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1 Bodenversauerung
закисление почвы
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil acidification
A naturally occurring process in humid climates that has long been the subject of research, whose findings suggest acid precipitation effects. The generally accepted impact of soil acidification on the productivity of terrestrial plants is summarised as follows: as soil becomes more acidic the basic cations (Ca, Mg) on the soil exchange are replaced by hydrogen ions or solubilized metals. The basic cation, now in solution, can be leached through the soil. As time progresses the soil becomes less fertile and more acidic. Resultant decreases in soil pH cause reduced, less-active population of soil microorganisms, which in turn slow decomposition of plant residues and cycling of essential plant nutrients. (Source: PARCOR)
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Bodenversauerung
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2 Bodenfeuchtigkeit
влажность почвогрунта
Содержание воды в почвогрунте.
Примечание
Различают: весовую влажность, которая выражается в процентах от веса абсолютно сухого почвогрунта или в процентах от веса сырого почвогрунта; объемную влажность - количество воды в почвогрунте, выраженное отношением объема воды к объему почвогрунта.
[ ГОСТ 19179-73]Тематики
Обобщающие термины
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влажность почвы
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil moisture
1) Water stored in soils.
2) One of the most important elements involved in pedological processes and plant growth. There are three basic forms:
a) water adhering in thin films by molecular attraction to the surface of soil particles and not available for plants is termed hygroscopic water.
b) Water forming thicker films and occupying the smaller pore spaces is termed capillary water. Since it is held against the force of gravity it is permanently available for plant growth and it is this type of soil water which contains plant nutrients in solution.
c) Water in excess of hygroscopic and capillary water is termed gravitational water, which is of a transitory nature because it flows away under the influence of gravity. When the excess has drained away the amount of water retained in the soil is termed its field capacity, when some of its pore spaces are still free of water.
(Source: LANDY / DUNSTE)
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Bodenfeuchtigkeit
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3 Wassererosion
водная эрозия
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
water erosion
The breakdown of solid rock into smaller particles and its removal by water. As weathering, erosion is a natural geological process, but more rapid soil erosion results from poor land-use practices, leading to the loss of fertile topsoil and to the silting of dams, lakes, rivers and harbours. There are three classes of erosion by water. a) Splash erosion occurs when raindrops strike bare soil, causing it to splash, as mud, to flow into spaces in the soil and to turn the upper layer of soil into a structureless, compacted mass that dries with a hard, largely impermeable crust. b) Surface flow occurs when soil is removed with surface run-off during heavy rain. c) Channelized flow occurs when a flowing mixture of water and soil cuts a channel, which is then deepened by further scouring. A minor erosion channel is called a rill, a larger channel a gully. (Source: ALL)
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Wassererosion
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4 Bodenwasserhaushalt
режим влажности почвы
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soil moisture regime
The water regime of the soil is determined by the physical properties and arrangement of the soil particles. The pores in a soil determine its water-retention characteristics. When all the pores are full of water, the soil is said to be saturated. (Source: DUNSTE)
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Bodenwasserhaushalt
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5 Bodenschicht
почвенный слой
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil layer
Distinctive successive layers of soil produced by internal redistribution processes. Conventionally the layers have been divided into A, B and C horizons. The A horizon is the upper layer, containing humus and is leached and/or eluviated of many minerals. The B horizon forms a zone of deposition and is enriched with clay minerals and iron/aluminium oxides from the A layer. The C layer is the parent material for the present soil and may be partially weathered rock, transported glacial or alluvial material or an earlier soil. (Source: ALL)
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Bodenschicht
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6 Bodenfunktion
функция почвы
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil function
The main soil function is participation in the material transformation and migrating processes occurring in the natural environment on which the functioning of ecosystems depends. The most active participants in the occurring processes are microorganisms and invertebrates, whose activity, different variety, complex structure, and abundance accurately reflect the soil type and its characteristics: so they are important indicators of ecological stability. The variety of soil organisms determine its self-regulatory and self-cleaning capacity. (Source: NERIS)
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Bodenfunktion
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7 Bodenbiologie
биология почвы
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soil biology
The study of the living organisms, mainly microorganisms and microinvertebrates which live within the soil, and which are largely responsible for the decomposition processes vital to soil fertility. (Source: GILP96a)
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Bodenbiologie
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8 Bodenverfestigung
закрепление грунтов
Обработка грунтового массива механическими, химическими или физико-химическими методами для повышения
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]
закрепление грунтов (в гидротехнике)
Мероприятия по повышению несущей способности грунтов и уменьшению их водопроницаемости путем инъекции специальных растворов, термической обработки путем замораживания.
[СО 34.21.308-2005]Тематики
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пластификация грунта
Закрепление грунта поверхностно активными веществами - пластификаторами, снижающими водопроницаемость и повышающими связность грунта
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]Тематики
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упрочнение грунта
Искусственное закрепление грунта с целью повышения его несущей способности
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]Тематики
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Bodenverfestigung
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9 Bodenmechanik
механика грунтов
Наука, изучающая свойства грунтов и их поведение под нагрузкой
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]EN
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почвенная механика
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soil mechanics
The study of the physical properties of soil, especially those properties that affect its ability to bear weight such as water content, density, strength, etc. (Source: CED)
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Bodenmechanik
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10 Bodenluft
почвенный воздух
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soil air
The air and other gases in spaces in the soil; specifically that which is found within the zone of aeration. Also known as soil atmosphere. (Source: MGH)
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Bodenluft
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11 Landmaschine
сельскохозяйственные машины
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
agricultural machinery
Machines utilized for tillage, planting, cultivation and harvesting of crops. Despite its benefits in increasing yields, mechanisation has clearly had some adverse environmental effects: deep ploughing exposes more soil to wind and water erosion; crop residues can be removed as opposed to ploughing back into the soil; removal of residues can lead to a serious loss of organic content in the soil, which may increase the risk of soil erosion. (Source: MGH / DOBRIS)
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Landmaschine
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12 Bodenverbesserung
улучшение почвы
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soil improvement
Process of protecting the soil from excessive erosion and making soil more fertile and productive. (Source: LANDY)
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Bodenverbesserung
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13 Bodenschädigung
- ущерб, нанесенный почве
ущерб, нанесенный почве
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil damage
Soil impaired as a consequence of human activity. A study financed by UNEP, reporting in 1992, found that about 10,5% of the world's vegetative surface had been seriously damaged by human activity since 1945. The study found that much of the damage had been masked by a general rise in global agricultural productivity resulting from expanded irrigation, better plant varieties, and greater use of production inputs, such as fertilizers and pesticides. More than 1/3 of the damaged land was in Asia, almost 1/3 in Africa, and 1/4 in Central America. Some land had been damaged beyond restoration. The greatest sources of soil degradation were overgrazing, unsuitable agricultural practices, and deforestation. (Source: GILP96)
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Bodenschädigung
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14 Bodenbildung
формирование почвы
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil formation
The combination of natural processes by which soils are formed. It is also known as pedogenesis. The most important soil-forming factors are parent material, terrain, climate, aspect, vegetation cover, microorganisms in the soil and the age of the land surface. Some pedologists would add to this list the influence of human activities. All the factors exhibit varying degrees of interrelationship and some are more important than others, with climate often being singled out as the most important. (Source: WHIT)
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Bodenbildung
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15 alkalischer Boden
щелочная почва
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alkali soil
Soil that contains sufficient exchangeable sodium to interfere with water penetration and crop growth, either with or without appreciable quantities of soluble salts. (Source: LANDY)
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щелочные земли
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alkali land
Any geomorphic area, often a level lake-like plain, with soil containing a high percentage of mineral salts, located especially in arid regions. (Source: MHD / RHW)
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > alkalischer Boden
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16 Bodenschadstoff
- вещество, загрязняющее почву
вещество, загрязняющее почву
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil pollutant
Solid, liquid and gaseous substances that detrimentally alter the natural condition of the soil.
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Bodenschadstoff
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17 Roden und Verbrennen
- вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей
вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
slash and burn culture
A traditional farming system that has been used by generations of farmers in tropical forests and the savannah of north and east Africa. It is known to be an ecologically sound form of cultivation, and because the soil is poor in tropical rain forests it is a sustainable method of farming. It is still practised today, primarily in the developing countries. Small areas of bush or forests are cleared and the smaller trees burned. This unlocks the nutrients in the vegetation and gives the soil fertilizer that is easily taken up by plants. A few years later the soil is degraded and the farmer moves on to do the same at another site. The original ground is left fallow for anything up to 20 years so that the forest can regenerate. With the growth in population and in the subsequent need for more farming land to produce food, the method is increasingly being used today to clear large areas of tropical forests for cattle ranching, and in most cases the ground is not left fallow for long enough and, with modern mechanized farming systems, not enough tree stumps or suitable habitats for plant life are left to start the regeneration process. (Source: WRIGHT)
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Roden und Verbrennen
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18 verunreinigter Boden
загрязненная почва
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contaminated soil
Soil which because of its previous or current use has substances under, on or in it which, depending upon their concentration and/or quantity, may represent a direct potential or indirect hazard to man or to the environment. (Source: GRAHAW)
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > verunreinigter Boden
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19 Bodennutzung
использование почвы
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soil use
Functional utilization of soil for agriculture, industry, or residential building purposes. (Source: GREMES)
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Bodennutzung
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20 Bodenverdichtung
консолидация грунта
Повышение плотности грунта под воздействием нагрузки во времени
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]Тематики
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уплотнение грунтов
Искусственное преобразование свойств грунтов в строительных целях без коренного изменения их физико-химического состояния; представляет собой процесс взаимного перемещения частиц грунта, в результате которого увеличивается число контактов между ними в единице объема вследствие их перераспределения и проникновения мелких частиц в промежутки между крупными под действием прилагаемых к грунту механических усилий.
[РД 01.120.00-КТН-228-06]
уплотнение грунтов
Способ повышения плотности и понижения водопроницаемости грунтов механическим воздействием за счёт уменьшения пористости
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]Тематики
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Bodenverdichtung
См. также в других словарях:
Soil science — is the study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth including soil formation, classification and mapping; physical, chemical, biological, and fertility properties of soils; and these properties in relation to the use and… … Wikipedia
Soil pH — is the pH of soil water. It is based on the measurement of pH, which depends on the activity of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.There are many different methods to collect soil water, all which influence the measured soil pH in one way or… … Wikipedia
Soil classification — deals with the systematic categorization of soils based on distinguishing characteristics as well as criteria that dictate choices in use. Overview Soil classification is a dynamic subject, from the structure of the system itself, to the… … Wikipedia
Soil structure — is determined by how individual soil granules clump or bind together and aggregate, and therefore, the arrangement of soil pores between them. Soil structure has a major influence on water and air movement, biological activity, root growth and… … Wikipedia
Soil mechanics — is a discipline that applies principles of engineering mechanics, e.g. kinematics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, and mechanics of material, to predict the mechanical behavior of soils. Together with Rock mechanics, it is the basis for solving many… … Wikipedia
Soil conservation — is set of management strategies for prevention of soil being eroded from the earth’s surface or becoming chemically altered by overuse, salinization, acidification, or other chemical soil contamination. The principal approaches these strategies… … Wikipedia
Soil horizon — Soil samples illustrating horizons (subsoil on right) A soil horizon is a specific layer in the land area that is parallel to the soil surface and possesses physical characteristics which differ from the layers above and beneath … Wikipedia
Soil biology — is the study of microbial and faunal activity and ecology in soil. These organisms include earthworms, nematodes, protozoa, fungi and bacteria. Soil biology plays a vital role in determining many soil characteristics yet, being a relatively new… … Wikipedia
Soil carbon — is the generic name for carbon held within the soil, primarily in association with its organic content. This discussion begins with a brief introduction to soil carbon, its function within the soil, influences on soil carbon, and finally the… … Wikipedia
Soil life — or soil biota is a collective term for all the organisms living within the soil.OverviewIn a balanced soil, plants grow in an active and vibrant environment. The mineral content of the soil and its physical structure are important for their well… … Wikipedia
Soil survey — Soil survey, or soil mapping, is the process of classifying soil types and other soil properties in a given area and geo encoding such information. It applies the principles of soil science, and draws heavily from geomorphology, theories of soil… … Wikipedia
