-
41 Murdock (Murdoch), William
[br]b. 21 August 1754 Cumnock, Ayrshire, Scotlandd. 15 November 1839 Handsworth, Birmingham, England[br]Scottish engineer and inventor, pioneer in coal-gas production.[br]He was the third child and the eldest of three boys born to John Murdoch and Anna Bruce. His father, a millwright and joiner, spelled his name Murdock on moving to England. He was educated for some years at Old Cumnock Parish School and in 1777, with his father, he built a "wooden horse", supposed to have been a form of cycle. In 1777 he set out for the Soho manufactory of Boulton \& Watt, where he quickly found employment, Boulton supposedly being impressed by the lad's hat. This was oval and made of wood, and young William had turned it himself on a lathe of his own manufacture. Murdock quickly became Boulton \& Watt's representative in Cornwall, where there was a flourishing demand for steam-engines. He lived at Redruth during this period.It is said that a number of the inventions generally ascribed to James Watt are in fact as much due to Murdock as to Watt. Examples are the piston and slide valve and the sun-and-planet gearing. A number of other inventions are attributed to Murdock alone: typical of these is the oscillating cylinder engine which obviated the need for an overhead beam.In about 1784 he planned a steam-driven road carriage of which he made a working model. He also planned a high-pressure non-condensing engine. The model carriage was demonstrated before Murdock's friends and travelled at a speed of 6–8 mph (10–13 km/h). Boulton and Watt were both antagonistic to their employees' developing independent inventions, and when in 1786 Murdock set out with his model for the Patent Office, having received no reply to a letter he had sent to Watt, Boulton intercepted him on the open road near Exeter and dissuaded him from going any further.In 1785 he married Mary Painter, daughter of a mine captain. She bore him four children, two of whom died in infancy, those surviving eventually joining their father at the Soho Works. Murdock was a great believer in pneumatic power: he had a pneumatic bell-push at Sycamore House, his home near Soho. The pattern-makers lathe at the Soho Works worked for thirty-five years from an air motor. He also conceived the idea of a vacuum piston engine to exhaust a pipe, later developed by the London Pneumatic Despatch Company's railway and the forerunner of the atmospheric railway.Another field in which Murdock was a pioneer was the gas industry. In 1791, in Redruth, he was experimenting with different feedstocks in his home-cum-office in Cross Street: of wood, peat and coal, he preferred the last. He designed and built in the backyard of his house a prototype generator, washer, storage and distribution plant, and publicized the efficiency of coal gas as an illuminant by using it to light his own home. In 1794 or 1795 he informed Boulton and Watt of his experimental work and of its success, suggesting that a patent should be applied for. James Watt Junior was now in the firm and was against patenting the idea since they had had so much trouble with previous patents and had been involved in so much litigation. He refused Murdock's request and for a short time Murdock left the firm to go home to his father's mill. Boulton \& Watt soon recognized the loss of a valuable servant and, in a short time, he was again employed at Soho, now as Engineer and Superintendent at the increased salary of £300 per year plus a 1 per cent commission. From this income, he left £14,000 when he died in 1839.In 1798 the workshops of Boulton and Watt were permanently lit by gas, starting with the foundry building. The 180 ft (55 m) façade of the Soho works was illuminated by gas for the Peace of Paris in June 1814. By 1804, Murdock had brought his apparatus to a point where Boulton \& Watt were able to canvas for orders. Murdock continued with the company after the death of James Watt in 1819, but retired in 1830 and continued to live at Sycamore House, Handsworth, near Birmingham.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society Rumford Gold Medal 1808.Further ReadingS.Smiles, 1861, Lives of the Engineers, Vol. IV: Boulton and Watt, London: John Murray.H.W.Dickinson and R.Jenkins, 1927, James Watt and the Steam Engine, Oxford: Clarendon Press.J.A.McCash, 1966, "William Murdoch. Faithful servant" in E.G.Semler (ed.), The Great Masters. Engineering Heritage, Vol. II, London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers/Heinemann.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Murdock (Murdoch), William
-
42 свести концы с концами
1. make both ends meet2. making both ends meetБизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > свести концы с концами
См. также в других словарях:
Bell Labs — Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the research organization of Alcatel Lucent and previously the American Telephone Telegraph Company (AT T). Bell… … Wikipedia
Bell's theorem — is a theorem that shows that the predictions of quantum mechanics (QM) are not intuitive, and touches upon fundamental philosophical issues that relate to modern physics. It is the most famous legacy of the late physicist John S. Bell. Bell s… … Wikipedia
Bell (instrument) — See also: Tubular bell For the part of a wind instrument, see Wind instrument#Parts. Bell Parts of a typical bell: 1. yoke, 2. crown, 3. head, 4. shoulder, 5. waist … Wikipedia
Bell Seagull and Seamew — The Bell Woodworking Seagull and Seamew are both small sloop rigged marine ply sailing boats of the Trailer yacht type designed by Ian Proctor, who was also responsible for the design of many small sailing dinghies in seven different classes… … Wikipedia
Bell 427 — Infobox Aircraft name= Bell 427 caption= Croatian Bell 427 landing type=Multipurpose utility helicopter manufacturer=Bell Helicopter Textron designer= first flight=11 december 1997 introduced=2000 retired= status=Active service primary user= more … Wikipedia
bell — bell1 bell less, adj. /bel/, n. 1. a hollow instrument of cast metal, typically cup shaped with a flaring mouth, suspended from the vertex and rung by the strokes of a clapper, hammer, or the like. 2. the stroke or sound of such an instrument: We … Universalium
Bell, Alexander Graham — born March 3, 1847, Edinburgh, Scot. died Aug. 2, 1922, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, Can. Scottish born U.S. audiologist and inventor. He moved to the U.S. in 1871 to teach the visible speech system developed by his father, Alexander Melville Bell … Universalium
Bell 429 — Infobox Aircraft name= Bell 429 caption= Bell 429 Mock up type=Multipurpose utility helicopter manufacturer=Bell Helicopter Textron designer= first flight= February 27 2006 [http://www.flug revue.rotor.com/FRTypen/FRB429.htm Flug Revue] ]… … Wikipedia
Bell — /bel/, n. 1. Acton /ak teuhn/, pen name of Anne Brontë. 2. Alexander Graham, 1847 1922, U.S. scientist, born in Scotland: inventor of the telephone. 3. (Arthur) Clive (Howard), 1881 1964, English critic of literature and art. 4. Currer /kerr… … Universalium
Bell 533 — For an overview of the whole Huey family of aircraft see Bell Huey infobox Aircraft name = Bell 533 type = Research helicopter manufacturer = Bell Helicopter caption = Bell 533 with engines and wings added designer = first flight = 10 August 1962 … Wikipedia
Bell Laboratories — Alcatel Lucent Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey Die Bell Laboratories bzw. Bell Labs (ältere Bezeichnungen: BTL, Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc.) sind Teil der Forschungs und Entwicklungsabteilung von Alcatel Lucent. Der Hauptsitz der Bell… … Deutsch Wikipedia
