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41 pass
[paːs]1. verb1) to move towards and then beyond (something, by going past, through, by, over etc):يَمُرُّ، يَتَجاوَزThe procession passed along the corridor.
يُمَرِّرُThe tradition is passed (on/down) from father to son.
3) to go or be beyond:يَتَجاوَز، يَفوقThis passes my understanding.
4) (of vehicles etc on a road) to overtake:يَجْتازThe sports car passed me at a dangerous bend in the road.
5) to spend (time):يَقْضيThey passed several weeks in the country.
6) (of an official group, government etc) to accept or approve:يُقِرُّThe government has passed a resolution.
7) to give or announce (a judgement or sentence):يُصْدِرُ حُكْماًThe magistrate passed judgement on the prisoner.
8) to end or go away:يَمُر، يَزولHis sickness soon passed.
يَنْجَحُ فيI passed my driving test.
2. noun1) a narrow path between mountains:شِعْب، مَمَرa mountain pass.
2) a ticket or card allowing a person to do something, eg to travel free or to get in to a building:جَواز مُرورYou must show your pass before entering.
3) a successful result in an examination, especially when below a distinction, honours etc:نَجاح، عَلامَة نَجاحThere were ten passes and no fails.
4) (in ball games) a throw, kick, hit etc of the ball from one player to another:تَمْريرَة كُرَهThe centre-forward made a pass towards the goal.
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42 Pena, National Palace of
High above the National Palace of Sintra, on the top of the Sintra mountain range, lies Pena Palace, a product of 19th-century imagination and work. Constructed during the 1840s and 1850s, following the acquisition of a ruined ancient convent on the site, the palace was built by the consort of Queen Maria II, the German prince Ferdinand. It was destined to become the favorite summer residence of the royal family, a cooler spot than even the National Palace in the square below and with a view unmatched in Portugal. From the top of Pena Palace, on a clear day, one can see the Atlantic Ocean to the west and north and Lisbon to the east and south.The palace's romantic situation overlooking Sintra and beyond, a place made famous in 19th-century English literature by the writings of Lord Byron and William Beckford and a host of lesser-known travelers, is fully supported in the bizarre architecture of the building itself. Designed by a German military architect, Baron Von Eschweg, whose statue stands nearby on another mountain peak, so that his spirit may contemplate his famous handiwork, the palace's styles combine ancient, medieval, and modern forms. To visitors who know Disney World castles, Pena may appear to be a Magic Kingdom building. In addition to the Gothic and Manueline architectural styles, the Moorish touch is present in towers and a minaret. The interior rooms are rich in azulejos and historic furniture of the Victorian era.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Pena, National Palace of
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43 hoch
n; -s, -s1. (Hochruf) cheers Pl. ( auf + Akk oder + Dat for); ein Hoch auf jemanden ausbringen give three cheers for s.o.; ein Hoch dem Zufall, der dich hergeführt hat! thank goodness you happened to come along!2. Stand: high, peak; ... hat ein vorläufiges Hoch erreicht... has reached a temporary high,... has peaked temporarily3. MET. high(-pressure area)* * *das Hoch(Wetter) anticyclone; high-pressure area; high* * *[hoːx]nt -s, -s1)ein Hóch dem Brautpaar — a toast to the bride and groom
* * *1) (at, from, or reaching up to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: a high mountain; a high dive; a dive from the high diving-board.) high2) (having a particular height: This building is about 20 metres high; My horse is fifteen hands high.) high3) (great; large; considerable: The car was travelling at high speed; He has a high opinion of her work; They charge high prices; high hopes; The child has a high fever/temperature.) high4) (noble; good: high ideals.) high6) ((of voices) like a child's voice (rather than like a man's): He still speaks in a high voice.) high7) (having great value: Aces and kings are high cards.) high8) (very; very much: highly delighted; highly paid; I value the book highly.) highly9) (with approval: He thinks/speaks very highly of you.) highly10) (at, or to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: The plane was flying high in the sky; He'll rise high in his profession.) high11) ((of sounds, voices etc) high, sharp: a high-pitched, childish voice.) high-pitched12) (very high: a lofty building.) lofty13) loftily14) (of a musical note, raised a semitone; too high in pitch: F sharp; That last note was sharp.) sharp15) up* * *Hoch1<-s, -s>[ho:x]nt cheerein dreifaches \Hoch dem glücklichen Brautpaar three cheers for the happy coupleein \Hoch auf jdn ausbringen to give sb a cheerHoch2<-s, -s>[ho:x]nt METEO high* * *das; Hochs, Hochs1) (Hochruf)ein [dreifaches] Hoch auf jemanden ausbringen — give three cheers for somebody
2) (Met.) high* * *hoch; höher, am höchstenA. adjein zwei Meter hoher Zaun a two-metre (US -er)-high fence;hohe Schuhe (mit hohen Absätzen) (high) heels;hoher Seegang heavy ( oder rough) seas;der hohe Norden fig the far north;die Hohe Tatra GEOG the High Tatra;2. Ton, Stimme etc: high;zu hoch MUS sharp;das hohe C top C3. Druck, Einkommen, Fieber, Miete, Preis, Temperatur, Tempo etc: high; Einkommen, Profit, Verlust: auch big; Lotteriegewinn: big; Betrag, Menge, Summe: large; Alter, Gewicht, Tempo: great; Gewicht, Strafe: heavy; Strafe, Verlust etc: auch severe;trotz seines hohen Alters despite his (advanced oder great) age, despite his advanced years;in hohem Maße highly, greatly;das ist eine hohe Zeit bei Rennen etc: (langsam) that’s a slow time;es ist hohe Zeit (es eilt) it’s high time4. fig (schwierig):seine Rede war zu hoch für sie umg, fig he was talking over their heads5. Geburt, Politik, Posten etc: high; Geburt: auch noble; Rang: auch superior; Diplomatie, Politik: auch high-level; Beamter, Offizier: high-ranking, senior; Besuch, Feiertag, Jubiläum etc: important;hoher Adel nobility, in GB auch peerage;hoher Gast distinguished guest, VIP;der Hohe Priester the high priest;der hohe Herr umg, iron the great lord;7. (auf Höhepunkt):in hoher Blüte stehen be in full bloom; künstlerische Bewegung: be at its height;das hohe Mittelalter the High Middle Ages;es ist hoher Sommer it is high summerB. adv1. (Ggs niedrig) high;hoch oben im Norden far up in the north;hoch über dem Boden/der Stadt high above the ground/town;ein hoch beladener Wagen a heavily-laden cart;hoch fliegen (weit oben) fly high (up);3000 m hoch fliegen fly at a height of 3000 m;hoch gelegen high-up, high up in the mountains;die Sonne steht hoch (am Himmel) the sun is high (in the sky);zwei Treppen hoch wohnen live on the second (US third) floor, live two floors up;wer hoch steigt, wird tief fallen sprichw the higher you climb, the further you have to fall; fig → hergehen, hinauswollen2. (nach oben) up;hoch aufgeschossen lanky;hoch aufragen tower (up), soar;Hände hoch! hands up!;Kopf hoch! chin up!3. Tonlage: high;zu hoch singen/spielen sing/play sharp4. bezahlen, dotiert, versichern etc: highly; besteuert, verlieren: heavily; gewinnen: by a large margin;hoch dosiert in large doses;hoch in den Achtzigern sein be well into one’s eighties;zu hoch einschätzen overestimate, overrate;hoch verschuldet heavily ( oder deep) in debt5. in Wendungen mit Adjektiven wie angesehen, geachtet, geehrt, industrialisiert, kompliziert, motiviert, qualifiziert, spezialisiert etc: highly; beglückt: very; (überaus, äußerst) auch extremely;hoch entwickelt highly developed, sophisticated; Technik etc: auch very advanced;hoch radioaktiv highly radioactiv ( oder contaminated);hoch konzentriert Zuhörer etc: highly concentrated; lesen etc: with great concentration, very concentratedly; → auch hochkonzentriert, hochstehend;hoch technisiert sophisticated; high-tech …;6. in Wendungen mit Verben: highly, greatly;hoch achten greatly respect, hold in high esteem;jemandem etwas hoch anrechnen respect sb for (doing) sth;jemanden hoch schätzen regard sb highly7. umg:drei Mann hoch three of them ( oder us, you);8. MATH:drei hoch zwei/drei three squared/cubed, three to the power of two/three;vier hoch fünf four to the power of five ( oder fifth power);hoch… im v → auch auf…, hinauf…* * *das; Hochs, Hochs1) (Hochruf)ein [dreifaches] Hoch auf jemanden ausbringen — give three cheers for somebody
2) (Met.) high* * *nur sing. n.high n. -
44 गुणः _guṇḥ
गुणः [गुण्-अच्]1 A quality (good or bad); सुगुण, दुर्गुण; यदङ्गनारूपसरूपतायाः कञ्चिद्गुणं भेदकमिच्छतीभिः Śi.3.42.-2 (a) A good quality, merit, virtue, excellence; कतमे ते गुणाः Māl.1; वसन्ति हि प्रेम्णि गुणा न वस्तुनि Ki.8.37; R.1.9,22; साधुत्वे तस्य को गुणः Pt.4.18. (b) Eminence.-3 Use, advantage, good (with instr. usually), Pt. 5.; कः स्थानलाभे गुणः 2.21; H.1.49; Mu.1.15.-4 Effect, result, efficacy, good result; संभावनागुणमवेहि तमीश्वराणाम् Ś.7.4; गुणमहतां महते गुणाय योगः Ki.1.25;6. 7.-5 (a) A single thread or string. (b) Thread, string, rope, cord, मेखलागुणैः Ku.4.8;5.1; तृणैर्गुणत्व- मापन्नैर्वध्यन्ते मत्तदन्तिनः H.1.32; यतः परेषां गुणग्रहीतासि Bv.1. 9 (where गुण also means 'a merit').-6 The bow- string; गुणकृत्ये धनुषो नियोजिता Ku.4.15,29; कनकपिङ्गतडिद्- गुणसंयुतम् R.9.54.-7 The string of a musical instrument; कलवल्लकीगुणस्वानमानम् Śi.4.57.-8 A sinew.-9 A quali- ty, attribute, property in general; यादृग्गुणेन भर्त्रा स्त्री संयुज्येत यथाविधि Ms.9.22.-1 A quality, characte- ristic or property of all substances, one of the seven categories of padārthas of the Vaiśeṣikas, (the number of these properties is 24).-11 An ingredient or constituent of nature, any one of the three proper- ties belonging to all created things; (these are स्त्व, रजस् and तमस्); गुणत्रयविभागाय Ku.2.4; सत्त्वं रजस्तम इति गुणाः प्रकृतिसंभवाः Bg.14.5; R.3.27.-12 A wick, cotton thread; नृपदीपो धनस्नेहं प्रजाभ्यः संहरन्नपि । अन्तर- स्थैर्गुणैः शुभ्रैर्लक्ष्यते नैव केनचित् ॥ Pt.1.221.-13 An object of sense, (these are five रूप, रस, गन्ध, स्पर्श, and शब्द); गुणैर्गुणान्स भुञ्जान आत्मप्रद्योतितैः प्रभुः Bhāg.11.3.5.-14 Repetition, multiplication, denoting 'folds' or 'times', usually at the end of comp. after numerals; आहारो द्विगुणः स्त्रीणां बुद्धिस्तासां चतुर्गुणा । ष़ड्गुणो व्यवसायश्च कामश्चाष्टगुणः स्मृतः ॥ Chāṇ.78; so त्रिणुण; शतगुणीभवति becomes a hundred-fold, अध्यर्धगुणमाहुर्यं बले शौर्ये च केशव Mb.11.2.1.-15 A secondary element, a subordinate part (opp. मुख्य); न च गुणानुग्रहार्थं प्रधानस्यावृत्तिर्युक्ता ŚB. on MS.12.1.4.-16 Excess, abundance, superfluity; पराङ्मुखवधं कृत्वा को$त्र प्राप्तस्त्वया गुणः Rām.4.17.16.-17 An adjective, a word subordinate to another in a sentence.-18 The substitution of ए, ओ, अर् and अल् for इ, उ, ऋ (short or long) and लृ, or the vowels अ, ए, ओ and अर् and अल्.-19 (In Rhet.) Quality considered as an inherent property of a Rasa or sentiment. Mammaṭa thus defines गुण. --ये रहस्याङ्गिनो धर्माः शौर्यादय इवात्मनः । उत्कर्ष- हेतवस्ते स्युरचलस्थितयो गुणाः ॥ K. P.8. (Some writers on rhetoric, such as Vāmana, Jagannātha Paṇḍita, Daṇḍin and others, consider Guṇas to be properties both of शब्द and अर्थ, and mention ten varieties under each head. Mammaṭa, however, recognises only three, and, after discussing and criticizing the views of others, says: माधुर्यौजःप्रसादाख्यास्त्रयस्ते न पुनर्दश K. P.8); Ki.17.6.-2 (In gram. and Mīm.) Property considered as the meaning of a class of words; e. g. grammarians recognise four kinds of the meaning of words; जाति, गुण, किया and द्रव्य, and give गौः, शुक्लः, चलः and डित्थः as in- stances to illustrate these meanings.-21 (In politics) A proper course of action, an expedient. (The expedi- ents to be used by a king in foreign politics are six:-- 1 सन्धि peace or alliance; 2 विग्रह war; 3 यान march or expedition; 4 स्थान or आसन halt; 5 संश्रय seeking shelter; 6 द्वैध or द्वैधीभाव duplicity; सन्धिर्ना विग्रहो यानमासनं द्वैधमाश्रयः Ak.) see Y.1.346; Ms.7.16; Śi.2.26; R.8.21.-22 The number 'three' (derived from the three qualities).-23 The chord of an arc (in geom.).-24 An organ of sense.-25 A subordinate dish; Ms. 3.226,233.-26 A cook.-27 An epithet of Bhīma as in युधिष्टिरो$पि गुणप्रियः Vas.-28 Leaving, abandonment.-29 A multiplier, coefficient (in math.)-3 Division, subdivision, species, kind.-31 The peculiar property of letters which are pronounced with external utter- ance (बाह्यप्रयत्न); they are eleven.-Comp. -अग्ऱ्यम् a principal quality; ˚वर्तिन्; स्वमूर्तिभेदेन गुणाग्ऱ्यवर्तिना पतिः प्रजानामिव सर्गमात्मनः R.3.27.-अगुणः merit and demerit Ms.3.22;9.331; अनपेक्ष्य गुणागुणौ जनः स्वरुचिं निश्चयतो$नु- धावति Si.16.44.-अतीत a. freed from all properties, being beyond them; सर्वारम्भपरित्यागी गुणातीतः स उच्यते Bg.14.25. (-तः) the Supreme Being.-अधिष्ठानकम् the region of the breast where the girdle is fastened.-अनुबन्धित्वम् connection or association with virtues; गुणा गुणानुबन्धित्वात्तस्य सप्रसवा इव R.1.22.-अनुरागः love or appreciation of the good qualities of others; गुणा- नुरागादिव सख्यमीयिवान्न बाधते$स्य त्रिगणः परस्परम् Ki.1.11.-अनुरोधः conformity or suitableness to good qualities.-अन्तरम् a different (higher) quality; गुणान्तरं व्रजति शिल्पमाधातुः M.1.6.-अन्वित, -उपपन्न, -युक्त, -संपन्न a. endowed with good qualities, meritorious, worthy, good, excellent.-अपवादः, -निन्दा disparagement, detraction.-अभिधानम् A subsidiary injunction; द्रव्योपदेशाद्वा गुणा- भिधानं स्यात् M.8.4.5.-आकरः 1 'a mine of merits', one endowed with all virtues; सृजति तावदशेषगुणाकरं पुरुषरत्न- मलङ्करणं मुवः Bh.2.92.-2 N. of Śiva.-आढ्य a. rich in virtues.-आत्मन् a. having qualities.-आधारः 'a receptacle of virtues', a virtuous or meritorious person.-आश्रय a. virtuous, excellent.-ईश्वरः 1 the Supreme Being.-2 the Chitrakūṭa mountain.-उत्कर्षः excellence of merit, possession of superior qualities.-उत्कीर्तनम् panegyric, eulogium.-उत्कृष्ट a. superior in merit; Ms.8.73.-उपेत a. endowed with good qualities; पुत्रमेवङ्गुणोपेतं चक्रवर्तिनमाप्नुहि Ś.1.12.-ओघः, -घम् su- perior or abundant merits.-कथनम् extolling, praising.-2 a condition or state of mind of the hero of a drama to which he is reduced by Cupid.-कर्तृत्वम् the state of an agent of properties; गुणकर्तृत्वे$पि तथा कर्तेव भवत्युदासीनः Sāṅ. K.2.-कर्मन् n.1 an unessential or secondary action.-2 (in gram.) the secondary or less immediate (i. e. indirect) object of an action; e. g. in the example नेता$श्वस्य स्रुघ्नं स्रुघ्नस्य वा, स्रुघ्नम् is a गुणकर्मन्.˚विभाग a. distinguishing an action and an attribute.-कल्पना f. imputing a figurative meaning, one of the modes of interpreting a sentence. According to it an expression may be understood as conveying not what is actually expressed by it but the quality or qualities thereof. e. g. सिंहो देवदत्तः means प्रसह्यकरी देवदत्तः; ŚB. on MS.1.2.1.-काण्डः a series of subsidiary (details); एवमेक उत्कृष्यमाणः सर्वं गुणकाण्डमुत्कर्षति ŚB. on MS.5. 1.24.-कार a. productive of good qualities, profit- able, salutary.(-रः) 1 a cook who prepares side- dishes or any secondary articles of food.-2 an epithet of Bhīma.-3 (in math.) the multiplier.-कीर्तनम्, -श्लाघा, -स्तुतिः f. praise, extolling.-कृत्यम् the function of a bow-string; गुणकृत्ये धनुषो नियोजिता Ku.4.15.-गणः a number or series of good qualities; Bhāg.5.3.11.-गानम् singing of merits, panegyric, praise.-गृध्नु a.1 desiring good qualities; ये चान्ये गुणगृध्नवः Bhāg.3.14.2.-2 possessing enviable or good qualities.-गृह्य a. appreciating or admiring merits (wherever they may be), attached to merits; appreciative; ननु वक्तृविशेषनिःस्पृहा गुणगृह्या वचने विपश्चितः Ki.2.5.-गौरी a woman chaste by virtuous conduct; अनृतगिरं गुणगौरि मा कृथा माम् Śi.-ग्रहणम् appreciating merits.-ग्रहीतृ, -ग्राहक, -ग्राहिन् a. appreciating the merits (of others); श्रीहर्षो निपुणः कविः परिषदप्येषा गुणग्राहिणी Ratn.1.4; Śi.2.82; Bv.1.9.-ग्रामः a collection of virtues or merits; गुरुतरगुणग्रामांभोजस्फुटोज्ज्वलचन्द्रिका Bh.3.116; गणयति गुणग्रामम् Gīt.2; Bv.1.13.-घातिन् a. detractor, envious, censorious.-ज्ञ a. knowing how to admire or appreciate merits, appreciative; भगवति कमलालये भृशमगुणज्ञासि Mu.2; गुणा गुणज्ञेषु गुणा भवन्ति H. Pr.47.-त्रयम्, -त्रितयम् the three constituent proper- ties of nature; i. e. सत्त्व, रजस् and तमस्. ˚आभासः life.-दोषौ (du.) virtue and vice; ˚कथा; Pt.2.67.-धर्मः the virtue or duty incidental to the possession of certain qualities.-निधिः a store of virtues.-पदी a woman having feet as thin as cords.-पूगम् great merits; भवद्गुणपूगपूरितम् (श्रवणम्) Śi.9.64.-प्रकर्षः excellence of merits, great merit; गुणप्रकर्षादुडुपेन शम्भोरलङ्- घ्यमुल्लङ्घितमुत्तमाङ्गम् Mk.4.23.-भावः being subsidiary to something else; परार्थता हि गुणभावः । ŚB. on MS.4.3.1.-भोक्तृ a. perceiving the properties of things; निर्गुणं गुणभोक्तृ च Bg.13.14.-महत् a superior quality.-मुष्टिः f. a particular method of stringing the bow; cf. पताका वज्रमुष्टिश्च सिंहकर्णस्तथैव च । मत्सरी काकतुण्डी च योजनीया यथा- क्रमम् ॥ Dhanur.84.-रागः delighting in the merits of others; गुणरागगतां तस्य रूपिणीमिव दुर्गतिम् Ks.2.51.-राशिः an epithet of Śiva-लक्षणम् mark or indication of an internal property.-लयनिका, -लयनी a tent.-लुब्ध a.1 desirous of merits.-2 attached to merits.-वचनम्, -वाचकः a word which connotes an attribute or quality, an adjective, or substantive used attributively; as श्वेत in श्वेतो$श्वः.-वादः 1 pointing out good merits.-2 a statement in a secondary sense; गुणवादस्तु MS. 1.2.1 (Śabara explains this as: गौण एष वादो भवति यत् सम्बन्धिनि स्तोतव्ये सम्बन्ध्यन्तरं स्तूयते । ŚB. on ibid.).-3 a statement contradictory to other arguments; Madhu- sūdana.-विवेचना discrimination in appreciating the merits of others, a just sense of merit.-विशेषाः external organs, mind and spiritual ignorance; परस्पर- विलक्षणा गुणविशेषाः (बाह्येन्द्रियमनो$हङ्काराश्च) Sāṅ. K.36.-षः a different property.-वृक्षः, -वृक्षकः a mast or a post to which a ship or boat is fastened.-वृत्तिः f.1 a secondary or unessential condition or relation (opp. मुख्यवृत्ति).-2 the character or style of merits.-वैशेष्यम् pre-eminence of merit; अन्योन्यगुणवैशेष्यान्न किंचिदतिरिच्यते Ms.9.296.-शब्दः an adjective.-संख्यानम् 'enumeration of the three essential qualities', a term applied to the Sāṅkhya (including the Yoga) system of philosophy; ज्ञानं कर्म च कर्ता च त्रिधैव गुणभेदतः प्रोच्यते गुणसंख्याने Bg.18.19.-संगः 1 association with qualities or merits.-2 attach- ment to objects of sense or worldly pleasures.-संग्रहः a collection of merits or properties; कथं गुणज्ञो विरमेद्विना पशुं श्रीर्यत्प्रवव्रे गुणसंग्रहेच्छया Bhāg.4.2.26.-संपद् f. ex- cellence or richness of merits, great merit, perfection; गुणसंपदा समधिगम्य Ki.5.24.-सागरः 1 'an ocean of merit, a very meritorious man.-2 an epithet of Brahmā.-हीन a.1 void of merit', meritless; काममामरणात्तिष्ठेद्- गृहे कन्यर्तुमत्यपि । न चैवैनां प्रयच्छेत्तु गुणहीनाय कर्हिचित् Ms.9. 89.-2 poor (as food). -
45 Forocorneliensis
fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.I.In gen., an open space.A.The area before a tomb, fore-court:B.quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,
Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—C.Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—II.In partic., a public place, market-place.A.A market, as a place for buying and selling:(α).quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—(β).forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;(γ).here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—(δ).forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:B.L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,
Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:C.statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,
Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:in foro turbaque,
Cic. Rep. 1, 17:arripere verba de foro,
to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:in vulgus et in foro dicere,
id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,
id. Rep. 2, 37:in forum descendere,
id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):foro nimium distare Carinas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,
id. S. 1, 6, 114:forumque litibus orbum,
id. C. 4, 2, 44:Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:gladiatores ad forum producti,
id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:ut primum forum attigerim,
i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:studia fori,
Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,
Quint. 10, 7, 20:nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,
Verg. G. 2, 502:forum agere,
to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:lenta fori pugnamus harena,
Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,
Verg. A. 5, 758:civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,
to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,
beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,
is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:in alieno foro litigare,
i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,
id. Fl. 29, 70:sublata erat de foro fides,
id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,
i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);called simply forum,
Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,
Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,
Mart. 3, 38, 4:vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,
Juv. 6, 68.—Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,1. 2.Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—3. 4.Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:5.ager,
Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—6.Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:7.colonia,
i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36. -
46 Forojulienses
fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.I.In gen., an open space.A.The area before a tomb, fore-court:B.quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,
Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—C.Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—II.In partic., a public place, market-place.A.A market, as a place for buying and selling:(α).quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—(β).forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;(γ).here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—(δ).forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:B.L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,
Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:C.statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,
Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:in foro turbaque,
Cic. Rep. 1, 17:arripere verba de foro,
to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:in vulgus et in foro dicere,
id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,
id. Rep. 2, 37:in forum descendere,
id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):foro nimium distare Carinas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,
id. S. 1, 6, 114:forumque litibus orbum,
id. C. 4, 2, 44:Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:gladiatores ad forum producti,
id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:ut primum forum attigerim,
i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:studia fori,
Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,
Quint. 10, 7, 20:nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,
Verg. G. 2, 502:forum agere,
to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:lenta fori pugnamus harena,
Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,
Verg. A. 5, 758:civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,
to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,
beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,
is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:in alieno foro litigare,
i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,
id. Fl. 29, 70:sublata erat de foro fides,
id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,
i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);called simply forum,
Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,
Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,
Mart. 3, 38, 4:vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,
Juv. 6, 68.—Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,1. 2.Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—3. 4.Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:5.ager,
Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—6.Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:7.colonia,
i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36. -
47 Forum
fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.I.In gen., an open space.A.The area before a tomb, fore-court:B.quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,
Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—C.Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—II.In partic., a public place, market-place.A.A market, as a place for buying and selling:(α).quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—(β).forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;(γ).here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—(δ).forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:B.L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,
Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:C.statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,
Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:in foro turbaque,
Cic. Rep. 1, 17:arripere verba de foro,
to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:in vulgus et in foro dicere,
id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,
id. Rep. 2, 37:in forum descendere,
id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):foro nimium distare Carinas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,
id. S. 1, 6, 114:forumque litibus orbum,
id. C. 4, 2, 44:Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:gladiatores ad forum producti,
id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:ut primum forum attigerim,
i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:studia fori,
Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,
Quint. 10, 7, 20:nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,
Verg. G. 2, 502:forum agere,
to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:lenta fori pugnamus harena,
Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,
Verg. A. 5, 758:civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,
to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,
beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,
is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:in alieno foro litigare,
i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,
id. Fl. 29, 70:sublata erat de foro fides,
id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,
i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);called simply forum,
Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,
Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,
Mart. 3, 38, 4:vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,
Juv. 6, 68.—Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,1. 2.Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—3. 4.Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:5.ager,
Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—6.Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:7.colonia,
i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36. -
48 forum
fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.I.In gen., an open space.A.The area before a tomb, fore-court:B.quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,
Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—C.Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—II.In partic., a public place, market-place.A.A market, as a place for buying and selling:(α).quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—(β).forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;(γ).here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—(δ).forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:B.L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,
Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:C.statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,
Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:in foro turbaque,
Cic. Rep. 1, 17:arripere verba de foro,
to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:in vulgus et in foro dicere,
id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,
id. Rep. 2, 37:in forum descendere,
id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):foro nimium distare Carinas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,
id. S. 1, 6, 114:forumque litibus orbum,
id. C. 4, 2, 44:Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:gladiatores ad forum producti,
id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:ut primum forum attigerim,
i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:studia fori,
Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,
Quint. 10, 7, 20:nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,
Verg. G. 2, 502:forum agere,
to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:lenta fori pugnamus harena,
Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,
Verg. A. 5, 758:civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,
to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,
beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,
is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:in alieno foro litigare,
i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,
id. Fl. 29, 70:sublata erat de foro fides,
id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,
i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);called simply forum,
Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,
Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,
Mart. 3, 38, 4:vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,
Juv. 6, 68.—Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,1. 2.Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—3. 4.Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:5.ager,
Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—6.Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:7.colonia,
i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36. -
49 Forum Alieni
fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.I.In gen., an open space.A.The area before a tomb, fore-court:B.quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,
Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—C.Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—II.In partic., a public place, market-place.A.A market, as a place for buying and selling:(α).quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—(β).forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;(γ).here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—(δ).forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:B.L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,
Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:C.statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,
Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:in foro turbaque,
Cic. Rep. 1, 17:arripere verba de foro,
to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:in vulgus et in foro dicere,
id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,
id. Rep. 2, 37:in forum descendere,
id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):foro nimium distare Carinas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,
id. S. 1, 6, 114:forumque litibus orbum,
id. C. 4, 2, 44:Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:gladiatores ad forum producti,
id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:ut primum forum attigerim,
i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:studia fori,
Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,
Quint. 10, 7, 20:nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,
Verg. G. 2, 502:forum agere,
to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:lenta fori pugnamus harena,
Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,
Verg. A. 5, 758:civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,
to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,
beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,
is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:in alieno foro litigare,
i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,
id. Fl. 29, 70:sublata erat de foro fides,
id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,
i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);called simply forum,
Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,
Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,
Mart. 3, 38, 4:vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,
Juv. 6, 68.—Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,1. 2.Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—3. 4.Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:5.ager,
Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—6.Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:7.colonia,
i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36. -
50 Forum Appii
fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.I.In gen., an open space.A.The area before a tomb, fore-court:B.quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,
Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—C.Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—II.In partic., a public place, market-place.A.A market, as a place for buying and selling:(α).quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—(β).forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;(γ).here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—(δ).forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:B.L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,
Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:C.statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,
Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:in foro turbaque,
Cic. Rep. 1, 17:arripere verba de foro,
to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:in vulgus et in foro dicere,
id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,
id. Rep. 2, 37:in forum descendere,
id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):foro nimium distare Carinas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,
id. S. 1, 6, 114:forumque litibus orbum,
id. C. 4, 2, 44:Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:gladiatores ad forum producti,
id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:ut primum forum attigerim,
i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:studia fori,
Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,
Quint. 10, 7, 20:nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,
Verg. G. 2, 502:forum agere,
to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:lenta fori pugnamus harena,
Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,
Verg. A. 5, 758:civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,
to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,
beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,
is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:in alieno foro litigare,
i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,
id. Fl. 29, 70:sublata erat de foro fides,
id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,
i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);called simply forum,
Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,
Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,
Mart. 3, 38, 4:vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,
Juv. 6, 68.—Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,1. 2.Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—3. 4.Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:5.ager,
Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—6.Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:7.colonia,
i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36. -
51 Forum Aurelium
fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.I.In gen., an open space.A.The area before a tomb, fore-court:B.quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,
Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—C.Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—II.In partic., a public place, market-place.A.A market, as a place for buying and selling:(α).quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—(β).forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;(γ).here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—(δ).forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:B.L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,
Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:C.statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,
Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:in foro turbaque,
Cic. Rep. 1, 17:arripere verba de foro,
to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:in vulgus et in foro dicere,
id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,
id. Rep. 2, 37:in forum descendere,
id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):foro nimium distare Carinas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,
id. S. 1, 6, 114:forumque litibus orbum,
id. C. 4, 2, 44:Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:gladiatores ad forum producti,
id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:ut primum forum attigerim,
i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:studia fori,
Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,
Quint. 10, 7, 20:nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,
Verg. G. 2, 502:forum agere,
to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:lenta fori pugnamus harena,
Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,
Verg. A. 5, 758:civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,
to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,
beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,
is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:in alieno foro litigare,
i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,
id. Fl. 29, 70:sublata erat de foro fides,
id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,
i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);called simply forum,
Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,
Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,
Mart. 3, 38, 4:vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,
Juv. 6, 68.—Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,1. 2.Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—3. 4.Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:5.ager,
Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—6.Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:7.colonia,
i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36. -
52 forum boarium
fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.I.In gen., an open space.A.The area before a tomb, fore-court:B.quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,
Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—C.Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—II.In partic., a public place, market-place.A.A market, as a place for buying and selling:(α).quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—(β).forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;(γ).here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—(δ).forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:B.L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,
Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:C.statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,
Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:in foro turbaque,
Cic. Rep. 1, 17:arripere verba de foro,
to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:in vulgus et in foro dicere,
id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,
id. Rep. 2, 37:in forum descendere,
id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):foro nimium distare Carinas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,
id. S. 1, 6, 114:forumque litibus orbum,
id. C. 4, 2, 44:Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:gladiatores ad forum producti,
id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:ut primum forum attigerim,
i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:studia fori,
Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,
Quint. 10, 7, 20:nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,
Verg. G. 2, 502:forum agere,
to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:lenta fori pugnamus harena,
Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,
Verg. A. 5, 758:civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,
to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,
beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,
is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:in alieno foro litigare,
i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,
id. Fl. 29, 70:sublata erat de foro fides,
id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,
i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);called simply forum,
Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,
Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,
Mart. 3, 38, 4:vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,
Juv. 6, 68.—Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,1. 2.Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—3. 4.Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:5.ager,
Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—6.Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:7.colonia,
i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36. -
53 forum coquinum
fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.I.In gen., an open space.A.The area before a tomb, fore-court:B.quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,
Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—C.Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—II.In partic., a public place, market-place.A.A market, as a place for buying and selling:(α).quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—(β).forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;(γ).here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—(δ).forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:B.L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,
Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:C.statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,
Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:in foro turbaque,
Cic. Rep. 1, 17:arripere verba de foro,
to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:in vulgus et in foro dicere,
id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,
id. Rep. 2, 37:in forum descendere,
id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):foro nimium distare Carinas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,
id. S. 1, 6, 114:forumque litibus orbum,
id. C. 4, 2, 44:Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:gladiatores ad forum producti,
id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:ut primum forum attigerim,
i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:studia fori,
Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,
Quint. 10, 7, 20:nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,
Verg. G. 2, 502:forum agere,
to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:lenta fori pugnamus harena,
Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,
Verg. A. 5, 758:civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,
to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,
beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,
is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:in alieno foro litigare,
i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,
id. Fl. 29, 70:sublata erat de foro fides,
id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,
i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);called simply forum,
Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,
Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,
Mart. 3, 38, 4:vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,
Juv. 6, 68.—Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,1. 2.Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—3. 4.Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:5.ager,
Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—6.Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:7.colonia,
i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36. -
54 forum cuppedinis
fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.I.In gen., an open space.A.The area before a tomb, fore-court:B.quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,
Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—C.Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—II.In partic., a public place, market-place.A.A market, as a place for buying and selling:(α).quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—(β).forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;(γ).here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—(δ).forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:B.L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,
Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:C.statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,
Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:in foro turbaque,
Cic. Rep. 1, 17:arripere verba de foro,
to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:in vulgus et in foro dicere,
id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,
id. Rep. 2, 37:in forum descendere,
id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):foro nimium distare Carinas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,
id. S. 1, 6, 114:forumque litibus orbum,
id. C. 4, 2, 44:Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:gladiatores ad forum producti,
id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:ut primum forum attigerim,
i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:studia fori,
Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,
Quint. 10, 7, 20:nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,
Verg. G. 2, 502:forum agere,
to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:lenta fori pugnamus harena,
Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,
Verg. A. 5, 758:civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,
to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,
beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,
is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:in alieno foro litigare,
i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,
id. Fl. 29, 70:sublata erat de foro fides,
id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,
i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);called simply forum,
Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,
Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,
Mart. 3, 38, 4:vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,
Juv. 6, 68.—Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,1. 2.Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—3. 4.Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:5.ager,
Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—6.Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:7.colonia,
i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36. -
55 Forum Gallorum
fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.I.In gen., an open space.A.The area before a tomb, fore-court:B.quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,
Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—C.Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—II.In partic., a public place, market-place.A.A market, as a place for buying and selling:(α).quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—(β).forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;(γ).here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—(δ).forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:B.L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,
Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:C.statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,
Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:in foro turbaque,
Cic. Rep. 1, 17:arripere verba de foro,
to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:in vulgus et in foro dicere,
id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,
id. Rep. 2, 37:in forum descendere,
id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):foro nimium distare Carinas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,
id. S. 1, 6, 114:forumque litibus orbum,
id. C. 4, 2, 44:Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:gladiatores ad forum producti,
id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:ut primum forum attigerim,
i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:studia fori,
Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,
Quint. 10, 7, 20:nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,
Verg. G. 2, 502:forum agere,
to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:lenta fori pugnamus harena,
Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,
Verg. A. 5, 758:civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,
to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,
beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,
is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:in alieno foro litigare,
i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,
id. Fl. 29, 70:sublata erat de foro fides,
id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,
i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);called simply forum,
Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,
Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,
Mart. 3, 38, 4:vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,
Juv. 6, 68.—Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,1. 2.Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—3. 4.Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:5.ager,
Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—6.Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:7.colonia,
i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36. -
56 Forum Julii
fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.I.In gen., an open space.A.The area before a tomb, fore-court:B.quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,
Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—C.Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—II.In partic., a public place, market-place.A.A market, as a place for buying and selling:(α).quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—(β).forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;(γ).here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—(δ).forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:B.L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,
Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:C.statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,
Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:in foro turbaque,
Cic. Rep. 1, 17:arripere verba de foro,
to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:in vulgus et in foro dicere,
id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,
id. Rep. 2, 37:in forum descendere,
id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):foro nimium distare Carinas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,
id. S. 1, 6, 114:forumque litibus orbum,
id. C. 4, 2, 44:Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:gladiatores ad forum producti,
id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:ut primum forum attigerim,
i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:studia fori,
Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,
Quint. 10, 7, 20:nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,
Verg. G. 2, 502:forum agere,
to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:lenta fori pugnamus harena,
Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,
Verg. A. 5, 758:civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,
to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,
beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,
is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:in alieno foro litigare,
i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,
id. Fl. 29, 70:sublata erat de foro fides,
id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,
i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);called simply forum,
Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,
Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,
Mart. 3, 38, 4:vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,
Juv. 6, 68.—Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,1. 2.Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—3. 4.Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:5.ager,
Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—6.Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:7.colonia,
i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36. -
57 forum olitorium
fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.I.In gen., an open space.A.The area before a tomb, fore-court:B.quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,
Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—C.Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—II.In partic., a public place, market-place.A.A market, as a place for buying and selling:(α).quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—(β).forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;(γ).here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—(δ).forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:B.L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,
Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:C.statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,
Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:in foro turbaque,
Cic. Rep. 1, 17:arripere verba de foro,
to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:in vulgus et in foro dicere,
id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,
id. Rep. 2, 37:in forum descendere,
id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):foro nimium distare Carinas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,
id. S. 1, 6, 114:forumque litibus orbum,
id. C. 4, 2, 44:Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:gladiatores ad forum producti,
id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:ut primum forum attigerim,
i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:studia fori,
Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,
Quint. 10, 7, 20:nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,
Verg. G. 2, 502:forum agere,
to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:lenta fori pugnamus harena,
Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,
Verg. A. 5, 758:civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,
to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,
beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,
is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:in alieno foro litigare,
i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,
id. Fl. 29, 70:sublata erat de foro fides,
id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,
i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);called simply forum,
Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,
Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,
Mart. 3, 38, 4:vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,
Juv. 6, 68.—Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,1. 2.Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—3. 4.Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:5.ager,
Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—6.Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:7.colonia,
i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36. -
58 forum piscarium
fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.I.In gen., an open space.A.The area before a tomb, fore-court:B.quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,
Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—C.Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—II.In partic., a public place, market-place.A.A market, as a place for buying and selling:(α).quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—(β).forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;(γ).here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—(δ).forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:B.L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,
Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:C.statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,
Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:in foro turbaque,
Cic. Rep. 1, 17:arripere verba de foro,
to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:in vulgus et in foro dicere,
id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,
id. Rep. 2, 37:in forum descendere,
id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):foro nimium distare Carinas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,
id. S. 1, 6, 114:forumque litibus orbum,
id. C. 4, 2, 44:Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:gladiatores ad forum producti,
id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:ut primum forum attigerim,
i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:studia fori,
Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,
Quint. 10, 7, 20:nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,
Verg. G. 2, 502:forum agere,
to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:lenta fori pugnamus harena,
Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,
Verg. A. 5, 758:civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,
to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,
beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,
is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:in alieno foro litigare,
i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,
id. Fl. 29, 70:sublata erat de foro fides,
id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,
i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);called simply forum,
Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,
Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,
Mart. 3, 38, 4:vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,
Juv. 6, 68.—Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,1. 2.Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—3. 4.Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:5.ager,
Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—6.Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:7.colonia,
i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36. -
59 forum suarium
fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.I.In gen., an open space.A.The area before a tomb, fore-court:B.quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,
Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—C.Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—II.In partic., a public place, market-place.A.A market, as a place for buying and selling:(α).quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—(β).forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;(γ).here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—(δ).forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:B.L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,
Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:C.statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,
Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:in foro turbaque,
Cic. Rep. 1, 17:arripere verba de foro,
to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:in vulgus et in foro dicere,
id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,
id. Rep. 2, 37:in forum descendere,
id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):foro nimium distare Carinas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,
id. S. 1, 6, 114:forumque litibus orbum,
id. C. 4, 2, 44:Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:gladiatores ad forum producti,
id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:ut primum forum attigerim,
i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:studia fori,
Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,
Quint. 10, 7, 20:nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,
Verg. G. 2, 502:forum agere,
to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:lenta fori pugnamus harena,
Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,
Verg. A. 5, 758:civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,
to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,
beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,
is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:in alieno foro litigare,
i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,
id. Fl. 29, 70:sublata erat de foro fides,
id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,
i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);called simply forum,
Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,
Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,
Mart. 3, 38, 4:vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,
Juv. 6, 68.—Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,1. 2.Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—3. 4.Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:5.ager,
Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—6.Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:7.colonia,
i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36. -
60 Forum Voconii
fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.I.In gen., an open space.A.The area before a tomb, fore-court:B.quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,
Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—C.Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—II.In partic., a public place, market-place.A.A market, as a place for buying and selling:(α).quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—(β).forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;(γ).here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—(δ).forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:B.L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,
Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:C.statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,
Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:in foro turbaque,
Cic. Rep. 1, 17:arripere verba de foro,
to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:in vulgus et in foro dicere,
id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,
id. Rep. 2, 37:in forum descendere,
id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):foro nimium distare Carinas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,
id. S. 1, 6, 114:forumque litibus orbum,
id. C. 4, 2, 44:Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:gladiatores ad forum producti,
id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:ut primum forum attigerim,
i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:studia fori,
Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,
Quint. 10, 7, 20:nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,
Verg. G. 2, 502:forum agere,
to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:lenta fori pugnamus harena,
Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,
Verg. A. 5, 758:civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,
to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,
beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,
is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:in alieno foro litigare,
i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,
id. Fl. 29, 70:sublata erat de foro fides,
id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,
i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);called simply forum,
Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,
Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,
Mart. 3, 38, 4:vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,
Juv. 6, 68.—Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,1. 2.Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—3. 4.Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:5.ager,
Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—6.Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:7.colonia,
i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.
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