breaks

rumpo, rūpi, ruptum ( inf. paragog. rumpier, Afran. Com. 127), 3, v. a. [root rup], to break, burst, tear, rend, rive, rupture; to break asunder, burst in pieces, force open, etc. (very freq. and class.; a favorite word of the Aug. poets; cf. frango).

Lit.: SI MEMBRVM RVPIT NI CVM EO PACIT TALIO ESTO, Lex XII. Tab. ap. Fest. S. V. TALIO, p. 274; and ap. Gell. 20, 1, 14; cf. Cato ap. Prisc. p. 710 P.:

vincula,

Lucr. 3, 83; Cic. Cat. 4, 4, 8; id. Tusc. 1, 30, 74; Prop. 4, 10, 4; Verg. A. 10, 233 al.:

catenas,

Prop. 3, 13, 11; Hor. S. 2, 7, 70; Ov. Am. 3, 11, 3:

frena pudoris,

Prop. 4, 18, 3:

obstantia claustra,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 9:

teretes plagas (aper),

id. C. 1, 1, 28:

pontem,

to break down, Liv. 7, 9; cf.:

rupti torrentibus pontes,

Quint. 2, 13, 16:

montem aceto (Hannibal),

Juv. 10, 153:

Alpes,

Sil. 11, 135:

arcum,

Phaedr. 3, 14, 10:

plumbum (aqua),

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 20:

carinam (sinus Noto remugiens),

id. Epod. 10, 20:

tenta cubilia tectaque,

id. ib. 12, 12:

vestes,

Ov. M. 6, 131; cf.:

tenues a pectore vestes,

id. A. A. 3, 707:

sinus pariterque capillos,

id. M. 10, 722:

linum ruptum aut turbata cera,

Quint. 12, 8, 13:

praecordia ferro,

to penetrate, Ov. M. 6, 251; 5, 36; cf.:

guttura cultro,

to cut, id. ib. 15, 465:

colla securi,

id. ib. 12, 249:

nubem (vis venti),

to sunder, rive, Lucr. 6, 432:

fulmen nubes rumpit,

Sen. Q. N. 2, 58, 1:

spiritus rumpit nubes,

id. ib. 2, 54, 3:

ruptae nubes et in pronum solutae,

id. ib. 5, 12, 1:

caelum,

Sil. 3, 196:

polum,

id. 1, 135: turbo ruptus, breaking or bursting forth, Verg. A. 2, 416 et saep.:

tuā causā rupi ramices,

burst, ruptured, Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 30:

suos ramices,

id. Poen. 3, 1, 37:

inflatas vesiculas,

Cic. Div. 2, 14, 33:

pectora fremitu (leones),

Lucr. 3, 297:

illius immensae ruperunt horrea messes,

filled to repletion, Verg. G. 1, 49; Col. 10, 307:

frugibus rupta congestis horrea,

Sid. 1, 6:

ilia,

Cat. 11, 20; 80, 7; Verg. E. 7, 26; cf. with a personal object:

rupit Iarbitam Timagenis aemula lingua, Dum, etc.,

Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 15.—Esp. reflexively, to burst or split one ' s self, to burst, split, etc.:

me rupi causā currendo tuā,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 43; id. Capt. prol. 14; Lucil. ap. Non. 88, 11; 382, 23:

ut me ambulando rumperet,

Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 21:

non, si te ruperis, Par eris,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 319.— Mid.: ego misera risu clandestino rumpier, to burst, split, Afran. ap. Non. 382, 21 (Com. Rel. p. 154 Rib.); so,

frigidus in pratis cantando rumpitur anguis,

Verg. E. 8, 71:

quā (licentiā audacium) ante rumpebar, nunc ne movear quidem,

could have burst, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 1:

et inflatas rumpi vesiculas,

id. Div. 2, 14, 33; cf.:

rumpantur iniqui, Vicimus,

Prop. 1, 8, 27:

miser Rumperis (sc. irā) et latras,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 136: rumpere viam, iter, etc., to force a passage, make one ' s way by force: ferro rumpenda per hostes Est via, a passage must be burst or forced through, Verg. A. 10, 372; cf.:

eo nisi corporibus armisque rupere cuneo viam,

Liv. 2, 50:

rupta via,

Quint. 9, 4, 63:

viam igne,

Stat. Th. 8, 469:

iter ferro,

Sil. 4, 196 (with reserare viam);

15, 782: Alpes,

id. 11, 135:

rupto sonuit sacer aequore Titan,

Val. Fl. 2, 37:

cursus,

id. ib. 1, 3; Sil. 7, 568 et saep.:

rumpere media agmina,

to burst through, break through, Verg. A. 12, 683; cf.:

proelia misso equo,

Prop. 3, 11, 64 (4, 10, 62):

ruptā mersum caput obruit undā,

Ov. M. 11, 569:

mediam aciem,

Liv. 26, 5:

pugnantibus acies rumpenda,

Just. 1, 6, 11:

ordines,

Liv. 6, 13:

aditus,

Verg. A. 2, 494:

parvos hiatus,

Sil. 5, 616:

fontem,

to break open, cause to break forth, Ov. M. 5, 257:

fontes abyssae magnae,

Vulg. Gen. 7, 11: se rumpere, to break out, burst forth ( = erumpere):

ubi sub lucem densa inter nubila sese Diversi rumpent radii,

Verg. G. 1, 446:

tantus se nubibus imber Ruperat,

id. A. 11, 548:

unde altus primum se erumpit Enipeus,

id. G. 4, 368; so,

rumpi, in mid. force: dum amnes ulli rumpuntur fontibus,

id. ib. 3, 428:

alicui reditum,

to cut off, Hor. Epod. 13, 15.— Absol.: offendit, fregit, rumpit, icit poculo, wounds, Afran. ap. Non. 124, 6 (Com. Rel. p. 173 Rib.); so, si quis rumpet occidetve insciens ne fraus esto, an ancient form of rogation in Liv. 22, 10, 5; cf. Dig. 9, 2, 27, § 17. —

Trop., to break, violate, destroy, annul, make void, interrupt, etc.:

hunc quisquam... foedera scientem neglexisse, violasse, rupisse dicere audebit?

Cic. Balb. 5, 13; so,

foedera,

Lucr. 2, 254; Auct. Her. 4, 14, 20; Liv. 9, 1; 21, 10; Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 35:

foedus,

Liv. 3, 25, 5; 42, 40, 3:

imperium,

Curt. 10, 2, 15; Tac. A. 13, 36; id. H. 3, 19:

sacramenti religionem,

Liv. 28, 27:

reverentiam sacramenti,

Tac. H. 1, 12:

fidem induciarum, pacis, etc.,

Liv. 9, 40 fin.; 24, 29; Verg. G. 4, 213; Flor. 4, 2, 16:

jus gentium,

Liv. 4, 17:

hostium jus et sacra legationis et fas gentium,

Tac. A. 1, 42:

rogationes vos rogatas rumpitis,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 24:

edicta,

Hor. C. 4, 15, 22:

decreta,

Ov. M. 15, 780:

leges,

Luc. 4, 175:

constat, agnascendo rumpi testamentum,

is made void, Cic. de Or. 1, 57, 241; cf.:

jura testamentorum ruptorum aut ratorum,

id. ib. 1, 38, 173:

nuptias,

Hor. C. 1, 15, 7:

amores,

Verg. A. 4, 292:

condiciones pacis,

Vell. 2, 48, 5:

obsequium,

Suet. Galb. 16:

fata aspera,

Verg. A. 6, 882:

fati necessitatem humanis consiliis,

Liv. 1, 42:

ne me e somno excitetis et rumpatis visum,

break in upon, interrupt, Cic. Rep. 6, 12, 12; so,

somnum,

Verg. A. 7, 458; cf. Sen. Ep. 51, 12:

sacra,

Verg. A. 8, 110:

carmina,

Tib. 2, 3, 20:

novissima verba,

Ov. A. A. 1, 539:

ut vero amplexus fessi rupere supremos,

Val. Fl. 5, 32:

strepitu silentia rumpi,

Lucr. 4, 583:

silentia (verbis),

Verg. A. 10, 64; Ov. M. 1, 208; 11, 598; Hor. Epod. 5, 85; Val. Fl. 3, 509; Plin. Pan. 55, 4:

diutinum silentium,

App. M. 10, p. 239, 14:

taciturnitatem,

Tac. A. 1, 74:

patientiam,

Suet. Tib. 24:

en age, segnes Rumpe moras,

break off, end delay, Verg. G. 3, 43; so,

rumpe moras,

id. A. 4, 569; 9, 13; Ov. M. 15, 583 Bach, N. cr.; Val. Fl. 1, 306; Mart. 2, 64, 9; Plin. Ep. 5, 11, 2; cf.:

rumpunt moras,

Luc. 1, 264:

otia,

Verg. A. 6, 813.— Poet.: rumpit has imo pectore voces, breaks forth, breaks out in, gives vent to, utters, etc., Verg. A. 11, 377; so,

vocem,

id. ib. 2, 129; 3, 246; Sil. 8, 301; Tac. A. 6, 20:

questus,

Verg. A. 4, 553; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 2, 249:

gemitum,

Sil. 4, 458.

* * *

căprĭ-fīcus, i, f. [caper-ficus, goatfig], the wild fig-tree:

illi ubi etiam caprificus magna est,

Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 38; Hor. Epod. 5, 17; Prop. 4 (5), 5, 76; Plin. 16, 25, 40, § 95:

arbor,

id. 34, 13, 35, § 133; Mart. 10, 2, 9;

and in a play upon the word with caper and ficus,

Mart. 4, 52, 2. The gall-insect, Cynips psenes, Linn., springing from this tree, ripens by its sting the fruit of the cultivated fig-tree, ficus (cf. Plin. 17, 27, 44, § 256, caprifico and caprificatio); hence poet., in allusion to the fact that the wild fig-tree strikes root in the cracks of stones, etc., and breaks them, Pers. 1, 25; cf. Juv. 10, 145.—

The fruit of the wild fig-tree, the wild fig, Col. 11, 2, 56; Plin. 11, 15, 15, § 40:

caprificus vocatur e silvestri genere ficus numquam maturescens,

id. 15, 19, 21, § 79.

confector, ōris, m. [id.].

A maker, preparer, finisher (rare): coriorum, i. e. a tanner, Firm. Math. 3, 9, 7:

purpurae,

i. e. a dyer, Vop. Aur. 29:

negotiorum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 44, § 108:

totius belli,

id. Fam. 10, 20, 3:

dux et exercitus tanti belli confector,

Tac. A. 14, 39 al. —

A destroyer, consumer: cardinum, he who breaks them, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 268, 33:

confector et consumptor omnium ignis,

Cic. N. D. 2, 15, 41:

ferarum,

a slayer, Suet. Aug. 43; id. Ner. 12; cf. conficio, II.

dēbĭlĭto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [debilis], to lame, cripple, maim; to debilitate, unnerve, disable, weaken (freq. and class.).

Lit.

Of personal objects:

gladiatores, qui debilitati fuerint,

Gai. Inst. 3, § 146:

contusi ac debilitati inter saxa rupesque,

Liv. 21, 40:

corpore debilitantur (saucii),

Cic. Caecin. 15, 42:

casu debilitatus,

Tac. A. 4, 63: lapsu debilitatus, * Suet. Aug. 43 (cf. shortly after, qui et ipse crus fregerat): qui filium debilitavit, ut inhabilis militiae sit, Dig. 49, 16, 4, § 12; Ov. M. 13, 112:

natantium manus lacerabant, donec debilitati, etc.,

Curt. 4, 3, 5.—

Of inanimate objects:

membra, quae debilitavit lapidibus, fustibus,

Cic. Fl. 30, 73:

vim ferro ac viribus,

id. Marc. 3: lingua Debilitata malis, * Lucr. 6, 1150:

opes adversariorum debilitatae,

Nep. Ages. 5, 2:

cibum etiam saepe subtrahunt, ut fame debilitetur eculeorum nimis effrenata vis,

Cic. Hortens. Frag. 78 Bait. (Non., p. 105, 7).— Poet.: (hiems) quae nunc oppositis debilitat pumicibus mare Tyrrhenum, i. e. breaks its waves ( = collidit), Hor. Od. 1, 11, 5.

Trop.

Of personal objects: quo metu debilitaret nostros, Varr. ap. Non. 163, 30:

simulac me fractum ac debilitatum metu viderit,

Cic. de Or. 1, 26, 121; cf.:

hunc cum afflictum, debilitatum, maerentem, viderem,

id. ib. 2, 47, 195:

recitatis literis debilitatus atque abjectus, conscientia convictus, repente conticuit,

disheartened, id. Cat. 3, 5, 10:

victi debilitantur animosque demittunt,

id. Fin. 5, 15, 42:

sin aestivorum timor te debilitat,

id. Fam. 7, 14:

quosdam continet metus, quosdam debilitat,

Quint. 1, 3, 6 et saep.: debilitati a jure cognoscendo, i. e. dispirited, discouraged ( = deterriti), Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 142 (cf. shortly before, a discendo deterrent).—

Of inanimate objects:

membrum reip. fractum debilitatumque,

Cic. Fam. 5, 13, 3:

animos,

id. Lael. 7; so Nep. Dat. 6:

animum luctu, metu,

Cic. Planc. 42, 103: nimis effrenatam vim fame, id. fragm. ap. Non. 105, 11; cf.: vires animi (senectus), * Verg. A. 9, 611:

fortitudinem, magnitudinem animi, patientiam (dolor),

Cic. Tusc. 5, 27, 76:

veritatem multis incommodis,

id. Quint. 1, 4:

spem meam,

id. Att. 5, 4 et saep.:

versus,

id. de Or. 3, 50:

debilitatur ac frangitur eloquentia,

Tac. Or. 39.

dĭătŏnus, a, um, adj., = diatonos (extended).

In architecture:

lateres,

band-stones, which run through the thickness of a wall and bind it together, Vitr. 2, 8, 7.—

In music: diatonum, i, the natural or diatonic series of notes without breaks or intervals, the diatonic scale, Vitr. 5, 4, 3 sq.; Macr. Somn. Scip. 2, 4.

dĭătŏnus, a, um, adj., = diatonos (extended).

In architecture:

lateres,

band-stones, which run through the thickness of a wall and bind it together, Vitr. 2, 8, 7.—

In music: diatonum, i, the natural or diatonic series of notes without breaks or intervals, the diatonic scale, Vitr. 5, 4, 3 sq.; Macr. Somn. Scip. 2, 4.

ē-rumpo, rūpi, ruptum, 3, v. a. and n.

Act., to cause to break or burst forth; to burst, sunder (rare; mostly ante-class.).

Lit.:

(brassica) tumida concoquit, eadem erumpit,

Cato, R. R. 157, 3:

ignes,

Lucr. 1, 725; cf. id. 6, 583; Cic. Arat. 111:

Achates et Aeneas erumpere nubem ardebant,

Verg. A. 1, 580:

cum sanguis eruptus est,

Scrib. Comp. 84: se erumpere, in the neuter signif., to break or burst forth, Lucr. 4, 1111; cf.:

portis se foras erumpunt,

Caes. B. C. 2, 14, 1:

et caput, unde altus primum se erumpit Enipeus,

Verg. G. 4, 368.—

Trop.:

gaudium,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 2:

ne in me stomachum erumpant, cum sint tibi irati,

Cic. Att. 16, 3, 1; Caes. B. C. 3, 8, 3; cf.:

iram in hostes,

Liv. 36, 7, 13: sic illi invidiosa conjunctio ad bellum se erupit, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2; Tib. 4, 1, 88.—Far more frequent and class.,

Neutr., to break out, to burst or sally forth.

Lit.

In gen.:

ex castris,

Caes. B. G. 3, 5 fin.; cf.:

ignes ex Aetnae vertice,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 48; and:

ex stagno amnes,

Plin. 6, 22, 24, § 86:

tempestates,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 5, 2:

ne quo loco erumperent Pompeiani,

Caes. B. C. 3, 44, 4; cf.

portis,

Sall. J. 99, 1:

a porta,

Liv. 34, 26:

sive noctu, sive interdiu erumperent,

Caes. B. C. 1, 81, 2; so absol., Liv. 9, 37; 29, 33 al.; cf.:

abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit,

Cic. Cat. 2, 1:

per hostes,

to break through, Liv. 22, 50, 8; cf.:

inter tela hostium,

Sall. J. 101, 9:

ad Catilinam,

id. Cat. 43, 2; Curt. 6, 3, 5 et saep.—

In partic., to burst forth in growing, to shoot up, sprout out:

folium e latere,

Plin. 15, 14, 15, § 52:

lentor cortice,

id. 13, 6, 12, § 54:

hordeum,

id. 18, 7, 10, § 51:

dentes,

id. 11, 37, 64, § 170.—

Trop., to break out, to burst forth:

cum illa conjuratio ex latebris atque ex tenebris erupisset,

Cic. Sest. 4, 9:

si illustrantur, si erumpunt omnia?

are disclosed, Cic. Cat. 1, 3:

qui ex media (oratione) erumpit,

breaks away, digresses, Quint. 4, 3, 17:

risus quo pacto ita repente erumpat,

id. de Or. 2, 58, 235; cf.:

aliquando vera vox,

id. Phil. 10, 9, 19:

affectus,

Quint. 9, 3, 54; cf.

lacrimae,

id. 11, 3, 75:

verba vi quadam veritatis,

id. 9, 2, 76 et saep.:

furor,

Cic. Sull. 24; cf.:

curae privatae in certaminibus publicis erumpebant,

Liv. 7, 21:

seditio,

id. 28, 24, 12; Tac. H. 1, 26:

lumen dicendi per obstantia,

Quint. 12, 9, 5:

ut odia occulta civium in fortunas optimi cujusque erumperent,

Cic. Mur. 23, 47; cf. id. ib. 38, 81; id. Cat. 1, 13, 31; so, vitia in amicos, id. Lael [p. 659] 21:

iracundia in naves,

Caes. B. C. 3, 8, 3:

conspirationes in rempublicam,

Quint. 12, 7, 2 et saep.:

vereor ne istaec fortitudo in nervum erumpat,

i. e. may end in bringing you to the stocks, Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 11 Ruhnk.; cf.:

aliquid in omnium perniciem,

Liv. 34, 61:

omnia, quae per hoc triennium agitata sunt, in hos dies, in hos menses, in hoc tempus erumpunt,

Cic. Mur. 38:

elisa (vox) in illum sonum erumpit,

Quint. 11, 3, 51:

in aliquem voluptatis affectum,

id. 8, 3, 4; 11, 3, 51; Tac. A. 11, 35; cf.:

in omne genus crudelitatis,

Suet. Tib. 61; id. Cal. 6:

rem ad ultimum seditionis erupturam,

Liv. 2, 45; cf.:

ad majora vitia,

Suet. Ner. 27:

quorsus (dominatio) eruptura sit horremus,

Cic. Att. 2, 21; cf.:

huc ejus affectus, ut, etc.,

Quint. 9, 2, 64.

ex-pugno, āvi, ātum, 1 (archaic inf. fut. expugnassere, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 55), v. a., to take by assault, to storm, capture, reduce, subdue (freq. and class.; syn.: obsideo, oppugno, capio).

Lit., of places:

id (oppidum Noviodunum) ex itinere oppugnare conatus, expugnare non potuit,

Caes. B. G. 2, 12, 2:

oppidum,

id. ib. 2, 10, 4;

3, 14, 1 al.: nonnullas urbes per vim,

id. B. C. 3, 55, 3:

urbem,

Liv. 2, 12, 1:

Cirtam armis,

Sall. J. 23, 1:

castellum,

Caes. B. G. 2, 9, 4; 3, 1, 4:

loca multa,

Nep. Ages. 3:

moenia mundi,

Lucr. 2, 1144 et saep.—

Transf., of other objects (things or persons), to subdue, overcome, break down or through, sweep away:

naves,

Caes. B. G. 3, 15, 2 and 5:

aedes,

Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 3; cf.

villas,

Sall. J. 44, 5:

carcerem,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 76:

Philippum et Nabin expugnatos,

conquered, Liv. 37, 25, 6; cf.:

inclusos moenibus expugnat,

Curt. 9, 4:

aliquos,

id. 6, 6; Tac. Agr. 41; Flor. 2, 2, 16; Just. 3, 5:

expugnavi amanti herili filio aurum ab suo patre,

obtained by force, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 5.—Of inanimate subjects:

flumina id oppidum expugnavere,

swept away, Plin. 6, 27, 31, § 138:

Euphrates Taurum expugnat,

i. e. breaks through, id. 5, 24, 20, § 85:

lacte equino venena et toxica expugnantur,

are counteracted, id. 28, 10, 45, § 159.—

Trop., to conquer, subdue, overcome:

sapientis animus magnitudine consilii, tolerantia, virtutibus, etc.... vincetur et expugnabitur,

Cic. Par. 4, 1, 27:

nihil tam munitum, quod non expugnari pecuniā possit,

id. Verr. 1, 2, 4:

fortunas patrias,

id. Clu. 13, 36:

pudicitiam,

to violate, id. Cael. 20; 50:

aut enim expugnatur intentio aut adsumptio aut conclusio, nonnumquam omnia,

i. e. is refuted, confuted, Quint. 5, 14, 20 sq.:

pertinaciam legatorum,

Liv. 37, 56, 9:

paupertatem,

Petr. 126:

expugnatus precibus uxoris,

Suet. Tib. 21;

so simply expugnatus,

id. Caes. 1; id. Vesp. 22:

coepta,

to fight through, to accomplish, Ov. M. 9, 619; cf.: sibi legationem expugnavit, extorted, wrung out, obtained (= extorsit), Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 16, § 44.—With ut:

aliqua ratione expugnasset iste, ut dies tollerentur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 130:

aegre expugnavit, ut, etc.,

Petr. 108.—Hence, * ex-pugnans, antis, P. a., efficient, efficacious:

expugnantior herba,

Ov. M. 14, 21 (so Jahn and Bach., Merkel, expugnacior).

frango, frēgi, fractum, 3, v. a. [root in Gr. FPAT, rhêgnumi, rhêgma, rhôgaleos; Goth. Brikkan; Irish brissim; Germ. brechen; Engl. break; but cf. Fick, Vergl. Wörterb. p. 182, and v. the letter F], to break, break in pieces, dash to pieces, shiver, break in two (cf.: rumpo, diffringo).

Lit.: hastas frangit quatitque, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 3 (Ann. v. 435 ed. Vahl.); cf.: aes sonit, franguntur hastae, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 504, 33 (Trag. v. 213 ed. Vahl.): fraxinus frangitur atque abies consternitur alta, is broken, felled, id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2 (Ann. v. 195 ed. Vahl.):

simulacra,

Lucr. 6, 419:

milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo: ergo alter alterius ubicumque nactus est ova, frangit,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125:

anulus aureus fractus et comminatus est,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 25, § 56:

compluribus navibus fractis,

dashed to pieces, Caes. B. G. 4, 29, 3:

naves,

Hor. A. P. 20:

navem is fregit apud Andrum insulam,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 17; cf. Auct. Her. 4, 44, 57:

domus fracta conjectu lapidum,

Cic. Att. 4, 3, 2:

janua frangatur, latret canis,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 128:

patinam,

id. ib. 2, 8, 72:

lagenam,

id. ib. 81:

crystallina,

Mart. 14, 111:

aulas in caput,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 1, 21:

corpora ad saxum,

Verg. A. 3, 625:

vindices rerum capitalium laqueo gulam fregere,

broke his neck, strangled him, Sall. C. 55, 5:

cervices civium Romanorum in carcere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 57, § 147; id. Vatin. 11, 26:

senile guttur parentis impiā manu,

Hor. Epod. 3, 2:

cerebrum,

Verg. A. 5, 413:

brachium,

Cic. de Or. 2, 62, 253; cf.

coxam,

Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 5:

crus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 59:

crura,

Cic. Phil. 13, 12, 27; Suet. Aug. 67; id. Tib. 44; Vulg. Johan. 19, 31:

cornu in arbore,

Ov. F. 5, 121:

non ego te, tigris ut aspera Gaetulusve leo, frangere persequor,

to tear in pieces, Hor. C. 1, 23, 10; cf.:

indomitos ut cum Massyla per arva Armenti reges magno leo fregit hiatu, etc.,

Stat. Th. 11, 28; Val. Fl. 2, 458; Plin. 8, 40, 61, § 150:

nubes in montem actae non franguntur, sed circumfunduntur,

Sen. Q. N. 2, 28, 2.—

Transf., in gen., to break up small, to grind, bruise, crush (freq. since the Aug. per.):

glebam bidentibus,

Verg. G. 2, 400;

glebas,

id. ib. 3, 161:

fruges robore saxi,

Lucr. 1, 882:

farra saxo,

Val. Fl. 2, 448:

hordeum molis,

Plin. 18, 7, 14, § 72:

granum dentibus,

id. 18, 24, 54, § 196:

fabam,

id. 19, 3, 15, § 40:

glandem (sues),

Verg. G. 2, 72:

testes homini,

Plin. 11, 49, 110, § 263:

toros,

to press, throw one's self upon, Mart. 2, 59, 3; 4, 8, 6: comam in gradus, to twist, braid, Quint. 1, 6, 44:

mare montis ad ejus Radices frangit fluctus,

breaks, Lucr. 6, 695; cf.:

quam (fortunam) existimo levem et imbecillam ab animo firmo et gravi tamquam fluctum a saxo frangi oportere,

Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 6:

fluctus (scopulus),

Luc. 6, 266:

undam,

Ov. F. 4, 282:

aquas,

Quint. 9, 4, 7:

amnem nando,

Luc. 8, 374; cf. Sil. 3, 457; 8, 555:

iter,

i. e. turn off from it, Stat. Th. 12, 232.

Trop., to break down, subdue, weaken, diminish, violate; to soften, move, touch:

quem (Viriathum) C. Laelius praetor ita fregit et comminuit ferocitatemque ejus ita repressit, ut, etc.,

broke down, subdued, Cic. Off. 2, 11 fin.; cf.:

fractam illam et debilitatam vim suam, etc.,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 2:

quem series immensa laborum fregerit,

Ov. H. 9, 6:

nationes frangere domareque,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 33:

proeliis calamitatibusque fracti,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31, 7:

victi sumus igitur, aut, si vinci dignitas non potest, fracti certe et abjecti,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:

te ut ulla res frangat?

would break, shake thy resolution, id. Cat. 1, 9, 22; cf.:

frangi metu, cupiditate,

id. Off. 1, 20, 68:

fractus ac debilitatus metu,

id. de Or. 1, 26, 121:

flecti animo atque frangi,

id. Sull. 6, 18:

frangi animo,

id. Phil. 2, 15, 37:

dolore,

id. Fin. 2, 29, 95:

misericordiā,

id. Att. 7, 12, 3:

pudore,

id. Tusc. 2, 21, 48 et simil.; cf.

also: aliquem auctoritate,

id. ib. 1, 21 fin.:

aliquem patientiā,

id. Brut. 25, 95: quae (vis) summas frangit infirmatque opes, Poët. ap. Cic. Rab. Post. 10, 28:

debilitatur ac frangitur eloquentia,

Tac. Dial. 39:

mollis illa educatio, quam indulgentiam vocamus, nervos omnes et mentis et corporis frangit,

Quint. 1, 2, 6:

frangitur vox,

id. 11, 3, 20; cf. id. 12, 11, 2:

vox Auditur fractos sonitus imitata tubarum,

Verg. G. 4, 72:

et illa (littera), quae est sexta nostrarum (i. e. F) quoties aliquam consonantem frangit, ut in hoc ipso frangit, multo fit horridior,

i. e. weakens, Quint. 12, 10, 29 Spald. (v. the passage in its connection); cf. id. 1, 4, 11:

primum divisit ineleganter: duo enim genera quae erant, fecit tria: hoc est non dividere, sed frangere,

Cic. Fin. 2, 9, 26; cf.:

frangas citius quam corrigas, quae in pravum induruerunt,

Quint. 1, 3, 12:

bellum proeliis frangere,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32:

dignitatem,

id. Fam. 9, 16, 6:

hunc (pedum dolorem) abstinentiā, sanctitate vicit et fregit,

Plin. Ep. 1, 12, 5:

ut equorum cursum delicati minutis passibus frangunt,

Quint. 9, 4, 113:

animos frangi et debilitari molestiā,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 2:

ingenium (mala),

Ov. Tr. 3, 14, 33:

sublimia pectora (Venus et vinum),

id. F. 1, 301:

ego unus contudi et fregi exsultantis praedonis audaciam,

Cic. Phil. 13, 13 fin.; cf. id. Fragm. ap. Non. 301, 8 (id. Rep. 3, 36 ed. Mos.):

furorem et petulantiam alicujus,

id. Pis. 14, 31:

libidines,

id. Leg. 3, 13, 31:

odium iramque (risus),

Quint. 6, 3, 9:

impetum cogitationis (membranae),

id. 10, 3, 31:

consilium alicujus,

Cic. Fam. 4, 4, 4; cf.:

sententiam alicujus,

id. ib. 1, 4, 1:

foedus,

id. Pis. 12, 28; id. Scaur. 42:

fidem,

id. Rosc. Com. 6, 16:

jura pudicitiae,

Prop. 4 (5), 5, 28:

mandata,

Hor. Ep. 1, 13, 19:

fas,

Grat. Cyneg. 451:

morantem diem mero (= breviorem reddere),

to shorten, Hor. C. 2, 7, 6:

vina,

i. e. to weaken, dilute, Mart. 14, 103; Plin. 14, 22, 28, § 138:

cum frangerem jam ipse me cogeremque illa ferre toleranter,

Cic. Fam. 4, 6, 2:

nec animus tantis se laboribus frangeret, neque, etc.,

id. Arch. 11, 29:

ante quam calores aut frigora se fregerunt,

diminished, abated, Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 18; cf.:

Scaevola paulum quiescet, dum se calor frangat,

Cic. de Or. 1, 62, 265:

fracti aestus et nondum orta frigora,

Cels. 7, 7, 4 fin.; cf.:

fluctus se frangit,

Sen. Med. 392:

glacies se frangit,

id. Q. N. 4, 5, 4.—Hence, fractus, a, um, P. a., weakened, weak, feeble, faint:

jamque adeo fracta est aetas effetaque tellus Vix animalia parva creat,

Lucr. 2, 1151:

quod me audis fractiorem esse animo,

i. e. more disheartened, less courageous, Cic. Att. 11, 12, 4; cf.:

spes amplificandae fortunae fractior,

id. Lael. 16, 59:

in compositione fractus,

powerless, feeble, Quint. 12, 10, 12; cf.:

quid est tam fractum, tam minutum, tam in ipsa concinnitate puerile?

Cic. Brut. 83, 287; and:

corruptum et omnibus vitiis fractum dicendi genus,

Quint. 10, 1, 125: corrupta oratio maxime comprehensione obscura, compositione fracta consistit, id. [p. 777] 8, 3, 57:

effeminata et fracta impudicis modis (musice),

id. 1, 10, 31.

nū̆clĕus ( nŭcŭlĕus), i, m. [for nuculeus, from nux], a little nut.

Lit.

A nut; applied also to fruits resembling a nut:

nucleus amygdalae,

Plin. 15, 13, 12, § 42:

avellanae,

id. 37, 4, 15, § 56:

pinearum nucum,

id. 15, 10, 9, § 35; cf.

pineus,

Cels. 2, 22.—Prov.: e nuce nuculeum qui esse vult, frangit nucem, he who would eat the kernel of a nut breaks the nut, i. e. he who desires an advantage should not shun the labor of earning it, Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 55:

nuculeum amisi, retinui pigneri putamina,

I have lost the kernel and kept the shell, id. Capt. 3, 4, 122.—

The hard, uneatable kernel, the stone of fruits:

nuculei olivarum,

Plin. 37, 11, 73, § 188:

persicorum,

id. 23, 7, 67, § 132:

cerasorum,

id. 23, 7, 72, § 141:

lignosus nucleus,

id. 13, 19, 34, § 112:

acini,

id. 23, 1, 9, § 13.—

Transf.

The kernel, the inner part, inside of a thing:

nucleus gallae,

Plin. 24, 4, 5, § 10:

myrrhae,

id. 12, 16, 35, § 70:

allii,

id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

conchae,

pearls, id. 9, 35, 55, § 111.—

The kernel, i. e. the hardest, firmest, most solid part of a thing:

pinguitudinis (terrae),

Plin. 17, 6, 4, § 42:

ferri,

id. 34, 14, 41, § 144; 36, 25, 62, § 187:

insuper ex testā nucleus inducatur,

Vitr. 7, 1.

nū̆clĕus ( nŭcŭlĕus), i, m. [for nuculeus, from nux], a little nut.

Lit.

A nut; applied also to fruits resembling a nut:

nucleus amygdalae,

Plin. 15, 13, 12, § 42:

avellanae,

id. 37, 4, 15, § 56:

pinearum nucum,

id. 15, 10, 9, § 35; cf.

pineus,

Cels. 2, 22.—Prov.: e nuce nuculeum qui esse vult, frangit nucem, he who would eat the kernel of a nut breaks the nut, i. e. he who desires an advantage should not shun the labor of earning it, Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 55:

nuculeum amisi, retinui pigneri putamina,

I have lost the kernel and kept the shell, id. Capt. 3, 4, 122.—

The hard, uneatable kernel, the stone of fruits:

nuculei olivarum,

Plin. 37, 11, 73, § 188:

persicorum,

id. 23, 7, 67, § 132:

cerasorum,

id. 23, 7, 72, § 141:

lignosus nucleus,

id. 13, 19, 34, § 112:

acini,

id. 23, 1, 9, § 13.—

Transf.

The kernel, the inner part, inside of a thing:

nucleus gallae,

Plin. 24, 4, 5, § 10:

myrrhae,

id. 12, 16, 35, § 70:

allii,

id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

conchae,

pearls, id. 9, 35, 55, § 111.—

The kernel, i. e. the hardest, firmest, most solid part of a thing:

pinguitudinis (terrae),

Plin. 17, 6, 4, § 42:

ferri,

id. 34, 14, 41, § 144; 36, 25, 62, § 187:

insuper ex testā nucleus inducatur,

Vitr. 7, 1.

ob-tundo, tŭdi, tūsum (and tunsum), 3, v. a.

To strike or beat against, at, or on a thing; to beat, thump, belabor (very rare;

perh. only ante- and post-class.): pectora pugnis, Firm. Math. 5, 5: obtundit os mihi,

breaks my jaw, Plaut. Cas. 5, 2, 50; cf.:

obtunso ore,

id. ib. 5, 1, 8; cf.:

nam sum obtusus pugnis pessume,

id. Am. 2, 1, 59.—

To blunt, dull, by striking.

Lit. (very rare):

telum,

Lucr. 6, 399:

gladios,

Claud. Cons. Mall. Theod. 166.—

Transf.

To blunt, weaken, make dull, deprive of strength:

aciem oculorum,

Plin. 22, 25, 70, § 142:

auditum,

id. 24, 11, 50, § 87:

obtusus stomachus,

id. Ep. 7, 3, 5:

vocem,

to blunt, weaken, Lucr. 4, 613:

ingenia,

Cic. de Or. 2, 70, 282:

et obtusis ceciderunt viribus artis,

Lucr. 3, 452; Liv. 7, 2:

mentem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 33, 80:

ingenia,

id. de Or. 3, 24, 93:

nihil est quod tam obtundat elevetque aegritudinem, quam. etc.,

id. Tusc. 3, 16, 34.—

Aures or aliquem, or simply obtundere, to stun or din the ears; to deafen one by saying a thing too often or too long; hence, to annoy or tease with importunity; aures graviter obtundo tuas, ne quem ames, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 120: ne brevitas [p. 1248] defraudasse aures videatur, neve longitudo obtudisse, Cic. Or. 66, 221:

aliquem longis epistulis,

to annoy, molest, id. Att. 8, 1:

aliquem,

id. Fam. 5, 14, 3:

rogitando,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 6.—With object-clause: obtuderunt ejus aures, te socium praetoris fuisse, they dinned into him that, etc., Timarch. ap. Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 67, § 157.— With subj.:

non cessat obtundere, totam prorsus a principio fabulam promeret,

App. M. 9, p. 228, 8:

aliquem de aliquā re,

to importune, annoy, Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 33:

obtundis, tametsi intellego, etc.,

id. And. 2, 2, 11.—Hence, obtūsus ( obtunsus or optūsus), a, um, P. a., blunt, dull, obtuse (class.).

Lit.:

falx obtusa et hebes,

Col. 4, 24, 21:

pugio,

Tac. A. 15, 54:

vomer,

Verg. G. 1, 262:

angulus,

Lucr. 4, 355:

cornua lunae obtusa,

Plin. 18, 35, 79, § 347.—

Transf., blunted, blunt, dull, weak, faint, powerless:

animi acies obtusior,

Cic. Sen. 23, 83:

stellis acies obtunsa,

Verg. G. 1, 395: obtusi et hebetes ad aliquam rem, Cic. Fragm. ap. Lact. 3, 14:

aures obtunsae,

blunted, dull of hearing, Auct. Her. 3, 9, 17: vox, thick, not clear (opp. clara), Quint. 11, 3, 15:

fauces tumentes strangulant vocem, optusae obscurant,

id. 11, 3, 20:

stomachus,

weakened, spoiled, Plin. Ep. 7, 3, 5:

obtunsa pectora,

insensible, without feeling, Verg. A. 1, 567:

ingenium,

Gell. 13, 24, 21:

vires,

enfeebled, Lucr. 3, 452:

nimio ne luxu obtunsior usus Sit genitali arvo,

too blunted, too enfeebled, Verg. G. 3, 135:

vigor animi,

Liv. 5, 18:

cor,

Lact. 2, 5, 4:

sensus eorum,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 3, 14:

venenum,

powerless, Calp. Ecl. 5, 94.— Comp.:

quo quid dici potest obtusius?

Cic. N. D. 1, 25, 70.— Sup. does not occur.—Hence, adv.: obtūsē, dully, not keenly (postclass.):

crocodili in aquā obtusius vident, in terrā acutissime,

Sol. 32, § 28.—Fig.:

hoc facere obtuse,

Aug. Doct. Christ. 4, 5, § 7.