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41 Mushet, Robert Forester
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 8 April 1811 Coleford, Gloucestershire, Englandd. 19 January 1891 Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England[br]English steelmaker who invented the first alloy steel.[br]Mushet acquired his metallurgical knowledge in his father's ironworks at Coleford in the Forest of Dean. In 1848 his attention seems to have been drawn to the use of manganese in ironworking, in the form of spiegeleisen, an alloy of iron and manganese derived from a Prussian iron ore consisting essentially of a double carbonate of iron and manganese. This alloy came into its own in 1856 with the invention of the Bessemer steelmaking process, for Mushet found that if molten spiegeleisen was added to the Bessemer iron the quality of the product was greatly improved. Mushet patented this process, but when he failed to pay the stamp duty due in 1859 his rights lapsed. Bessemer independently discovered the use of spiegeleisen, although Mushet continued to maintain his priority.Mushet's most important discovery was that of tungsten steel, the forerunner of a long line of alloy steels. While working a small crucible steelworks at Coleford, he was asked by a Scottish manufacturer to make a hard-metal tool, but he found that the metal was unsatisfactory. After experiments, he found that an alloy steel containing about 8 per cent tungsten possessed remarkable properties. It proved to be self-hardening, i.e. after forging and being allowed to cool, it was found to have become hardened, without the need for the heat treatment that was normally required. Also, unlike other hardened steels, it did not lose its hardness when heated even to dull-red heat. It would thus remain hard in a cutting tool that had run hot through deep cutting. Mushet's tungsten steel was brought into use in 1868 and was of great benefit to engineers, who were making increasing demands on cutting machines.[br]Further ReadingBiographical notice, 1878, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute: 1–4.LRDBiographical history of technology > Mushet, Robert Forester
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42 Psychoanalysis
[Psychoanalysis] seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master in its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in the mind. (Freud, 1953-1974, Vol. 16, pp. 284-285)Although in the interview the analyst is supposedly a "passive" auditor of the "free association" narration by the subject, in point of fact the analyst does direct the course of the narrative. This by itself does not necessarily impair the evidential worth of the outcome, for even in the most meticulously conducted laboratory experiment the experimenter intervenes to obtain the data he is after. There is nevertheless the difficulty that in the nature of the case the full extent of the analyst's intervention is not a matter that is open to public scrutiny, so that by and large one has only his own testimony as to what transpires in the consulting room. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that this is not a question about the personal integrity of psychoanalytic practitioners. The point is the fundamental one that no matter how firmly we may resolve to make explicit our biases, no human being is aware of all of them, and that objectivity in science is achieved through the criticism of publicly accessible material by a community of independent inquirers.... Moreover, unless data are obtained under carefully standardized circumstances, or under different circumstances whose dependence on known variables is nevertheless established, even an extensive collection of data is an unreliable basis for inference. To be sure, analysts apparently do attempt to institute standard conditions for the conduct of interviews. But there is not much information available on the extent to which the standardization is actually enforced, or whether it relates to more than what may be superficial matters. (E. Nagel, 1959, pp. 49-50)3) No Necessary Incompatibility between Psychoanalysis and Certain Religious Formulationshere would seem to be no necessary incompatibility between psychoanalysis and those religious formulations which locate God within the self. One could, indeed, argue that Freud's Id (and even more Groddeck's It), the impersonal force within which is both the core of oneself and yet not oneself, and from which in illness one become[s] alienated, is a secular formation of the insight which makes religious people believe in an immanent God. (Ryecroft, 1966, p. 22)Freudian analysts emphasized that their theories were constantly verified by their "clinical observations."... It was precisely this fact-that they always fitted, that they were always confirmed-which in the eyes of their admirers constituted the strongest argument in favour of these theories. It began to dawn on me that this apparent strength was in fact their weakness.... It is easy to obtain confirmations or verifications, for nearly every theory-if we look for confirmation. (Popper, 1968, pp. 3435)5) Psychoanalysis Is Not a Science But Rather the Interpretation of a Narrated HistoryPsychoanalysis does not satisfy the standards of the sciences of observation, and the "facts" it deals with are not verifiable by multiple, independent observers.... There are no "facts" nor any observation of "facts" in psychoanalysis but rather the interpretation of a narrated history. (Ricoeur, 1974, p. 186)6) Some of the Qualities of a Scientific Approach Are Possessed by PsychoanalysisIn sum: psychoanalysis is not a science, but it shares some of the qualities associated with a scientific approach-the search for truth, understanding, honesty, openness to the import of the observation and evidence, and a skeptical stance toward authority. (Breger, 1981, p. 50)[Attributes of Psychoanalysis:]1. Psychic Determinism. No item in mental life and in conduct and behavior is "accidental"; it is the outcome of antecedent conditions.2. Much mental activity and behavior is purposive or goal-directed in character.3. Much of mental activity and behavior, and its determinants, is unconscious in character. 4. The early experience of the individual, as a child, is very potent, and tends to be pre-potent over later experience. (Farrell, 1981, p. 25)Our sceptic may be unwise enough... to maintain that, because analytic theory is unscientific on his criterion, it is not worth discussing. This step is unwise, because it presupposes that, if a study is not scientific on his criterion, it is not a rational enterprise... an elementary and egregious mistake. The scientific and the rational are not co-extensive. Scientific work is only one form that rational inquiry can take: there are many others. (Farrell, 1981, p. 46)Psychoanalysts have tended to write as though the term analysis spoke for itself, as if the statement "analysis revealed" or "it was analyzed as" preceding a clinical assertion was sufficient to establish the validity of what was being reported. An outsider might easily get the impression from reading the psychoanalytic literature that some standardized, generally accepted procedure existed for both inference and evidence. Instead, exactly the opposite has been true. Clinical material in the hands of one analyst can lead to totally different "findings" in the hands of another. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 128)The analytic process-the means by which we arrive at psychoanalytic understanding-has been largely neglected and is poorly understood, and there has been comparatively little interest in the issues of inference and evidence. Indeed, psychoanalysts as a group have not recognized the importance of being bound by scientific constraints. They do not seem to understand that a possibility is only that-a possibility-and that innumerable ways may exist to explain the same data. Psychoanalysts all too often do not seem to distinguish hypotheses from facts, nor do they seem to understand that hypotheses must be tested in some way, that criteria for evidence must exist, and that any given test for any hypothesis must allow for the full range of substantiation/refutation. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 129)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychoanalysis
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43 isim
,-smi 1. name (of a person or thing), appellation. 2. gram. noun. 3. title (of a book, a painting, a musical composition, etc.). 4. person: Bertan´ın hayatında yeni isimler var artık. Bertan´s got new people in his life now. -ini cismini bilmemek /ın/ not to know anything about. - cümlesi gram. sentence that has to be as its main verb. -i geçen previously mentioned, aforementioned. - hali gram. case (of a noun). - koymak /a/ to give (someone, something) a name, name. - takımı gram. two or more nouns grammatically related as possessor and possessed or modifier and modified. - takmak /a/ to nickname. - tamlaması gram. two or more nouns linked together to form a grammatical unit (e.g. okulun bahçesi, kız lisesi, altın saat). -i var, cismi yok. colloq. 1. He/She/It is much talked of but never seen. 2. It´s something imaginary. - vermek /a/ to name, give (someone, something) a name. - yapmak to become famous, make a name for oneself. -
44 itidal
",-li 1. moderation. 2. mildness, sobriety; composure, equanimity. - bulmak to become moderate, calm down. -ini kaybetmek to lose one´s temper. -ini muhafaza etmek to keep calm, not to lose one´s self-control. - sahibi calm, self-possessed, composed. " -
45 sinir
"1. anat. nerve. 2. colloq. sinew, tendon; muscle fiber. 3. quirk, peculiar trait, peculiarity of behavior. 4. thing about which one is fastidious. 5. anger; irritation. 6. equanimity, emotional balance: Bende sinir kalmadı. My nerves are shot./I´m very upset. 7. irritating, exasperating (person, thing). - ağrısı neuralgia. -leri altüst/ayakta olmak to be very upset, angry, or irritated. - argınlığı neurasthenia. - boğumları anat. neural ganglions. -leri boşanmak to have a fit of nerves, be unable to control oneself, get hysterical or slightly hysterical. -ine dokunmak /ın/ to get on (one´s) nerves, irritate, Brit. give (someone) the pip. -leri gergin olmak to be tense, be under nervous pressure. -leri gerilmek (for someone) to be ready to explode with anger. - harbi war of nerves. - hastalığı/sayrılığı neuropathy. - kesilmek to become enraged. - kökenli neurogenic. -leri kuvvetli cool, self-possessed, imperturbable. -i oynamak/- olmak to get angry, get one´s dander up. -i tutmak to get angry suddenly, get in a temper. -leri zayıf excitable, easily excited; easily irritated." -
46 כפי
כפי, כָּפָא, כָּפָה(b. h.; v. כָּפַף) 1) to bend over, invert, turn upside down. Tam.V, 5 היה כּוֹפֶה עליהןוכ׳ he inverts a large vessel and puts it over them (the coals). Ib. כּוֹפִין אותהוכ׳ they invert it over Pesik. Ekhah, p. 123a> כ׳ סיח את המנורה the ass (of gold, given as a bribe to the judge) has upset the lamp (offered on the other side; whence a proverbial expression for litigants outbidding each other in bribery); Y.Yoma I, 38c bot; Lev. R. s. 21; Pesik. Aḥăré, p. 177a>.Esp. כ׳ את המיטה to upset the couch, to place the mattresses on or near the floor, as a sign of mourning, opp. to זָקַף. M. Kat. 15b top (euphemistic version, read with Ms. M.:) דמות … בכם ובעונותיכם … כְּפוּ מיטותיכןוכ׳ I (the Lord) had placed my image among you, and for your sins I upeet it (decreed death), upset now your beds; Y.Ber.III, 6a top; Y.M. Kat. III, 83a top כְּפֵה מיטתך. Ib. כבר כְּפִינוּם we have already lowered them (the couches); Y.Ber.III, 5d bot. כפיטם (corr. acc.). Keth.4b כּוֹפֶה מיטתו he lowers his couch (when his wife is in mourning); כּוֹפָה מיטתה she lowers (when her husband is in mourning); a. fr.Part. pass. כָּפוּי, f. כְּפוּיָה, pl. כְּפוּיִים, כְּפוּיוֹת. Tosef.Ohol.XII, 2 סאח ב׳ על פיה a dry measure turned upside down. Lam. R. introd. (R. Ḥăn. 3) (play on כפי המלח, v. כַּף) כְּפוּיֵי מלחמה those upset by war. Y.Ber.III, 6a top מטה כ׳ a lowered couch; a. fr.Esp. כְּפוּי טובה one on whom kindness is upset, ungrateful, unappreciative. Ab. Zar.5a כפויי טובה בניוכ׳ you ungrateful ones, sons of ungrateful ones. Lev. R. s. 4; a. fr. 2) to press, force. Keth. V, 5 כּוֹפָהּ לעשותוכ׳ he may compel her to work in wool. Yeb.106a, a. fr. כּוֹפִין אותז עדוכ׳ the court uses means of coercion, until he says ‘I will, opp. to בעל כרחו. Sot.46b כ׳ ללויה we force a host to escort (protect) his guest on parting. B. Bath.12b כגון זו כ׳ על מדת סדום in such a case we apply force on the ground of the law of equity (v. סְדוֹם). Y.Peah I, 15d; Y.Kidd.I, 61c top וכוֹפִין do we compel (a son to support his father)? Ib. כופין את הבן we do compel R. Hash. 28a כְּפָאוֹ ואכלוכ׳ if somebody forced him, and he ate Matsah (on the first Passover night). Ib. כ׳ שד a demon possessed him. Ib. כְּפָאוּהוּ פרסיים Persians (gentiles) forced him; a. fr.Snh.70b כפאתו, v. כָּפַת.v. כּוּף I a. כָּפַף. Nif. נִכְפָּח 1) to be inverted, upset; to be forced. Y. M. Kat l. c. וֹיִכָּפֶה הסרסור let the agent (of sin, the evil inclination) be overpowered (by mourning ceremonies); Y. Ber. l. c. ויכ׳ כפה (corr. acc.). Ib. 5d bot; Y. M. Kat. l. c. אינה נִכְפַּית need not be upturned, v. דַּרְגֵּש; a. fr. 2) to be overtaken by a demon, esp. to be epileptic. Lev. R. s. 26 ישראל … שנִכְפּוּ an Israelite and a priest that were afflicted Pes.112b אותו תינוק נִכְפֶּה that child will become epileptic. Ib. בנים נִכְפֵּין epileptic children; Keth.60b (Chald. form) בני נִכְפֵּי Tosef.B. Bath.IV, 5 נִכְפֵּית היא she is subject to epileptic attacks; B. Mets.80a. Yeb.64b משפחת נִכְפִּין a family subject to epilepsy. -
47 כפא
כפי, כָּפָא, כָּפָה(b. h.; v. כָּפַף) 1) to bend over, invert, turn upside down. Tam.V, 5 היה כּוֹפֶה עליהןוכ׳ he inverts a large vessel and puts it over them (the coals). Ib. כּוֹפִין אותהוכ׳ they invert it over Pesik. Ekhah, p. 123a> כ׳ סיח את המנורה the ass (of gold, given as a bribe to the judge) has upset the lamp (offered on the other side; whence a proverbial expression for litigants outbidding each other in bribery); Y.Yoma I, 38c bot; Lev. R. s. 21; Pesik. Aḥăré, p. 177a>.Esp. כ׳ את המיטה to upset the couch, to place the mattresses on or near the floor, as a sign of mourning, opp. to זָקַף. M. Kat. 15b top (euphemistic version, read with Ms. M.:) דמות … בכם ובעונותיכם … כְּפוּ מיטותיכןוכ׳ I (the Lord) had placed my image among you, and for your sins I upeet it (decreed death), upset now your beds; Y.Ber.III, 6a top; Y.M. Kat. III, 83a top כְּפֵה מיטתך. Ib. כבר כְּפִינוּם we have already lowered them (the couches); Y.Ber.III, 5d bot. כפיטם (corr. acc.). Keth.4b כּוֹפֶה מיטתו he lowers his couch (when his wife is in mourning); כּוֹפָה מיטתה she lowers (when her husband is in mourning); a. fr.Part. pass. כָּפוּי, f. כְּפוּיָה, pl. כְּפוּיִים, כְּפוּיוֹת. Tosef.Ohol.XII, 2 סאח ב׳ על פיה a dry measure turned upside down. Lam. R. introd. (R. Ḥăn. 3) (play on כפי המלח, v. כַּף) כְּפוּיֵי מלחמה those upset by war. Y.Ber.III, 6a top מטה כ׳ a lowered couch; a. fr.Esp. כְּפוּי טובה one on whom kindness is upset, ungrateful, unappreciative. Ab. Zar.5a כפויי טובה בניוכ׳ you ungrateful ones, sons of ungrateful ones. Lev. R. s. 4; a. fr. 2) to press, force. Keth. V, 5 כּוֹפָהּ לעשותוכ׳ he may compel her to work in wool. Yeb.106a, a. fr. כּוֹפִין אותז עדוכ׳ the court uses means of coercion, until he says ‘I will, opp. to בעל כרחו. Sot.46b כ׳ ללויה we force a host to escort (protect) his guest on parting. B. Bath.12b כגון זו כ׳ על מדת סדום in such a case we apply force on the ground of the law of equity (v. סְדוֹם). Y.Peah I, 15d; Y.Kidd.I, 61c top וכוֹפִין do we compel (a son to support his father)? Ib. כופין את הבן we do compel R. Hash. 28a כְּפָאוֹ ואכלוכ׳ if somebody forced him, and he ate Matsah (on the first Passover night). Ib. כ׳ שד a demon possessed him. Ib. כְּפָאוּהוּ פרסיים Persians (gentiles) forced him; a. fr.Snh.70b כפאתו, v. כָּפַת.v. כּוּף I a. כָּפַף. Nif. נִכְפָּח 1) to be inverted, upset; to be forced. Y. M. Kat l. c. וֹיִכָּפֶה הסרסור let the agent (of sin, the evil inclination) be overpowered (by mourning ceremonies); Y. Ber. l. c. ויכ׳ כפה (corr. acc.). Ib. 5d bot; Y. M. Kat. l. c. אינה נִכְפַּית need not be upturned, v. דַּרְגֵּש; a. fr. 2) to be overtaken by a demon, esp. to be epileptic. Lev. R. s. 26 ישראל … שנִכְפּוּ an Israelite and a priest that were afflicted Pes.112b אותו תינוק נִכְפֶּה that child will become epileptic. Ib. בנים נִכְפֵּין epileptic children; Keth.60b (Chald. form) בני נִכְפֵּי Tosef.B. Bath.IV, 5 נִכְפֵּית היא she is subject to epileptic attacks; B. Mets.80a. Yeb.64b משפחת נִכְפִּין a family subject to epilepsy. -
48 כָּפָא
כפי, כָּפָא, כָּפָה(b. h.; v. כָּפַף) 1) to bend over, invert, turn upside down. Tam.V, 5 היה כּוֹפֶה עליהןוכ׳ he inverts a large vessel and puts it over them (the coals). Ib. כּוֹפִין אותהוכ׳ they invert it over Pesik. Ekhah, p. 123a> כ׳ סיח את המנורה the ass (of gold, given as a bribe to the judge) has upset the lamp (offered on the other side; whence a proverbial expression for litigants outbidding each other in bribery); Y.Yoma I, 38c bot; Lev. R. s. 21; Pesik. Aḥăré, p. 177a>.Esp. כ׳ את המיטה to upset the couch, to place the mattresses on or near the floor, as a sign of mourning, opp. to זָקַף. M. Kat. 15b top (euphemistic version, read with Ms. M.:) דמות … בכם ובעונותיכם … כְּפוּ מיטותיכןוכ׳ I (the Lord) had placed my image among you, and for your sins I upeet it (decreed death), upset now your beds; Y.Ber.III, 6a top; Y.M. Kat. III, 83a top כְּפֵה מיטתך. Ib. כבר כְּפִינוּם we have already lowered them (the couches); Y.Ber.III, 5d bot. כפיטם (corr. acc.). Keth.4b כּוֹפֶה מיטתו he lowers his couch (when his wife is in mourning); כּוֹפָה מיטתה she lowers (when her husband is in mourning); a. fr.Part. pass. כָּפוּי, f. כְּפוּיָה, pl. כְּפוּיִים, כְּפוּיוֹת. Tosef.Ohol.XII, 2 סאח ב׳ על פיה a dry measure turned upside down. Lam. R. introd. (R. Ḥăn. 3) (play on כפי המלח, v. כַּף) כְּפוּיֵי מלחמה those upset by war. Y.Ber.III, 6a top מטה כ׳ a lowered couch; a. fr.Esp. כְּפוּי טובה one on whom kindness is upset, ungrateful, unappreciative. Ab. Zar.5a כפויי טובה בניוכ׳ you ungrateful ones, sons of ungrateful ones. Lev. R. s. 4; a. fr. 2) to press, force. Keth. V, 5 כּוֹפָהּ לעשותוכ׳ he may compel her to work in wool. Yeb.106a, a. fr. כּוֹפִין אותז עדוכ׳ the court uses means of coercion, until he says ‘I will, opp. to בעל כרחו. Sot.46b כ׳ ללויה we force a host to escort (protect) his guest on parting. B. Bath.12b כגון זו כ׳ על מדת סדום in such a case we apply force on the ground of the law of equity (v. סְדוֹם). Y.Peah I, 15d; Y.Kidd.I, 61c top וכוֹפִין do we compel (a son to support his father)? Ib. כופין את הבן we do compel R. Hash. 28a כְּפָאוֹ ואכלוכ׳ if somebody forced him, and he ate Matsah (on the first Passover night). Ib. כ׳ שד a demon possessed him. Ib. כְּפָאוּהוּ פרסיים Persians (gentiles) forced him; a. fr.Snh.70b כפאתו, v. כָּפַת.v. כּוּף I a. כָּפַף. Nif. נִכְפָּח 1) to be inverted, upset; to be forced. Y. M. Kat l. c. וֹיִכָּפֶה הסרסור let the agent (of sin, the evil inclination) be overpowered (by mourning ceremonies); Y. Ber. l. c. ויכ׳ כפה (corr. acc.). Ib. 5d bot; Y. M. Kat. l. c. אינה נִכְפַּית need not be upturned, v. דַּרְגֵּש; a. fr. 2) to be overtaken by a demon, esp. to be epileptic. Lev. R. s. 26 ישראל … שנִכְפּוּ an Israelite and a priest that were afflicted Pes.112b אותו תינוק נִכְפֶּה that child will become epileptic. Ib. בנים נִכְפֵּין epileptic children; Keth.60b (Chald. form) בני נִכְפֵּי Tosef.B. Bath.IV, 5 נִכְפֵּית היא she is subject to epileptic attacks; B. Mets.80a. Yeb.64b משפחת נִכְפִּין a family subject to epilepsy. -
49 כָּפָה
כפי, כָּפָא, כָּפָה(b. h.; v. כָּפַף) 1) to bend over, invert, turn upside down. Tam.V, 5 היה כּוֹפֶה עליהןוכ׳ he inverts a large vessel and puts it over them (the coals). Ib. כּוֹפִין אותהוכ׳ they invert it over Pesik. Ekhah, p. 123a> כ׳ סיח את המנורה the ass (of gold, given as a bribe to the judge) has upset the lamp (offered on the other side; whence a proverbial expression for litigants outbidding each other in bribery); Y.Yoma I, 38c bot; Lev. R. s. 21; Pesik. Aḥăré, p. 177a>.Esp. כ׳ את המיטה to upset the couch, to place the mattresses on or near the floor, as a sign of mourning, opp. to זָקַף. M. Kat. 15b top (euphemistic version, read with Ms. M.:) דמות … בכם ובעונותיכם … כְּפוּ מיטותיכןוכ׳ I (the Lord) had placed my image among you, and for your sins I upeet it (decreed death), upset now your beds; Y.Ber.III, 6a top; Y.M. Kat. III, 83a top כְּפֵה מיטתך. Ib. כבר כְּפִינוּם we have already lowered them (the couches); Y.Ber.III, 5d bot. כפיטם (corr. acc.). Keth.4b כּוֹפֶה מיטתו he lowers his couch (when his wife is in mourning); כּוֹפָה מיטתה she lowers (when her husband is in mourning); a. fr.Part. pass. כָּפוּי, f. כְּפוּיָה, pl. כְּפוּיִים, כְּפוּיוֹת. Tosef.Ohol.XII, 2 סאח ב׳ על פיה a dry measure turned upside down. Lam. R. introd. (R. Ḥăn. 3) (play on כפי המלח, v. כַּף) כְּפוּיֵי מלחמה those upset by war. Y.Ber.III, 6a top מטה כ׳ a lowered couch; a. fr.Esp. כְּפוּי טובה one on whom kindness is upset, ungrateful, unappreciative. Ab. Zar.5a כפויי טובה בניוכ׳ you ungrateful ones, sons of ungrateful ones. Lev. R. s. 4; a. fr. 2) to press, force. Keth. V, 5 כּוֹפָהּ לעשותוכ׳ he may compel her to work in wool. Yeb.106a, a. fr. כּוֹפִין אותז עדוכ׳ the court uses means of coercion, until he says ‘I will, opp. to בעל כרחו. Sot.46b כ׳ ללויה we force a host to escort (protect) his guest on parting. B. Bath.12b כגון זו כ׳ על מדת סדום in such a case we apply force on the ground of the law of equity (v. סְדוֹם). Y.Peah I, 15d; Y.Kidd.I, 61c top וכוֹפִין do we compel (a son to support his father)? Ib. כופין את הבן we do compel R. Hash. 28a כְּפָאוֹ ואכלוכ׳ if somebody forced him, and he ate Matsah (on the first Passover night). Ib. כ׳ שד a demon possessed him. Ib. כְּפָאוּהוּ פרסיים Persians (gentiles) forced him; a. fr.Snh.70b כפאתו, v. כָּפַת.v. כּוּף I a. כָּפַף. Nif. נִכְפָּח 1) to be inverted, upset; to be forced. Y. M. Kat l. c. וֹיִכָּפֶה הסרסור let the agent (of sin, the evil inclination) be overpowered (by mourning ceremonies); Y. Ber. l. c. ויכ׳ כפה (corr. acc.). Ib. 5d bot; Y. M. Kat. l. c. אינה נִכְפַּית need not be upturned, v. דַּרְגֵּש; a. fr. 2) to be overtaken by a demon, esp. to be epileptic. Lev. R. s. 26 ישראל … שנִכְפּוּ an Israelite and a priest that were afflicted Pes.112b אותו תינוק נִכְפֶּה that child will become epileptic. Ib. בנים נִכְפֵּין epileptic children; Keth.60b (Chald. form) בני נִכְפֵּי Tosef.B. Bath.IV, 5 נִכְפֵּית היא she is subject to epileptic attacks; B. Mets.80a. Yeb.64b משפחת נִכְפִּין a family subject to epilepsy. -
50 קני
קני, קָנָה(b. h.) ( to estabIish, 1) (cmp. קום, Gen. 23:17) to create; to acquire, own; to take possession. R. Hash. 31a (ref. to Ps. 24 recited in the Temple on the first day of the week) על שם שק׳ והקנהוכ׳ because he (the Lord in establishing the world) took possession and gave (his creatures) possession (invested them with a fief), and became the sovereign of the world. Kidd.I, 1 האשה קוֹנָה את עצמהוכ׳ a wife acquires herself (becomes independent) when she receives her divorce Ib. 20a כל הקוֹנֶה … כקונהוכ׳ whoever buys a Hebrew bondman creates, as it were, a master over himself. B. Mets.75b הקונה אדון לעצמו he who creates a master over himself, expl. תולה נכסיו בנכרי who (in order to evade obligations) hangs his property on a gentile (pretends to be merely the agent of a gentile); (another explan.) הכותב נכסיווכ׳ who transfers his property to his children during his lifetime. Gitt.37b sq. (ref. to Lev. 25:45) אתם קוֹנִיםוכ׳ you may buy (as a slave) one of them, but they cannot buy one of you, nor can they buy of one another. Ib. יכול לא יִקְנוּ זה את זה למעשה ידיו you may think, they cannot buy one another for the work (as long as the serf choses to be in the masters power); ולא הם קוֹנִים … לגופו they cannot buy of one another a bodily slave (who requires formal manumission to be a freeman). B. Mets.46b bot. מכור לי באלו ק׳ if one says, sell me (a certain object) for these (coins which I hold in my hand), he has bought (the sale is valid). Ib. IV, 1 הזהב קונהוכ׳, v. זָהָב. Ib. מעות הרעות קוֹנוֹתוכ׳ the delivery of cancelled coins effects the purchase of the valid coins. Ib. 47b מעות קונות the delivery of the purchasing money gives possession (no formal possession of the purchased object (מְשִׁיכָה) being required). Kidd.22b הגבהה קונה lifting up the purchased object makes the sale binding; a. v. fr. 2) to make sure; to obligate a person by a special symbolical act (קִנְיָן); to enter into an obligation by a special symbolical form. Gitt.51a בשקָנוּ מידו when they (the court, witnesses) made him obligate himself (that his widow should receive support from his estate); בשקנו לזו ולא קנו לזו when such an obligation was entered with reference to this (his wifes case), but not with reference to that (his daughters case). B. Mets.47a במה קונין … בכליו של קונה wherewith is the bargain made sure?… By handing over one of the garments (or any object) belonging to the purchaser; דניחא ליה לקונה דליהוי מקנה קונהוכ׳ for the purchaser likes the seller to obligate himself, in order that he may be sure to give him possession; a. fr.Ib. 48b when he said to him, ערבוני יָקוּן (fr. קון = קנה) my earnest money shall serve to make the purchase sure.Part. pass. קָנוּי; f. קְנוּיָה; pl. קְנוּיִים, קְנוּיִין; קְנוּיוֹת. Kidd.16a עבד עברי גופו ק׳ והרבוכ׳ a Hebrew bondman is owned bodily (to the end of his term), and if the master allowed him a reduction of his time, his allowance is not legally binding (the slave not being able to acquire himself); ib. 28a; B. Kam. 113b. Gen. R. s. 86 (ref. to Gen. 39:1) הקנויין קונין וכלוכ׳ as a rule those who are owned make themselves owners (slaves enrich themselves by robbing their master), and all slaves cause decrease to their masters house, but in this case ‘the Lord blessed (ib. 5); Yalk. ib. 145 הקונין קונין (corr. acc.); a. fr.Tosef.Ned.IV, 6 קונם … שאני קנוי the axe of which I am possessed be forbidden (v. קוֹנָם), i. e. I swear that I have no axe; Ned.35a (Rashi שאינו ק׳ I swear that another axe is not owned by me).Y.Peah IV, 18b השעה קנויה, read: פְּנוּיָה, v. פָּנוּי. Nif. נִקְנֶה to be acquired, owned, bought. Kidd.20a (ref. to Lev. 25:14) דבר הנ׳ מיד ליד this refers to what is bought from hand to hand (movable goods). Ib. I, 1 האשה נִקְנֵיתוכ׳ a wife can be acquired in three ways. Ib. 6b אין אשה נ׳ בחליפין a wife cannot be taken possession of by symbolical delivery (חֲלִיפִין). Ib. I, 3 עבד כנעני נ׳ בכסףוכ׳ a Canaanite slave is taken possession of (is considered owned) either by delivery of the purchasing money, or by a deed, or by undisturbed possession (חֲזָקָה). Ib. 5 נכסים שיש … נִקְנִיןוכ׳ landed property is acquired by means of handing over the money, but movables cannot be acquired otherwise than by taking hold (מְשִׁיכָה). Ib. 22b תִּקָּנֶה בביאח let her be acquired (become his slave) by coition; a. fr. Hif. הִקְנָה to give possession, sell, transfer. R. Hash. l. c., v. supra. Snh.81b ולמַקְנוֹ, v. קוֹנֶה. Keth.82b אשה הִקְנוּ לווכ׳ it is heaven that gave him a wife (through his brothers death without issue); Yeb.39a. B. Mets.47a בכליו של מַקְנֶה, v. supra. Ib. 33b, a. fr. אין אדם מקנה דברוכ׳ none can give possession of (sell) what does not yet exist (future crops); a. fr.Esth. R. introd. (ref. to Deut. 28:68 sq.) למה ואין קונה …ע״י שלא הִקְנִיתֶם אלהוכ׳ why ‘no purchaser?… Because you have not transmitted ‘these words of the covenant, for there is none among you making the five books of the Law his own (v. קוֹנֶה). -
51 קנה
קני, קָנָה(b. h.) ( to estabIish, 1) (cmp. קום, Gen. 23:17) to create; to acquire, own; to take possession. R. Hash. 31a (ref. to Ps. 24 recited in the Temple on the first day of the week) על שם שק׳ והקנהוכ׳ because he (the Lord in establishing the world) took possession and gave (his creatures) possession (invested them with a fief), and became the sovereign of the world. Kidd.I, 1 האשה קוֹנָה את עצמהוכ׳ a wife acquires herself (becomes independent) when she receives her divorce Ib. 20a כל הקוֹנֶה … כקונהוכ׳ whoever buys a Hebrew bondman creates, as it were, a master over himself. B. Mets.75b הקונה אדון לעצמו he who creates a master over himself, expl. תולה נכסיו בנכרי who (in order to evade obligations) hangs his property on a gentile (pretends to be merely the agent of a gentile); (another explan.) הכותב נכסיווכ׳ who transfers his property to his children during his lifetime. Gitt.37b sq. (ref. to Lev. 25:45) אתם קוֹנִיםוכ׳ you may buy (as a slave) one of them, but they cannot buy one of you, nor can they buy of one another. Ib. יכול לא יִקְנוּ זה את זה למעשה ידיו you may think, they cannot buy one another for the work (as long as the serf choses to be in the masters power); ולא הם קוֹנִים … לגופו they cannot buy of one another a bodily slave (who requires formal manumission to be a freeman). B. Mets.46b bot. מכור לי באלו ק׳ if one says, sell me (a certain object) for these (coins which I hold in my hand), he has bought (the sale is valid). Ib. IV, 1 הזהב קונהוכ׳, v. זָהָב. Ib. מעות הרעות קוֹנוֹתוכ׳ the delivery of cancelled coins effects the purchase of the valid coins. Ib. 47b מעות קונות the delivery of the purchasing money gives possession (no formal possession of the purchased object (מְשִׁיכָה) being required). Kidd.22b הגבהה קונה lifting up the purchased object makes the sale binding; a. v. fr. 2) to make sure; to obligate a person by a special symbolical act (קִנְיָן); to enter into an obligation by a special symbolical form. Gitt.51a בשקָנוּ מידו when they (the court, witnesses) made him obligate himself (that his widow should receive support from his estate); בשקנו לזו ולא קנו לזו when such an obligation was entered with reference to this (his wifes case), but not with reference to that (his daughters case). B. Mets.47a במה קונין … בכליו של קונה wherewith is the bargain made sure?… By handing over one of the garments (or any object) belonging to the purchaser; דניחא ליה לקונה דליהוי מקנה קונהוכ׳ for the purchaser likes the seller to obligate himself, in order that he may be sure to give him possession; a. fr.Ib. 48b when he said to him, ערבוני יָקוּן (fr. קון = קנה) my earnest money shall serve to make the purchase sure.Part. pass. קָנוּי; f. קְנוּיָה; pl. קְנוּיִים, קְנוּיִין; קְנוּיוֹת. Kidd.16a עבד עברי גופו ק׳ והרבוכ׳ a Hebrew bondman is owned bodily (to the end of his term), and if the master allowed him a reduction of his time, his allowance is not legally binding (the slave not being able to acquire himself); ib. 28a; B. Kam. 113b. Gen. R. s. 86 (ref. to Gen. 39:1) הקנויין קונין וכלוכ׳ as a rule those who are owned make themselves owners (slaves enrich themselves by robbing their master), and all slaves cause decrease to their masters house, but in this case ‘the Lord blessed (ib. 5); Yalk. ib. 145 הקונין קונין (corr. acc.); a. fr.Tosef.Ned.IV, 6 קונם … שאני קנוי the axe of which I am possessed be forbidden (v. קוֹנָם), i. e. I swear that I have no axe; Ned.35a (Rashi שאינו ק׳ I swear that another axe is not owned by me).Y.Peah IV, 18b השעה קנויה, read: פְּנוּיָה, v. פָּנוּי. Nif. נִקְנֶה to be acquired, owned, bought. Kidd.20a (ref. to Lev. 25:14) דבר הנ׳ מיד ליד this refers to what is bought from hand to hand (movable goods). Ib. I, 1 האשה נִקְנֵיתוכ׳ a wife can be acquired in three ways. Ib. 6b אין אשה נ׳ בחליפין a wife cannot be taken possession of by symbolical delivery (חֲלִיפִין). Ib. I, 3 עבד כנעני נ׳ בכסףוכ׳ a Canaanite slave is taken possession of (is considered owned) either by delivery of the purchasing money, or by a deed, or by undisturbed possession (חֲזָקָה). Ib. 5 נכסים שיש … נִקְנִיןוכ׳ landed property is acquired by means of handing over the money, but movables cannot be acquired otherwise than by taking hold (מְשִׁיכָה). Ib. 22b תִּקָּנֶה בביאח let her be acquired (become his slave) by coition; a. fr. Hif. הִקְנָה to give possession, sell, transfer. R. Hash. l. c., v. supra. Snh.81b ולמַקְנוֹ, v. קוֹנֶה. Keth.82b אשה הִקְנוּ לווכ׳ it is heaven that gave him a wife (through his brothers death without issue); Yeb.39a. B. Mets.47a בכליו של מַקְנֶה, v. supra. Ib. 33b, a. fr. אין אדם מקנה דברוכ׳ none can give possession of (sell) what does not yet exist (future crops); a. fr.Esth. R. introd. (ref. to Deut. 28:68 sq.) למה ואין קונה …ע״י שלא הִקְנִיתֶם אלהוכ׳ why ‘no purchaser?… Because you have not transmitted ‘these words of the covenant, for there is none among you making the five books of the Law his own (v. קוֹנֶה). -
52 קָנָה
קני, קָנָה(b. h.) ( to estabIish, 1) (cmp. קום, Gen. 23:17) to create; to acquire, own; to take possession. R. Hash. 31a (ref. to Ps. 24 recited in the Temple on the first day of the week) על שם שק׳ והקנהוכ׳ because he (the Lord in establishing the world) took possession and gave (his creatures) possession (invested them with a fief), and became the sovereign of the world. Kidd.I, 1 האשה קוֹנָה את עצמהוכ׳ a wife acquires herself (becomes independent) when she receives her divorce Ib. 20a כל הקוֹנֶה … כקונהוכ׳ whoever buys a Hebrew bondman creates, as it were, a master over himself. B. Mets.75b הקונה אדון לעצמו he who creates a master over himself, expl. תולה נכסיו בנכרי who (in order to evade obligations) hangs his property on a gentile (pretends to be merely the agent of a gentile); (another explan.) הכותב נכסיווכ׳ who transfers his property to his children during his lifetime. Gitt.37b sq. (ref. to Lev. 25:45) אתם קוֹנִיםוכ׳ you may buy (as a slave) one of them, but they cannot buy one of you, nor can they buy of one another. Ib. יכול לא יִקְנוּ זה את זה למעשה ידיו you may think, they cannot buy one another for the work (as long as the serf choses to be in the masters power); ולא הם קוֹנִים … לגופו they cannot buy of one another a bodily slave (who requires formal manumission to be a freeman). B. Mets.46b bot. מכור לי באלו ק׳ if one says, sell me (a certain object) for these (coins which I hold in my hand), he has bought (the sale is valid). Ib. IV, 1 הזהב קונהוכ׳, v. זָהָב. Ib. מעות הרעות קוֹנוֹתוכ׳ the delivery of cancelled coins effects the purchase of the valid coins. Ib. 47b מעות קונות the delivery of the purchasing money gives possession (no formal possession of the purchased object (מְשִׁיכָה) being required). Kidd.22b הגבהה קונה lifting up the purchased object makes the sale binding; a. v. fr. 2) to make sure; to obligate a person by a special symbolical act (קִנְיָן); to enter into an obligation by a special symbolical form. Gitt.51a בשקָנוּ מידו when they (the court, witnesses) made him obligate himself (that his widow should receive support from his estate); בשקנו לזו ולא קנו לזו when such an obligation was entered with reference to this (his wifes case), but not with reference to that (his daughters case). B. Mets.47a במה קונין … בכליו של קונה wherewith is the bargain made sure?… By handing over one of the garments (or any object) belonging to the purchaser; דניחא ליה לקונה דליהוי מקנה קונהוכ׳ for the purchaser likes the seller to obligate himself, in order that he may be sure to give him possession; a. fr.Ib. 48b when he said to him, ערבוני יָקוּן (fr. קון = קנה) my earnest money shall serve to make the purchase sure.Part. pass. קָנוּי; f. קְנוּיָה; pl. קְנוּיִים, קְנוּיִין; קְנוּיוֹת. Kidd.16a עבד עברי גופו ק׳ והרבוכ׳ a Hebrew bondman is owned bodily (to the end of his term), and if the master allowed him a reduction of his time, his allowance is not legally binding (the slave not being able to acquire himself); ib. 28a; B. Kam. 113b. Gen. R. s. 86 (ref. to Gen. 39:1) הקנויין קונין וכלוכ׳ as a rule those who are owned make themselves owners (slaves enrich themselves by robbing their master), and all slaves cause decrease to their masters house, but in this case ‘the Lord blessed (ib. 5); Yalk. ib. 145 הקונין קונין (corr. acc.); a. fr.Tosef.Ned.IV, 6 קונם … שאני קנוי the axe of which I am possessed be forbidden (v. קוֹנָם), i. e. I swear that I have no axe; Ned.35a (Rashi שאינו ק׳ I swear that another axe is not owned by me).Y.Peah IV, 18b השעה קנויה, read: פְּנוּיָה, v. פָּנוּי. Nif. נִקְנֶה to be acquired, owned, bought. Kidd.20a (ref. to Lev. 25:14) דבר הנ׳ מיד ליד this refers to what is bought from hand to hand (movable goods). Ib. I, 1 האשה נִקְנֵיתוכ׳ a wife can be acquired in three ways. Ib. 6b אין אשה נ׳ בחליפין a wife cannot be taken possession of by symbolical delivery (חֲלִיפִין). Ib. I, 3 עבד כנעני נ׳ בכסףוכ׳ a Canaanite slave is taken possession of (is considered owned) either by delivery of the purchasing money, or by a deed, or by undisturbed possession (חֲזָקָה). Ib. 5 נכסים שיש … נִקְנִיןוכ׳ landed property is acquired by means of handing over the money, but movables cannot be acquired otherwise than by taking hold (מְשִׁיכָה). Ib. 22b תִּקָּנֶה בביאח let her be acquired (become his slave) by coition; a. fr. Hif. הִקְנָה to give possession, sell, transfer. R. Hash. l. c., v. supra. Snh.81b ולמַקְנוֹ, v. קוֹנֶה. Keth.82b אשה הִקְנוּ לווכ׳ it is heaven that gave him a wife (through his brothers death without issue); Yeb.39a. B. Mets.47a בכליו של מַקְנֶה, v. supra. Ib. 33b, a. fr. אין אדם מקנה דברוכ׳ none can give possession of (sell) what does not yet exist (future crops); a. fr.Esth. R. introd. (ref. to Deut. 28:68 sq.) למה ואין קונה …ע״י שלא הִקְנִיתֶם אלהוכ׳ why ‘no purchaser?… Because you have not transmitted ‘these words of the covenant, for there is none among you making the five books of the Law his own (v. קוֹנֶה).
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