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1 אמוד
beliefs and opinions -
2 aislamiento
m.1 isolation.2 insulation.aislamiento de doble pared cavity wall insulation* * *1 (acción) isolation2 TÉCNICA insulation* * *noun m.1) isolation2) insulation* * *SM1) (=acción) isolation; (=soledad) loneliness, lonesomeness (EEUU)2) (Elec) insulation* * *1) ( en general) isolation2) (Elec) insulation•* * *= insulation, isolation, insularity, ostracism, insulating, reclusion.Ex. With a little bit of forethought on such aspects as insulation, windows and even the shape of a building to name only some aspects, considerable economies can be achieved.Ex. He wrote an article with the title 'A rabbit-proof fence: benefits and problems of isolation in Western Australia'.Ex. It is not a question of loss of sovereignty, or the so-called British 'insularity' much vaunted in Community circles.Ex. Children's librarians have perpetuated beliefs and behaviour patterns that may lead to the elimination, downgrading or ostracism of children's services.Ex. Teaching units cover insulating, drywall, painting and wall covering, glass and glazing, floor covering, and landscaping.Ex. Much of his later life he lived in reclusion, loneliness, poor health, and despair.----* aislamiento social = social isolation.* * *1) ( en general) isolation2) (Elec) insulation•* * *= insulation, isolation, insularity, ostracism, insulating, reclusion.Ex: With a little bit of forethought on such aspects as insulation, windows and even the shape of a building to name only some aspects, considerable economies can be achieved.
Ex: He wrote an article with the title 'A rabbit-proof fence: benefits and problems of isolation in Western Australia'.Ex: It is not a question of loss of sovereignty, or the so-called British 'insularity' much vaunted in Community circles.Ex: Children's librarians have perpetuated beliefs and behaviour patterns that may lead to the elimination, downgrading or ostracism of children's services.Ex: Teaching units cover insulating, drywall, painting and wall covering, glass and glazing, floor covering, and landscaping.Ex: Much of his later life he lived in reclusion, loneliness, poor health, and despair.* aislamiento social = social isolation.* * *A1 (acción) isolationel aislamiento de un virus the isolation of a virus2 (estado) isolation3 (en la cárcel) isolation, solitary confinementB ( Elec) insulationCompuestos:soundproofinginsulation, thermal insulation* * *
aislamiento sustantivo masculino
b) (Elec) insulation
aislamiento sustantivo masculino
1 isolation
2 Téc insulation
' aislamiento' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
soledad
- cuarentena
English:
insulation
- isolation
- seclusion
- pad
* * *aislamiento nm1. [de lugar] isolation2. [de persona] isolation3. [de virus] isolation4. [de cable, vivienda] insulationaislamiento acústico soundproofing;aislamiento eléctrico electric insulation;aislamiento térmico thermal insulation* * *m TÉC, EL insulation; figisolation* * *aislamiento nm1) : isolation2) : insulation -
3 degradación
f.degradation, abasement, corruption, degeneracy.* * *1 degradation, debasement2 MILITAR demotion3 ARTE gradation* * *SF1) (=deterioro) [de la salud] deterioration; [del litoral] deterioration, degradation frm; [de calidad] worsening, decline2) (=bajeza) degradation3) (Mil) demotion4) (Geol) impoverishment* * *a) (Mil) demotionb) ( envilecimiento) degradation* * *= cheapening, deterioration, debasement, degradation, downgrading.Ex. The cheapening process takes place when we just use the work at hand and don't do any additional work.Ex. And thirdly and most importantly, I am concerned about some movements which I think symptomatize ideological deterioration and would have us, as someone put it, march boldly backwards into the future.Ex. Duplication of publications, debasement of quality, misleading titles, and an unplanned, uncoordinated and piecemeal growth of secondary publications are part and parcel of this information indiscipline.Ex. This article describes how the property of chemiluminescence -- the faint emission of light from organic materials undergoing oxidisation -- may be used to measure the rate of degradation of paper.Ex. Children's librarians have perpetuated beliefs and behaviour patterns that may lead to the elimination, downgrading or ostracism of children's services.----* degradación del clima = climate deterioration.* degradación del suelo = land degradation.* * *a) (Mil) demotionb) ( envilecimiento) degradation* * *= cheapening, deterioration, debasement, degradation, downgrading.Ex: The cheapening process takes place when we just use the work at hand and don't do any additional work.
Ex: And thirdly and most importantly, I am concerned about some movements which I think symptomatize ideological deterioration and would have us, as someone put it, march boldly backwards into the future.Ex: Duplication of publications, debasement of quality, misleading titles, and an unplanned, uncoordinated and piecemeal growth of secondary publications are part and parcel of this information indiscipline.Ex: This article describes how the property of chemiluminescence -- the faint emission of light from organic materials undergoing oxidisation -- may be used to measure the rate of degradation of paper.Ex: Children's librarians have perpetuated beliefs and behaviour patterns that may lead to the elimination, downgrading or ostracism of children's services.* degradación del clima = climate deterioration.* degradación del suelo = land degradation.* * *1 ( Mil) demotion2 (envilecimiento) degradation3 ( Quím) degradation, decomposition4 (de monumentos) decay5 (de la salud, las facultades mentales) decline* * *
degradación sustantivo femenino degradation
' degradación' also found in these entries:
English:
demotion
* * *degradación nf1. [moral] degradation2. [física] [de medio ambiente, naturaleza] degradation;[de calidad, servicio, producto] deterioration3. [de mando militar, cargo] demotion* * *f1 degradation2 MIL demotion* * *degradación nf, pl - ciones1) : degradation2) : demotion -
4 impresionar
v.1 to impress.El anuncio impacta a los jóvenes The ad has impact on young people.2 to expose (photography).3 to make an impression.4 to put oneself over.* * *1 (causar admiración) to impress■ me impresionó mucho el libro cuando lo leí por primera vez the first time I read the book it made a great impression on me■ sus hazañas bélicas no me impresionan ni lo más mínimo his war exploits don't impress me in the slightest2 (afectar) to affect; (inquietar) to disturb3 (película) to expose* * *verb* * *1. VT1) (Téc) [+ disco] to cut; [+ foto] to expose2) [+ persona] (=causar impresión a) to impress, strike; (=conmover) to move, affect; (=horrorizar) to shock2.VI (=causar impresión) to make an impression3.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) ( causar buena impresión)me impresionó muy bien — (RPl) he made a very good impression (on me)
b) ( conmover) to moveverlo llorar me impresionó mucho — seeing him cry really moved me o made a deep impression on me
c) ( alarmar) to shockd) ( sorprender) to strikelo que más me impresionó fue... — what struck me most was...
2) (Fot) < película> to expose2.impresionar vi to impress3.impresionarse v pron to be shocked (o moved etc)* * *= move, strike + Pronombre Personal, dazzle, shock, bedazzle, wow, impress, touch + Posesivo + life, make + a splash.Ex. Twenty years ago, I was moved by Lubetzky's document, as I was a library school student, and today I am just slightly disappointed because he has added confusion for me rather than clarity to the situation.Ex. 'You commented earlier,' she said ingenuously, aloud, 'that Kass didn't strike you as the union type'.Ex. The image of the reference librarian, as portrayed by Katherine Hepburn in the film, 'Desk Set,' suggests the superb flair and intellectual acumen with which reference librarians would like to dazzle their patrons.Ex. The gush of water could serve many purposes and was prescribed to soothe, to refrigerate, to stop a swelling, to widen pores, to shock the patient.Ex. Why were others, especially in the west, so bedazzled by the achievements of the ancient Greeks, that they decided to adopt numerous of their beliefs and values?.Ex. He makes science easy to understand and ' wows' the reader with terrific examples of how modern genetic research is lifting the curtain on human history.Ex. When children are aware that records are kept there are always some who will want to impress or please.Ex. Despite his faults, he still manages to change and touch many people's lives through his infectious laughter.Ex. Israeli wine may be young, but it's making a splash worldwide.----* para impresionar = for effect.* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) ( causar buena impresión)me impresionó muy bien — (RPl) he made a very good impression (on me)
b) ( conmover) to moveverlo llorar me impresionó mucho — seeing him cry really moved me o made a deep impression on me
c) ( alarmar) to shockd) ( sorprender) to strikelo que más me impresionó fue... — what struck me most was...
2) (Fot) < película> to expose2.impresionar vi to impress3.impresionarse v pron to be shocked (o moved etc)* * *= move, strike + Pronombre Personal, dazzle, shock, bedazzle, wow, impress, touch + Posesivo + life, make + a splash.Ex: Twenty years ago, I was moved by Lubetzky's document, as I was a library school student, and today I am just slightly disappointed because he has added confusion for me rather than clarity to the situation.
Ex: 'You commented earlier,' she said ingenuously, aloud, 'that Kass didn't strike you as the union type'.Ex: The image of the reference librarian, as portrayed by Katherine Hepburn in the film, 'Desk Set,' suggests the superb flair and intellectual acumen with which reference librarians would like to dazzle their patrons.Ex: The gush of water could serve many purposes and was prescribed to soothe, to refrigerate, to stop a swelling, to widen pores, to shock the patient.Ex: Why were others, especially in the west, so bedazzled by the achievements of the ancient Greeks, that they decided to adopt numerous of their beliefs and values?.Ex: He makes science easy to understand and ' wows' the reader with terrific examples of how modern genetic research is lifting the curtain on human history.Ex: When children are aware that records are kept there are always some who will want to impress or please.Ex: Despite his faults, he still manages to change and touch many people's lives through his infectious laughter.Ex: Israeli wine may be young, but it's making a splash worldwide.* para impresionar = for effect.* * *impresionar [A1 ]vtA ‹persona›ver a mi padre llorar me impresionó mucho seeing my father cry really affected me o moved me o made a deep impression on meme impresionó mucho verla tan delgada it really shocked me to see her looking so thinlo que más me impresionó fue el estado lamentable del edificio what struck me most was the terrible state the building was inme impresionó muy bien ( RPl); he made a very good impression (on me), he really impressed meB1 ( Fot) ‹película› to expose2 ‹disco› to press■ impresionarvito impresste lo dice para impresionar he's only saying it to impress youto be shocked ( o moved etc)* * *
impresionar ( conjugate impresionar) verbo transitivo
1a) ( causar buena impresión):
◊ verlo llorar me impresionó mucho seeing him cry really affected o moved me
2 (Fot) ‹ película› to expose
verbo intransitivo
to impress
impresionar
I verbo transitivo
1 (causar admiración) to impress
(sobrecoger) to shock
(conmover) me impresionó ver llorar a mi padre, seeing my father cry made a deep impression on me
2 Fot to expose
II verbo intransitivo to impress
' impresionar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
afectar
- calar
- sacudir
- apantallar
- impactar
English:
effect
- flex
- impress
- name-dropper
- shock
- shake
* * *♦ vt1. [asombrar] to amaze, to astonish2. [emocionar] to move;[conmocionar, horrorizar] to shock;me impresiona mucho ver sangre the sight of blood horrifies me;le impresionó mucho ver el cadáver seeing the body was a real shock to him3. [maravillar] to impress4. Fot to expose5. RP [causar impresión en]me impresionó muy bien/mal he made a very good/bad impression on me♦ vi1. [asombrar] to be amazing o astonishing2. [emocionar] to be moving;[conmocionar, horrorizar] to be shocking3. [maravillar] to make an impression* * *v/t:* * *impresionar vt1) : to impress, to strike2) : to affect, to moveimpresionar vi: to make an impression* * *impresionar vb1. (causar admiración) to impress2. (inquietar) to shock -
5 devaluación
f.devaluation, reduction, depreciation.* * *1 devaluation* * *noun f.* * *SF devaluation* * *femenino devaluation* * *= depreciation, devaluation, downgrading.Ex. There may also be space for a record of maintenance and maintenance agreements, together perhaps with information on cost and depreciation.Ex. The major factor affecting periodicals in Australia during 1986 was the significant devaluation of the Australian dollar against most major currencies.Ex. Children's librarians have perpetuated beliefs and behaviour patterns that may lead to the elimination, downgrading or ostracism of children's services.* * *femenino devaluation* * *= depreciation, devaluation, downgrading.Ex: There may also be space for a record of maintenance and maintenance agreements, together perhaps with information on cost and depreciation.
Ex: The major factor affecting periodicals in Australia during 1986 was the significant devaluation of the Australian dollar against most major currencies.Ex: Children's librarians have perpetuated beliefs and behaviour patterns that may lead to the elimination, downgrading or ostracism of children's services.* * *devaluation* * *
devaluación sustantivo femenino
devaluation
devaluación sustantivo femenino devaluation
' devaluación' also found in these entries:
English:
devaluation
* * *devaluación nfdevaluation* * *f devaluation* * * -
6 Miguel Angel
m.1 Michelangelo, Michaelangelo, Michelangelo Buonarroti.2 Miguel Angel.* * *= Michelangelo.Ex. This paper examines Michelangelo's use of color on the Sistine Chapel, links it to his religious beliefs, and stresses the meaning of the triad of red, violet, and green.* * *= Michelangelo.Ex: This paper examines Michelangelo's use of color on the Sistine Chapel, links it to his religious beliefs, and stresses the meaning of the triad of red, violet, and green.
* * *( Art) Michelangelo -
7 culto a la carga
(n.) = cargo cultEx. Sociologists specializing in Melanesian religions say all the cargo cults are based on a mixture of native and Christian beliefs and rituals.* * *(n.) = cargo cultEx: Sociologists specializing in Melanesian religions say all the cargo cults are based on a mixture of native and Christian beliefs and rituals.
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8 culto a la inutilidad
(n.) = cargo cultEx. Sociologists specializing in Melanesian religions say all the cargo cults are based on a mixture of native and Christian beliefs and rituals.* * *(n.) = cargo cultEx: Sociologists specializing in Melanesian religions say all the cargo cults are based on a mixture of native and Christian beliefs and rituals.
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9 culto al cargamento
(n.) = cargo cultEx. Sociologists specializing in Melanesian religions say all the cargo cults are based on a mixture of native and Christian beliefs and rituals.* * *(n.) = cargo cultEx: Sociologists specializing in Melanesian religions say all the cargo cults are based on a mixture of native and Christian beliefs and rituals.
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10 culto al cargo
(n.) = cargo cultEx. Sociologists specializing in Melanesian religions say all the cargo cults are based on a mixture of native and Christian beliefs and rituals.* * *(n.) = cargo cultEx: Sociologists specializing in Melanesian religions say all the cargo cults are based on a mixture of native and Christian beliefs and rituals.
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11 de la Melanesia
(n./adj.) = MalenesianEx. Sociologists specializing in Melanesian religions say all the cargo cults are based on a mixture of native and Christian beliefs and rituals.* * *(n./adj.) = MalenesianEx: Sociologists specializing in Melanesian religions say all the cargo cults are based on a mixture of native and Christian beliefs and rituals.
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12 maravillar
v.1 to amaze.Su habilidad maravilla a María His ability amazes Mary.2 to be marveled by, to be astonished by, to be amazed at, to be marvelled by.Me maravillan sus palabras I am marveled by his words.3 to be amazed to.Me maravilla ver las estrellas I am amazed to see the stars.* * *1 to astonish, amaze1 to marvel (de, at)* * *1.VT to astonish, amazesu actuación maravilló a todo el mundo — his performance astonished o amazed everybody, everybody was astonished o amazed at his performance
2.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo to amaze, astonish2.maravillarse v pron to be amazed o astonishedmaravillarse DE algo/alguien — to marvel at something/somebody
* * *= dazzle, bedazzle.Ex. The image of the reference librarian, as portrayed by Katherine Hepburn in the film, 'Desk Set,' suggests the superb flair and intellectual acumen with which reference librarians would like to dazzle their patrons.Ex. Why were others, especially in the west, so bedazzled by the achievements of the ancient Greeks, that they decided to adopt numerous of their beliefs and values?.----* maravillarse de = marvel at.* * *1.verbo transitivo to amaze, astonish2.maravillarse v pron to be amazed o astonishedmaravillarse DE algo/alguien — to marvel at something/somebody
* * *= dazzle, bedazzle.Ex: The image of the reference librarian, as portrayed by Katherine Hepburn in the film, 'Desk Set,' suggests the superb flair and intellectual acumen with which reference librarians would like to dazzle their patrons.
Ex: Why were others, especially in the west, so bedazzled by the achievements of the ancient Greeks, that they decided to adopt numerous of their beliefs and values?.* maravillarse de = marvel at.* * *maravillar [A1 ]vtto amaze, astonishquedé maravillado al ver lo cambiada que estaba la ciudad I was amazed o astonished at how much the city had changedla actuación del niño maravilló al público the child's performance amazed o astonished the audienceto be amazed o astonished maravillarse DE algo/algn to be amazed o astonished AT sth/sb, marvel AT sth/sbtodos se maravillaron de lo bien que habló everyone was amazed o astonished at how well she spoke, everyone marveled at how well she spoke* * *
maravillar ( conjugate maravillar) verbo transitivo
to amaze, astonish
maravillarse verbo pronominal
to be amazed o astonished;
maravillarse DE algo/algn to marvel at sth/sb
maravillar verbo transitivo to amaze, astonish: me maravilla lo mal que habla, I'm astonished at how badly she speaks
' maravillar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
alucinar
- sorprender
* * *♦ vtto amaze;este juguete maravilla a los niños children are amazed by this toy;me maravilla que esté tan tranquilo I'm amazed that he is so calm* * *v/t amaze, astonish* * *maravillar vtasombrar: to astonish, to amaze -
13 верование
1. faith; belief2. beliefверования и обычаи, признаваемые всем светом — beliefs and customs which are received by the whole world
3. convictionСинонимический ряд:религия (сущ.) вера; веру; религия -
14 druida
f. & m.druid.* * *► nombre masculino,nombre femenino1 druid* * *SM druid* * *masculino druid* * *= druid.Ex. A little is also known about druids' beliefs and rituals, including the importance of mistletoe.* * *masculino druid* * *= druid.Ex: A little is also known about druids' beliefs and rituals, including the importance of mistletoe.
* * *druid* * *
druida sustantivo masculino druid
* * *druida nmdruid -
15 exclusión
f.exclusion, foreclosure, exception, separation.* * *1 exclusion, shutting out\a exclusión de / con exclusión de with the exclusion of, excluding, not counting* * *noun f.* * *SF exclusion* * *femenino exclusionexclusión hecha de or con exclusión de — (frml) with the exclusion of, excluding
* * *= barring, exclusion, ostracism.Ex. Such control may involve the barring of certain terms from use as index headings or access points.Ex. In evaluating the fitness of certain items for inclusion or exclusion in bibliographies it could, indeed, be argued that 'control' could be thought of as a repressive, censoring, device.Ex. Children's librarians have perpetuated beliefs and behaviour patterns that may lead to the elimination, downgrading or ostracism of children's services.----* exclusión social = social exclusion.* zona de exclusión aérea = no-fly zone.* * *femenino exclusionexclusión hecha de or con exclusión de — (frml) with the exclusion of, excluding
* * *= barring, exclusion, ostracism.Ex: Such control may involve the barring of certain terms from use as index headings or access points.
Ex: In evaluating the fitness of certain items for inclusion or exclusion in bibliographies it could, indeed, be argued that 'control' could be thought of as a repressive, censoring, device.Ex: Children's librarians have perpetuated beliefs and behaviour patterns that may lead to the elimination, downgrading or ostracism of children's services.* exclusión social = social exclusion.* zona de exclusión aérea = no-fly zone.* * *exclusionno quiso hacer comentarios sobre su exclusión del equipo he wouldn't comment on his being left out of o dropped from the teamexclusión hecha de or con exclusión de ( frml); with the exclusion of, excludingCompuesto:social exclusion* * *
exclusión sustantivo femenino
exclusion
exclusión sustantivo femenino exclusion: no creo que la exclusión de este grupo de la mesa de negociación sea una buena idea, I don't think it's a good idea to exclude this group from the negotiating table
' exclusión' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
O
English:
apart
- exclusion
- out of
- no-fly zone
* * *exclusión nfexclusion;todos sin exclusión all of them without exception* * *f exclusion;con exclusión de with the exception of, except for* * * -
16 muérdago
m.mistletoe.* * *1 mistletoe* * *SM mistletoe* * *masculino mistletoe* * *= mistletoe.Ex. A little is also known about druids' beliefs and rituals, including the importance of mistletoe.* * *masculino mistletoe* * *= mistletoe.Ex: A little is also known about druids' beliefs and rituals, including the importance of mistletoe.
* * *mistletoe* * *
muérdago sustantivo masculino
mistletoe
muérdago m Bot mistletoe
' muérdago' also found in these entries:
English:
mistletoe
* * *muérdago nmmistletoe* * *m BOT mistletoe* * *muérdago nm: mistletoe* * *muérdago n mistletoe -
17 ostracismo
m.ostracism.ostracismo político political wilderness* * *1 ostracism* * *SM ostracism* * *masculino ostracismcondenar a alguien al ostracismo — (Hist) to ostracize somebody
* * *= ostracism.Ex. Children's librarians have perpetuated beliefs and behaviour patterns that may lead to the elimination, downgrading or ostracism of children's services.----* ostracismo social = social ostracism.* * *masculino ostracismcondenar a alguien al ostracismo — (Hist) to ostracize somebody
* * *= ostracism.Ex: Children's librarians have perpetuated beliefs and behaviour patterns that may lead to the elimination, downgrading or ostracism of children's services.
* ostracismo social = social ostracism.* * *ostracismcondenar a algn al ostracismo ( Hist) to ostracize sb* * *
ostracismo sustantivo masculino
ostracism
ostracismo sustantivo masculino ostracism
' ostracismo' also found in these entries:
English:
ostracize
* * *ostracismo nmostracism;un año en el ostracismo político a year in the political wilderness* * *m ostracism* * *ostracismo nm: ostracism -
18 perpetuar una creencia
(v.) = perpetuate + beliefEx. Children's librarians have perpetuated beliefs and behaviour patterns that may lead to the elimination, downgrading or ostracism of children's services.* * *(v.) = perpetuate + beliefEx: Children's librarians have perpetuated beliefs and behaviour patterns that may lead to the elimination, downgrading or ostracism of children's services.
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19 Memory
To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)[Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of PsychologyIf a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat DiscouragingThe results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory
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20 философия
философия
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philosophy
The academic discipline concerned with making explicit the nature and significance of ordinary and scientific beliefs and investigating the intelligibility of concepts by means of rational argument concerning their presuppositions, implications, and interrelationships; in particular, the rational investigation of the nature and structure of reality (metaphysics), the resources and limits of knowledge (epistemology), the principles and import of moral judgment (ethics), and the relationship between language and reality (semantics). (Source: CED)
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Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > философия
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Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses — The beliefs and practices of Jehovah s Witnesses are based on the Bible teachings of its founder, Charles Taze Russell and his successors, Joseph Franklin Rutherford and Nathan Homer Knorr. Since about 1976 they have also been based on decisions… … Wikipedia
Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam — This article is about the Beliefs and theology of the Nation of IslamMain beliefsThe main belief of The Nation of Islam and its followers is that there is one God Allah. Their most important worship is praying five times a day. The official… … Wikipedia
Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints — Mormon doctrine redirects here. For the book by Bruce R. McConkie, see Mormon Doctrine (book). For more details on the study of Latter day Saint beliefs and practices as an academic field, see Mormon studies. Joseph Smith, Jr. said that he saw… … Wikipedia
Beliefs and ideology of Osama bin Laden — Osama bin Laden, a militant Islamist and reported founder al Qaeda, [Michael Scheuer, Through Our Enemies Eyes , p. 110] in conjunction with several other Islamic militant leaders, issued two fatwas in 1996 and then again in 1998 that Muslims… … Wikipedia
Jewish beliefs and practices in the reform movement — Jewish beliefs and practices have undergone dynamic changes and innovations in the reform movement of Judaism, known also as Progressive, Reform or Liberal Judaism. Due to its origins in Enlightenment era Germany, the reform movement has eyed… … Wikipedia
Scientology beliefs and practices — Scientology is, according to its own texts, the study and handling of the spirit in relationship to itself, others and all of life. [cite web | url=http://www.scientology.org/en US/religion/presentation/pg006.html | title=Introduction to… … Wikipedia
Raëlian beliefs and practices — concern the concepts and principles of the Raëlian Church, the religious mission of Claude Vorilhon, a former French auto racing journalist. [http://www.rael.free.fr/75/autopop.htm AutoPop, la revue des pilotes] Raël : Messie ou Menteur ? .… … Wikipedia
Shia Islamic Beliefs and Practices — The beliefs and practices of Shia Islam are categorised into:*Usool ad Deen ( Roots of the Religion ) five Shi a Islamic beliefs *Furoo ad Deen ( Branches of the Religion ) ten Shi a Islamic practicesIn Sunni Islam, the most fundamental aspects… … Wikipedia
Ravidasi beliefs and practices — Ravidasi beliefs are an off shoot of the Bhakti and Sant movements of the fifteenth century, a religious renaissance in India.Guru Ravidass, the founder of the Ravidasi faith taught the following principles:* The oneness, omnipresence and… … Wikipedia
Sikhism primary beliefs and principles — Ek On Kar Sikhs believe there is only one God, who has infinite qualities and names. He is the same for all religions, God is the Creator, Sustainer and Destroyer. All that you see around you is God s creation. He is everywhere, in everything. He … Wikipedia
Mill, John Stuart: Ethics and politics — J.S.Mill Ethics and politics R.F.Khan ON LIBERTY John Stuart Mill’s mature views on ethics and politics are to be found in On Liberty (published in 1859), Utilitarianism (1861), Considerations on Representative Government (1861) and The… … History of philosophy