dismiss sth* * *der; Tisch[e]s, Tische1) table; (SchreibTisch) deskvor/nach Tisch — before/after lunch/dinner/the meal etc.
bei Tisch sein od. sitzen — be at table
zu Tisch sein — be having one's lunch/dinner etc.
vom Tisch aufstehen — get up from the table; < child> get down [from the table]
bitte zu Tisch — please take your places for lunch/dinner
es wird gegessen, was auf den Tisch kommt! — [you'll] eat what's put on the table!
2) (fig.)reinen Tisch machen — (ugs.) clear things up; sort things out
jemanden über den Tisch ziehen — (ugs.) outman oeuvre somebody
unter den Tisch fallen — (ugs.) go by the board
* * *1. table;am Tisch sitzen sit ( oder be seated) at the table; Familie etc: auch sit ( oder be seated) (a)round the table;vom Tisch aufstehen get up (from the table), stand up; bei Mahlzeiten: auch leave the table; → abräumen, decken B 1 etc2. koll (Leute):der ganze Tisch konnte mithören the whole table ( oder everyone at the table) could hear ( oder was listening)3. nur sg; fig (Essen):bei Tisch sitzen be having lunch etc, be eating;die Kinder durften bei Tisch nicht sprechen the children weren’t allowed to speak during meals;darf ich zu Tisch bitten? shall we sit down at the table?; wenn das Essen aufgetragen ist: lunch ( oder dinner) is served ( oder ready), let’s have something to eat now;essen, was auf den Tisch kommt eat what one is given, eat whatever is put before one;getrennt von Tisch und Bett separated;zum Tisch des Herrn treten KIRCHE come to the Lord’s table, take communion4. fig in Wendungen:bar auf den Tisch cash down;auf den Tisch hauen (sich durchsetzen) take a hard line;mit etwas reinen Tisch machen get sth sorted out properly ( oder once and for all);unter den Tisch fallen fall flat ( oder by the wayside), be passed over ( oder ignored), not be taken up ( oder pursued);eine Angelegenheit unter den Tisch fallen (quietly) drop a matter; (nicht beachten) (choose to) ignore a matter;jemanden unter den Tisch trinken umg drink sb under the table;ein Thema auf den Tisch bringen bring up ( oder raise) a matter (for discussion);muss auf dem Tisch bleiben/muss vom Tisch has got to be thrashed out/settled;Streitende an einen Tisch bringen bring the parties etc face to face, get the parties etc to agree to talks;Entscheidung am grünen Tisch bureaucratic decision; SPORT decision at administrative level ( oder by the sport’s ruling body)* * *der; Tisch[e]s, Tische1) table; (SchreibTisch) deskvor/nach Tisch — before/after lunch/dinner/the meal etc.
bei Tisch sein od. sitzen — be at table
zu Tisch sein — be having one's lunch/dinner etc.
vom Tisch aufstehen — get up from the table; < child> get down [from the table]
bitte zu Tisch — please take your places for lunch/dinner
es wird gegessen, was auf den Tisch kommt! — [you'll] eat what's put on the table!
2) (fig.)reinen Tisch machen — (ugs.) clear things up; sort things out
jemanden über den Tisch ziehen — (ugs.) outman oeuvre somebody
unter den Tisch fallen — (ugs.) go by the board
* * *-e m.board n.desk n.table n. -
55 dar pie a
to give occasion for* * *(v.) = spark off, give + rise to, bring about, lead to, cause, open + the door to, give + cause to, give + occasion toEx. Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.Ex. The method of indexing called post-coordinate indexing gives rise to physical forms of indexes which differ from the more 'traditional' catalogues mentioned above.Ex. Untruth brings about ill reputation and indignity.Ex. At each of these levels, entry of a 'd' for detail and a line number leads to display of the information about the item chosen.Ex. As usage of the language causes terms to become anachronistic, or as increases in our level of awareness reveal undesirable connotations, we seek to change subject heading terms.Ex. Thus Cutter opens the door to compounds and phrases of all kinds -- so long as they are 'nameable' -- and also opens the door to inversion, but gives no rule for this.Ex. That crucial evidence was withheld from the final report could give cause to bring charges of criminal negligence.Ex. Many soldiers took advantage of the impoverished conditions giving occasion to assaults, rapes and murders.* * *(v.) = spark off, give + rise to, bring about, lead to, cause, open + the door to, give + cause to, give + occasion toEx: Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.
Ex: The method of indexing called post-coordinate indexing gives rise to physical forms of indexes which differ from the more 'traditional' catalogues mentioned above.Ex: Untruth brings about ill reputation and indignity.Ex: At each of these levels, entry of a 'd' for detail and a line number leads to display of the information about the item chosen.Ex: As usage of the language causes terms to become anachronistic, or as increases in our level of awareness reveal undesirable connotations, we seek to change subject heading terms.Ex: Thus Cutter opens the door to compounds and phrases of all kinds -- so long as they are 'nameable' -- and also opens the door to inversion, but gives no rule for this.Ex: That crucial evidence was withheld from the final report could give cause to bring charges of criminal negligence.Ex: Many soldiers took advantage of the impoverished conditions giving occasion to assaults, rapes and murders. -
56 выдвинуть обвинение против
1) General subject: bring an accusation against (кого-л.), lay an accusation against (кого-л.), level an accusation against (кого-л.), level an accusation at (кого-л.), prefer a charge against (кого-л.), bring an accusal against (кого-л.)2) Makarov: lay an accusation against (smb.) (кого-л.), level an accusation against (smb.) (кого-л.), level an accusation at (smb.) (кого-л.)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > выдвинуть обвинение против
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57 elevar
v.1 to lift (levantar) (peso, objeto).Ella elevó la carga al techo She lifted the load to the roof.2 to raise (increase) (precio, cantidad).La máquina elevó la temperatura The machine raised the temperature.Ella elevó la bandera She raised the flag.3 to raise (Mat).elevar x al cuadrado/al cubo to square/cube xdiez elevado a quince ten to the fifteenth (power)4 to elevate.lo elevaron a la categoría de héroe they made him into a hero5 to present (propuesta, quejas).6 to uplift, to lift, to exalt, to inspire.El sacrificio elevó su espíritu The sacrifice uplifted his spirit.7 to bolster up, to raise.Su sonrisa eleva los ánimos Her smile bolsters up the spirits.* * *1 (peso etc) to elevate, raise, lift2 (precios) to raise, increase, put up; (tono, voz) to raise3 (enaltecer) to promote, raise4 MATEMÁTICAS to raise1 (subir) to rise (up)2 (alcanzar) to reach3 (erguirse, levantarse) to stand4 (sumar) to amount to, come to5 figurado (engreírse) to become conceited* * *verb1) to raise, lift2) increase3) promote•- elevarse- elevarse a* * *1. VT1) (=levantar) [+ objeto, brazos] to raiseuna sinfonía que eleva el espíritu — a symphony that is spiritually uplifting o that uplifts the spirit
2) (=aumentar)a) [+ precio, tipo, temperatura, calidad] to raiseel consumo de huevos eleva el nivel de colesterol — eating eggs increases o raises one's cholesterol level
el juez le elevó la condena a dos años — the judge increased (the length of) his sentence to two years
b) [+ voz] to raise3) [+ muro] to raise, make higher4)lo elevaron al pontificado — he was made Pope, he was elevated to the pontificate frm
elevaron a su ídolo a la categoría de dios — they raised o elevated frm their idol to the level of a god
5) [+ petición, solicitud] to present, submitelevó una petición al Tribunal Supremo — he presented o submitted an appeal to the High Court, he appealed to the High Court
6) (Mat)7) (Elec) [+ voltaje] to boost8) Chile * (=reprender) to tell off *2.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1) (frml)elevó los brazos al cielo — (liter) he raised (up) his arms to heaven (liter)
b) <espíritu/mente> to upliftc) <muro/nivel> to raise, make... higher2) (frml)a) ( aumentar) <precios/impuestos> to raise, increase; < nivel de vida> to raiseb) <voz/tono> to raise3) (frml) ( en jerarquía) to elevate (frml)4) (Mat)5) (frml) (presentar, dirigir)2.elevar algo a alguien — <informe/protesta> to present o submit something to somebody
elevarse v pron1) ( tomar altura) avión/cometa to climb, gain height; globo to rise, gain height2) (frml) ( aumentar) temperatura to rise; precios/impuestos to rise, increase; tono/voz to rise3) (frml) ( ascender)elevarse a algo: la cifra se elevaba ya al 13% — the figure had already reached 13%
4) (liter) montaña/edificio to stand, rise (liter)* * *= heighten, elevate, uplift, bring up, hoist, take + Nombre + to greater heights, raise.Ex. Automated support services have heightened the sense of interdependency between libraries and vendors.Ex. Some of the things that are said about genuine bookselling do at times seem to elevate this occupation to a level far beyond mere commerce.Ex. This article discusses the implementation of a carefully devised approach to uplift standards of reading.Ex. Matrix and mould were pivoted and were brought up to the nozzle of a metal pump for the moment of casting, and then swung back to eject the new-made letter.Ex. The Supreme Court of India has declared that hoisting the tricolour is a fundamental right that the government cannot legislate away.Ex. He headed one of the largest accounting firms in the country and took it to greater heights.Ex. The speaker said that James estimated people function at only 20% of their capacity, and concluded that they could raise this percentage considerable if they knew how to manage their time more efficiently.----* elevar con grúa = winch.* elevar con polea = winch.* elevarse = soar, tower above/over.* * *1.verbo transitivo1) (frml)elevó los brazos al cielo — (liter) he raised (up) his arms to heaven (liter)
b) <espíritu/mente> to upliftc) <muro/nivel> to raise, make... higher2) (frml)a) ( aumentar) <precios/impuestos> to raise, increase; < nivel de vida> to raiseb) <voz/tono> to raise3) (frml) ( en jerarquía) to elevate (frml)4) (Mat)5) (frml) (presentar, dirigir)2.elevar algo a alguien — <informe/protesta> to present o submit something to somebody
elevarse v pron1) ( tomar altura) avión/cometa to climb, gain height; globo to rise, gain height2) (frml) ( aumentar) temperatura to rise; precios/impuestos to rise, increase; tono/voz to rise3) (frml) ( ascender)elevarse a algo: la cifra se elevaba ya al 13% — the figure had already reached 13%
4) (liter) montaña/edificio to stand, rise (liter)* * *= heighten, elevate, uplift, bring up, hoist, take + Nombre + to greater heights, raise.Ex: Automated support services have heightened the sense of interdependency between libraries and vendors.
Ex: Some of the things that are said about genuine bookselling do at times seem to elevate this occupation to a level far beyond mere commerce.Ex: This article discusses the implementation of a carefully devised approach to uplift standards of reading.Ex: Matrix and mould were pivoted and were brought up to the nozzle of a metal pump for the moment of casting, and then swung back to eject the new-made letter.Ex: The Supreme Court of India has declared that hoisting the tricolour is a fundamental right that the government cannot legislate away.Ex: He headed one of the largest accounting firms in the country and took it to greater heights.Ex: The speaker said that James estimated people function at only 20% of their capacity, and concluded that they could raise this percentage considerable if they knew how to manage their time more efficiently.* elevar con grúa = winch.* elevar con polea = winch.* elevarse = soar, tower above/over.* * *elevar [A1 ]vtA ( frml)1 (levantar) ‹objeto› to raise, liftla grúa elevó el cajón hasta la cubierta the crane hoisted o raised o lifted the crate onto the deckmúsica que eleva el espíritu (spiritually) uplifting musicelevemos nuestros corazones al Señor let us lift up our hearts to the Lord2 ‹muro/nivel› to raise, make … higherB ( frml)1 (aumentar) ‹precios/impuestos› to raise, increaseelevar el nivel de vida to raise the standard of livingel juez elevó la pena the judge increased the (length of) the sentence2 ‹voz/tono› to raiseD ( Mat):elevar un número a la sexta potencia to raise a number to the power of sixelevar al cuadrado to squareelevar al cubo to cubeE (presentar, dirigir) elevar algo A algn to present o submit sth TO sbelevaron una protesta a las autoridades they presented o submitted a letter of protest to the authorities, they protested to the authoritieselevaron el recurso al Tribunal Supremo they appealed to the Supreme Court, they presented o submitted the appeal to the Supreme Court■ elevarseA (tomar altura) «avión/cometa» to climb, gain height; «globo» to rise, gain heightB ( frml) (aumentar) «temperatura» to rise; «precios/impuestos» to rise, increase; «tono/voz» to riseC ( frml) (ascender) elevarse A algo:el número de víctimas se eleva a diez ten people have been killedla cifra se elevaba ya al 13% the figure had already reached o already stood at o was already at 13%la Cordillera se eleva majestuosa the mountain range rises majestically* * *
elevar ( conjugate elevar) verbo transitivo
1 (frml)
2 (frml)
‹ nivel de vida› to raise
elevarse verbo pronominal
1 ( tomar altura) [avión/cometa] to climb, gain height;
[ globo] to rise, gain height
2 (frml) ( aumentar) [ temperatura] to rise;
[precios/impuestos] to rise, increase;
[tono/voz] to rise
3 (frml) ( ascender):◊ la cifra se elevaba ya al 13% the figure had already reached 13%
elevar verbo transitivo
1 to raise
2 Mat to raise (to the power of)
elevar al cuadrado, to square
elevar al cubo, to cube
elevado a la cuarta, etc, potencia, to raise to the power of four, etc
' elevar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cuadrada
- cuadrado
- elevarse
- subir
- cubo
- erigir
- levantar
English:
cube
- elevate
- elevation
- enhance
- glance up
- square
- exalt
- raise
- up
* * *♦ vt1. [levantar] [peso, objeto] to lift;elevaron los muebles con poleas they lifted the furniture with pulleys;elevar la moral de los jugadores to boost the players' morale2. [aumentar] [precio, nivel] to raise;[cantidad] to increase;elevar las ventas/ganancias to increase sales/profits;elevar el tono de voz to raise one's voice;elevaron a dos meses el plazo de matriculación they extended the enrolment period to two months3. Mat to raise;elevar x al cuadrado/al cubo to square/cube x;diez elevado a quince ten to the fifteenth (power)4. [encumbrar] to elevate (a to);fue elevado al cargo de director he was promoted to the post of director;lo elevaron a la categoría de héroe they made him into a hero5. [presentar] [queja, recurso] to lodge, to present;[propuesta] to submit, to present;elevaremos un escrito de protesta al concejal we shall present a formal protest to o lodge a formal protest with the councillor;elevar un recurso de apelación al Supremo to lodge an appeal with o to present an appeal to the Supreme Court;elevó una instancia al ministerio he lodged an appeal with the Ministry* * *v/t1 raise2 MAT:elevar al cuadrado raise to the power of four* * *elevar vt1) alzar: to raise, to lift2) aumentar: to raise, to increase3) : to elevate (in a hierarchy), to promote4) : to present, to submit* * *elevar vb to raise -
58 nivelar
v.1 to level.La apisonadora allana el terreno The steamroller levels out the land.2 to even out.* * *1 (gen) to level out, level off2 (diferencias etc) to reconcile* * *verb* * *VT1) [+ superficie] to level (out); (Ferro) to grade2) [+ diferencias, deficiencias] to even (out), even (up)3) [+ presupuesto] to balance ( con against)adjust ( con to) [+ déficit] to cover* * *verbo transitivo1) (Const) <suelo/terreno> to level; < estante> to get... level2) < presupuesto> to balance* * *= level.Ex. Academic librarians have seen their budgets levelled and shrinking and have witnessed serials prices spiralling out of control.----* nivelarse = level off.* * *verbo transitivo1) (Const) <suelo/terreno> to level; < estante> to get... level2) < presupuesto> to balance* * *= level.Ex: Academic librarians have seen their budgets levelled and shrinking and have witnessed serials prices spiralling out of control.
* nivelarse = level off.* * *nivelar [A1 ]vtA ( Const) ‹suelo/terreno› to level, grade; ‹estante› to get … levelB ‹presupuesto› to balanceC (en topografía) to level* * *
nivelar ( conjugate nivelar) verbo transitivo
‹ estante› to get … level
nivelar verbo transitivo
1 to level out
2 (las fuerzas, el presupuesto, etc) to balance out
' nivelar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
allanar
- emparejar
English:
level
- level off
- level out
- even
- grade
* * *nivelar vt1. [superficie] to level3. [diferencias] to even out;[salarios] to bring into line with each other4. [presupuesto] to balance* * *v/t1 terreno, superficie level, grade2 diferencias even out* * *nivelar vt: to level (out)* * *nivelar vb2. (desigualdad) to even out -
59 su
1. prep onargomento about( circa) (round) aboutsul tavolo on the tablesul mare by the seasulle tremila lire round about three thousand liresu misura made to measurenove volte su dieci nine times out of ten2. adv up( al piano di sopra) upstairssu! come on!guardare in su look up* * *su avv.1 ( moto, direzione) up; ( al piano superiore) upstairs: puoi venire su un momento?, can you come up (stairs) a moment?; vado su a prendere le chiavi, I'll go up and get the keys; l'ho mandato su in solaio, I've sent him up to the attic; devo portare su le valigie?, shall I bring the cases up?; guardate su, look up; tira su quel pezzo di carta, pick up that piece of paper; il prezzo della benzina è andato su parecchio, the price of petrol has gone up a great deal // là su → lassù; qua su → quassù // su e giù → giù // su per, up: su per la collina, up the hill; si precipitò su per le scale, he rushed upstairs // metter su casa, to set up house // tirar su un bambino, ( allevarlo) to bring up a child // tirarsi su, ( in salute) to recover (o to pick up); ( finanziariamente) to get on one's feet again // Con uso rafforzativo: si spinse su su fino alla vetta, he climbed all the way up to the summit; risalire su su fino alle origini, to go all the way back to the beginning2 ( posizione, situazione) up (above) (anche fig.); ( al piano superiore) upstairs: gli ospiti sono su in terrazza, the guests are up on the terrace; l'ufficio è su al primo piano, the office is up on the first floor; ti chiamano da su, they're calling you from upstairs (o from up above); a mezzanotte era ancora su, ( alzato) he was still up at midnight // più su, higher up; ( più avanti) further up (o further along): abita due piani più su, he lives two floors (higher) up; appendi il quadro un po' più su, hang the picture a little higher up; l'albergo è pochi metri più su, the hotel is a few metres further on3 ( indosso) on: aveva su un paio di scarpe nuove, he had a new pair of shoes on; metti su il soprabito, put your coat on // metter su arie, to put on airs4 ( con valore esortativo): su, sbrigati!, get a move on!; su, andiamo!, come on, let's go!; su, coraggio!, su con la vita!, cheer up!; su, non piangere!, come on, don't cry!5 ( con uso pleonastico): di su!, out with it!6 in su, ( verso l'alto) up (wards); ( in avanti) onwards: guardai in su, I looked up; giaceva sul pavimento a faccia in su, he was lying face upwards on the floor; dalla vita in su, from the waist upwards; camminare col naso in su, to walk with one's nose in the air; i nostri prezzi vanno da dieci euro in su, our prices are from ten euros upwards; il traffico è scorrevole da Bologna in su, the traffic is moving smoothly from Bologna onwards; la norma si applica a tutto il personale, dal fattorino in su, the rule applies to all staff, from the office boy up; la tapparella non va né in su né in giù, the shutter won't go either up or down◆ s.m.: era un su e giù continuo, it was a continuous coming and going.◆ FRASEOLOGIA: su le mani!, hands up! // su per giù, more or less (o roughly o about): avrà su per giù la mia età, he must be about my age; c'erano su per giù mille persone, there were roughly a thousand people // essere su di morale, to be in high spirits // essere su di giri, to be revved up; (fig.) to feel on top of the world // avercela su con qlcu., to have it in for s.o. ∙ Per andare su, mettere su, venire su → anche andare, mettere, venire.su prep.1 ( per indicare sovrapposizione con contatto) on, (form.) upon; ( con movimento) up; on to (o onto); ( in cima a) on top of: c'è una macchia sul pavimento, there's a stain on the floor; la lettera era sul tavolo, the letter was on the table; posalo sulla sedia, put it on the chair; l'acrobata camminava su una fune, the acrobat was walking on a tightrope; metti il coperchio sulla pentola, put the lid on the pan; si arrampicò su un albero, he climbed up a tree; salire su una scala, to go up a ladder; salire sul treno, to get on the train; caricarono gli sci sul tetto della macchina, they loaded the skis on to the car roof (o on top of the car); i corpi giacevano ammassati uno sull'altro, the bodies were piled one on top of another; il paese sorgeva su una ridente collina, the village stood on (o upon) a sunny hilltop; l'aereo si è schiantato sull'autostrada, the plane crashed on to the motorway // il suo ragionamento si fondava su false premesse, his reasoning was based on false assumptions // far assegnamento su qlcu., to rely on s.o.2 (per indicare sovrapposizione senza contatto, ovvero protezione, difesa, rivestimento) over: stiamo volando su Londra, we're flying over London; c'è un ponte sul fiume, there's a bridge over the river; una nube tossica incombeva sulla città, a toxic cloud hung over the city; metti un golfino sulle spalle, put a cardigan over your shoulders; passare la lucidatrice sul pavimento, to pass the polisher over the floor; spalmare la crema sul viso, to spread cream over one's face // sul suo capo pendeva la minaccia del licenziamento, the threat of dismissal hung over his head3 (per indicare superiorità, dominio, controllo) over: non ha alcuna autorità su di noi, he has no authority over us; celebrare la vittoria sul nemico, to celebrate one's victory over the enemy; regnare su un popolo, to reign over a people; esercitare la propria influenza, il proprio potere su qlcu., to exert one's influence, power over s.o.; avere un vantaggio su qlcu., to have an advantage over s.o.4 (a un livello superiore, più in alto di) above (anche fig.): il sole era alto sull'orizzonte, the sun was high above the horizon; il paese è a 500 metri sul livello del mare, the village is 500 m above sea level // per lui il lavoro ha la precedenza su tutto, he puts work before everything5 ( lungo) on; ( che si affaccia su) on to (o onto): una casa, una città sul fiume, a house, a city on the river; un negozio sul corso principale, a shop on the main street; passeggiammo sul lungomare, we walked on (o along) the seafront; la mia finestra guarda sul cortile, my window looks on to (o onto) the courtyard; questa porta dà sul giardino, this door opens onto the garden6 ( verso, in direzione di, contro) to (wards); ( contro) on; at: l'esercito marciò su Napoli, the army marched on Naples; tutti i riflettori erano puntati sulla rock star, all the spotlights were focused on the rock star; tutti si scagliarono su di lui, they all flung themselves at (o on) him (o fam. they all went for him); sparare sulla folla, to fire on (o into) the crowd7 ( dopo, di seguito a) after: commettere errori su errori, to make mistake after mistake // costruire pietra su pietra, to build stone by stone8 ( approssimativamente) about; ( di tempo) at, about: sul mezzogiorno, about midday; sul far della sera, at nightfall; sulla fine del secolo, at the turn of the century; da qui a Firenze ci si impiega sulle tre ore, it takes about three hours to get (from here) to Florence; peserà sui 50 chili, it must weigh about 50 kilos; l'ha pagato sui 500 euro, he paid about 500 euros for it; un ragazzo sui 10 anni, a boy about 10 years of age; è sulla trentina, he's about thirty years old // un colore sul verde, a greenish colour // era un po' sul depresso, he was a bit depressed9 ( intorno a, riguardo a) on, about: un saggio sulla letteratura del Novecento, an essay on 20th century literature; su che cosa sarà la conferenza?, what will the talk be about?; sa tutto sulla storia del jazz, he knows everything about the history of jazz; discutere sui fatti del giorno, to discuss the day's events10 ( per esprimere proporzione) out of: nove su dieci espressero parere favorevole, nine out of ten were in favour; arriva in ritardo due gioni su tre, he arrives late two days out of three; una volta su mille, one time out of a thousand; meritare otto su dieci, to get eight out of ten.◆ FRASEOLOGIA: sul momento, at first; sull'istante, immediately; sui due piedi, on the spot // su misura, made to measure // dipinto su legno, tela, painted on wood, canvas // (comm.): su campione, by sample; su campione tipo, on type (o on standard); su richiesta, on demand // essere sul punto di fare qlco., to be about (o to be going) to do sthg. // fare sul serio, to be in (o deadly) earnest (o to be serious): fai sul serio?, are you serious? (o fam. no kidding?) // credere sulla parola, to take s.o.'s word for it.* * *[su]1. prep su + il=sul, su + lo=sullo, su + l'=sull', su + la=sulla, su + i=sui, su + gli=sugli, su + le= sullegettarsi sulla preda — to throw o.s. on one's prey
procedi sulla sinistra — keep on o to the left
2) (addosso) overbuttati uno scialle sulle spalle — throw a shawl over o round your shoulders
3) (da una parte all'altra) over4) (autorità, dominio) over5) (più in alto di) above100 metri sul livello del mare — 100 metres above sea level
6) (argomento) about, onun articolo sulla prima guerra mondiale — an article on o about the First World War
una conferenza sulla pace nel mondo — a conference on o about world peace
7) (circa) about, around8) (proporzione) out of, in2 giorni su 3 — 2 days out of 3, 2 days in 3
9)2. avv1) (in alto, verso l'alto) up, (al piano superiore) upstairssu — look uplì
su — up theresu — up here2) (in poi) onwardsdal numero 39 in su — from number 39 onwards
dai 20 anni in su — from the age of 20 onwards
prezzi dalle 50 euro in su — prices from 50 euros (upwards)
3) (addosso) on4)su coraggio! — come on, cheer up!su su non fare così! — now, now, don't behave like that!
su dal niente — to rise from nothing* * *[su] 1.1) (con contatto) on, upon; (con movimento) on, onto; (in cima a) on top ofpassare la mano su qcs. — to run one's hand over sth.
salire sulla scala, su un albero — to climb (up) the ladder, a tree
salire sul treno, sull'autobus — to get on o onto the train, the bus
2) (senza contatto o per indicare rivestimento, protezione) overun ponte sul fiume — a bridge across o over the river
3) (per indicare superiorità, dominio) over4) (al di sopra di) above5) (verso)la stanza dà sul parco — the room looks onto o towards the park
puntare un'arma su qcn. — to aim a gun at sb
sul quarto canale — telev. on channel four
8) (riguardo a, intorno a) on, aboutsu consiglio di qcn. — on sb.'s advice, at o on sb.'s suggestion
su ordine di qcn. — on sb.'s order
10) (per indicare approssimazione) about, around11) (per indicare iterazione) after, uponcommettere sbagli su sbagli — to make one mistake after another, to make mistake after mistake
12) (distributivo) out of2.1) (in alto) up2) (al piano superiore) upstairsportare qcs. su in soffitta — to take sth. up to the attic
salire su su nel cielo — to raise up and up o further up into the sky
4) in su up, upwards5) su persu per la montagna, le scale — up the mountain, the stairs
6) su e giù (in alto e in basso) up and down; (avanti e indietro) up and down, to and fro3.interiezione come on* * *su/su/1 (con contatto) on, upon; (con movimento) on, onto; (in cima a) on top of; la tazza è sul tavolo the cup is on the table; battere il pugno sul tavolo to slam one's fist on the table; passare la mano su qcs. to run one's hand over sth.; salire sulla scala, su un albero to climb (up) the ladder, a tree; dimenticare l'ombrello sul treno to leave one's umbrella on the train; salire sul treno, sull'autobus to get on o onto the train, the bus; mettilo su quel mucchio put it on top of that pile2 (senza contatto o per indicare rivestimento, protezione) over; nuvole sulle montagne clouds over the mountain tops; un ponte sul fiume a bridge across o over the river; portare un maglione sulla camicia to wear a sweater over one's shirt; mettere una coperta sulla poltrona to lay a blanket over the armchair3 (per indicare superiorità, dominio) over; governare su un paese to rule (over) a country4 (al di sopra di) above; 500 m sul livello del mare 500 m above sea level5 (verso) la stanza dà sul parco the room looks onto o towards the park; puntare un'arma su qcn. to aim a gun at sb.6 (con nomi di fiumi e laghi) un ponte sul Tamigi a bridge over the Thames; le città sul Po the towns along the Po; crociera sul Nilo cruise on the Nile; vacanze sul Lago Maggiore holidays by Lake Maggiore7 (per indicare un supporto) on; su CD on CD; disegnare sulla sabbia to draw in the sand; copiare su carta to copy onto paper; sul giornale in the newspaper; sul quarto canale telev. on channel four8 (riguardo a, intorno a) on, about9 (per indicare il modo) su commissione on commission; su consiglio di qcn. on sb.'s advice, at o on sb.'s suggestion; su ordine di qcn. on sb.'s order10 (per indicare approssimazione) about, around; essere sui vent'anni to be about twenty; sul finire del secolo towards the end of the century11 (per indicare iterazione) after, upon; commettere sbagli su sbagli to make one mistake after another, to make mistake after mistake12 (distributivo) out of; due persone su tre two out of every three people; una settimana su tre one week in threeII avverbio2 (al piano superiore) upstairs; su fa più freddo it's colder upstairs; portare qcs. su in soffitta to take sth. up to the attic4 in su up, upwards; più in su further up; guardare in su to look up(wards); dalla vita in su from the waist up(wards); dai 3 anni in su from (the age of) 3 up; a faccia in su face up(wards)5 su per su per la montagna, le scale up the mountain, the stairs6 su e giù (in alto e in basso) up and down; (avanti e indietro) up and down, to and fro; andare su e giù per le scale to go up and down the stairsIII interiezionecome on. -
60 состояние
condition, mode вчт., state, status* * *состоя́ние с.
state, conditionв состоя́нии литья́ — (in the) as-cast (condition)в состоя́нии напла́вки — (in the) as-deposited (condition)возмуща́ть состоя́ние — ( малые возмущения) perturb a state; ( большие возмущения) disturb a stateв отожжё́нном состоя́нии — (in the) as-annealed (condition)в состоя́нии поста́вки — (in the) as-delivered (condition)в состоя́нии прока́тки — (in the) as-rolled (condition)в состоя́нии сва́рки — (in the) as-welded (condition)в состоя́нии термообрабо́тки — (in the) as-heat-treated (condition)переходи́ть из нача́льного в коне́чное состоя́ние ( в термодинамике) — change from the initial to the final stateпереходи́ть из одного́ состоя́ния в друго́е — pass from one state to anotherпо состоя́нию документа́ции на … — as per documents in effect on …амо́рфное состоя́ние — amorphous stateсостоя́ние балансиро́вки ав. — trimвыводи́ть (самолё́т) из состоя́ния балансиро́вки — trim out (an airplane)состоя́ние бе́дствия — the distress statusотменя́ть состоя́ние бе́дствия — cancel the distress statusбезразли́чное состоя́ние (цифрового мата, релейной цепи и т. п.) вчт. — don't care condition, don't care stateвака́нтное состоя́ние — unoccupied [vacant] stateвале́нтное состоя́ние — valent stateсостоя́ние вещества́, агрега́тное — state of aggregation of matterвзве́шенное состоя́ние — suspensionнаходи́ться во взве́шенном состоя́нии — be suspended, be in suspensionсостоя́ние «включено́» — “on” stateвозбуждё́нное состоя́ние — excited stateсостоя́ние «вы́ключено» — “off” stateвы́мороженное состоя́ние — frozen stateвы́рожденное состоя́ние полупр. — degenerated stateгазообра́зное состоя́ние — gaseous stateсостоя́ние гото́вности — ready status, ready stateдетермини́рованное состоя́ние киб. — determinate stateдиспе́рсное состоя́ние — disperse stateсостоя́ние «едини́ца» вчт. — one [“1”, unity] stateжи́дкое состоя́ние — liquid stateсостоя́ние заря́да ( уровень заряжённости аккумулятора или батареи) — state of chargeиско́мое состоя́ние киб. — target stateква́нтовое состоя́ние — quantum stateконе́чное состоя́ние — final stateкристалли́ческое состоя́ние — crystalline stateкрити́ческое состоя́ние — critical state, criticalityлате́нтное состоя́ние — latent state, latency, abeyanceнагарто́ванное состоя́ние — cold-worked conditionсостоя́ние нажо́ра кож. — plumping, plumpnessсостоя́ние наклё́па — cold-worked conditionнапряжё́нное состоя́ние — stressed state, state of stressнача́льное состоя́ние — initial stateсостоя́ние невесо́мости — state of weightlessness, gravity-free [weightless, zero-gravity, zero-g] stateневы́рожденное состоя́ние полупр. — non-degenerate stateнедосту́пное состоя́ние — inaccessible stateненапряжё́нное состоя́ние — limp stateнеобрати́мое состоя́ние — irreversible stateнепроводя́щее состоя́ние — non-conducting stateнеравнове́сное состоя́ние — non-equilibrium stateнеупоря́доченное состоя́ние — disordered stateнеустанови́вшееся состоя́ние — unsteady stateнеусто́йчивое состоя́ние — unstable [labile] state«нуль» состоя́ние вчт. — zero [“0”] stateобрати́мое состоя́ние — reversible stateсостоя́ние ожида́ния вчт. — wait stateпереходи́ть в состоя́ние ожида́ния — go into a wait stateсостоя́ние оста́точной намагни́ченности — remanent stateсостоя́ние отсе́чки — cut-off stateпарообра́зное состоя́ние — vaporous stateперенасы́щенное состоя́ние — supersaturated stateпереохлаждё́нное состоя́ние — supercooled stateсостоя́ние поко́я — rest(быть) в состоя́нии поко́я — (be) at rest, quiescent stateпреде́льное состоя́ние1. limiting state2. т. над. final conditionпромежу́точное состоя́ние — intermediate stateрабо́чее состоя́ние — running [working] order, serviceable conditionподде́рживать в рабо́чем состоя́нии — maintain (the plant) in a satisfactory state of operator [in proper working order]равнове́сное состоя́ние — equilibrium state, state of equilibriumраспла́вленное состоя́ние — molten stateсверхпроводя́щее состоя́ние — superconducting stateсвобо́дное состоя́ние — free stateсостоя́ние с высо́ким потенциа́лом вчт. — high levelустана́вливать в состоя́ние высо́кого потенциа́ла — bring to high levelустана́вливаться в состоя́ние высо́кого потенциа́ла — go highсостоя́ние с высо́кой добро́тностью — high-Q stateсвя́занное состоя́ние — bound stateсостоя́ние с ни́зким потенциа́лом вчт. — low levelустана́вливать в состоя́ние ни́зкого потенциа́ла — bring to low levelустана́вливаться в состоя́ние ни́зкого потенциа́ла — go lowсо́бственное состоя́ние — eigenstateтвё́рдое состоя́ние — solid stateупоря́доченное состоя́ние — ordered stateустанови́вшееся состоя́ние — steady stateусто́йчивое состоя́ние — stable stateуточнё́нное состоя́ние вчт. — senseсостоя́ние элеме́нта па́мяти — state of a storage elementопра́шивать состоя́ние [производи́ть опро́с состоя́ния] элеме́нта па́мяти — interrogate [sense the state of] a storage elementраспознава́ть состоя́ние элеме́нта па́мяти — sense the state of a storage elementэнергети́ческое состоя́ние — energy stateэнергети́ческое, незапо́лненное состоя́ние — unfilled [unoccupied, vacant] (energy) stateэнергети́ческое, основно́е состоя́ние — ground (energy) stateэнергети́ческое, разрешё́нное состоя́ние — allowed (energy) state
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См. также в других словарях:
Level — Lev el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Leveled} ( [e^]ld) or {Levelled}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Leveling} or {Levelling}.] 1. To make level; to make horizontal; to bring to the condition of a level line or surface; hence, to make flat or even; as, to level a… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
bring — W1S1 [brıŋ] v past tense and past participle brought [bro:t US bro:t] [T] [: Old English; Origin: bringan] 1.) a) to take something or someone with you to the place where you are now, or to the place you are talking about →↑take ▪ Did you bring… … Dictionary of contemporary English
bring — [brɪŋ] verb brought PTandPP [brɔːt ǁ brɒːt] LAW bring a case/charge/suit/lawsuit to organize a legal case against someone: • a string of lawsuits brought by jobseekers who think they re the victims of discrimination • Company directors are… … Financial and business terms
Level design — or game mapping is the creation of levels mdash;locales, stages, or missions mdash;for a video game (such as a console game or computer game). This is commonly done using level design tools, special software usually developed just for the purpose … Wikipedia
level — [lev′əl] n. [OFr livel < VL * libellus < L libella, dim. of libra, a balance, level, weight] 1. an instrument for determining, or adjusting a surface to, an even horizontal plane: it has a glass tube partly filled with liquid so as to leave … English World dictionary
level — [adj] smooth, balanced akin, aligned, alike, calm, commensurate, common, comparable, consistent, constant, continuous, equable, equivalent, even, exact, flat, flush, horizontal, identical, in line, leveled, like, lined up, matched, matching, of… … New thesaurus
bring down — [v] reduce or hurt abase, cut down, damage, drop, fell, floor, injure, knock down, KO*, lay low, level, lower, mow down, murder*, overthrow, overturn, prostrate, pull down, shoot down, slay*, throw down, tumble, undermine, upset, wound; concepts… … New thesaurus
level — I. noun Etymology: Middle English, plumb line, from Anglo French livel, from Vulgar Latin *libellum, alteration of Latin libella, from diminutive of libra weight, balance Date: 14th century 1. a device for establishing a horizontal line or plane… … New Collegiate Dictionary
level — levelly, adv. levelness, n. /lev euhl/, adj., n., v., leveled, leveling or (esp. Brit.) levelled, levelling, adv. adj. 1. having no part higher than another; having a flat or even surface. 2. being in a plane parallel to the plane of the horizon; … Universalium
bring up — v. 1) (B) I didn t want to bring up the subject to her at that time 2) (d; tr.) to bring up against ( to confront with ) (the drought brought us up against serious difficulties) 3) (D; tr.) ( to raise ) to bring up for (to bring up a question for … Combinatory dictionary
level — lev•el [[t]ˈlɛv əl[/t]] adj. n. v. eled, el•ing (esp. brit.) elled, el•ling. 1) having no part higher than another; having a flat or even surface 2) being in a plane parallel to the plane of the horizon; horizontal 3) equal, as in height,… … From formal English to slang
