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1 Baxter
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2 Baxter
Names and surnames: BAX -
3 Baxter, George
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 31 July 1804 Lewes, Sussex, Englandd. 11 January 1867 Sydenham, London, England[br]English pioneer in colour printing.[br]The son of a printer, Baxter was apprenticed to a wood engraver and there began his search for improved methods of making coloured prints, hitherto the perquisite of the rich, in order to bring them within reach of a wider public. After marriage to the daughter of Robert Harrild, founder of the printing firm of Harrild \& Co., he set up house in London, where he continued his experiments on colour while maintaining the run-of-the-mill work that kept the family.The nineteenth century saw a tremendous advance in methods of printing pictures, produced as separate prints or as book illustrations. For the first three decades colour was supplied by hand, but from the 1830s attempts were made to print in colour, using a separate plate for each one. Coloured prints were produced by chromolithography and relief printing on a small scale. Prints were first made with the latter method on a commercial scale by Baxter with a process that he patented in 1835. He generally used a key plate that was engraved, aquatinted or lithographed; the colours were then printed separately from wood or metal blocks. Baxter was a skilful printer and his work reached a high standard. An early example is the frontispiece to Robert Mudie's Summer (1837). In 1849 he began licensing his patent to other printers, and after the Great Exhibition of 1851 colour relief printing came into its own. Of the plethora of illustrated literature that appeared then, Baxter's Gems of the Great Exhibition was one of the most widely circulated souvenirs of the event.Baxter remained an active printer through the 1850s, but increasing competition from the German coloured lithographic process undermined his business and in 1860 he gave up the unequal struggle. In May of that year, all his oil pictures, engravings and blocks went up for auction, some 3,000 lots altogether. Baxter retired to Sydenham, then a country place, making occasional visits to London until injuries sustained in a mishap while he was ascending a London omnibus led to his death. Above all, he helped to initiate the change from the black and white world of pre-Victorian literature to the riotously colourful world of today.[br]Further ReadingC.T.Courtney Lewis, 1908, George Baxter, the Picture Printer, London: Sampson Lowe, Marsden (the classic account).M.E.Mitzmann, 1978, George Baxter and the Baxter Prints, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.LRD -
4 Baxter International, Inc.
NYSE. BAXУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Baxter International, Inc.
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5 FM-93.7, Baxter, Tennessee
Radio: WBXEУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > FM-93.7, Baxter, Tennessee
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6 Ken Baxter
Names and surnames: KB -
7 пожар в Бакстер-Парке: оставите ли вы лес гореть?
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > пожар в Бакстер-Парке: оставите ли вы лес гореть?
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8 Бакстер
Names and surnames: Baxter (фамилия, 100%, английский, ударение на первый слог) -
9 модель Бакстера
Statistics: Baxter model -
10 пекарь
2) Colloquial: rolls3) Dialect: baxter4) Jargon: dough-puncher (в армии и на флоте), Dough boy (в армии), dough-head, doughboy (в армии)5) Food industry: ovenman6) Makarov: oven operator -
11 Rohrprothese
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12 модель Бакстера
стат. физ. Baxter model -
13 уравнение Янга - Бакстера
Русско-английский физический словарь > уравнение Янга - Бакстера
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14 Бакстер, Ричард
(1615-91; англ. богослов-нонконформист) Baxter, RichardРусско-английский словарь религиозной лексики > Бакстер, Ричард
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15 bacastair
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16 бакстер
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17 пекарь
1. baxter2. peccary3. bakerСинонимический ряд:хлебопек (сущ.) хлебопек -
18 Bessemer, Sir Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 19 January 1813 Charlton (near Hitchin), Hertfordshire, Englandd. 15 January 1898 Denmark Hill, London, England[br]English inventor of the Bessemer steelmaking process.[br]The most valuable part of Bessemer's education took place in the workshop of his inventor father. At the age of only 17 he went to London to seek his fortune and set himself up in the trade of casting art works in white metal. He went on to the embossing of metals and other materials and this led to his first major invention, whereby a date was incorporated in the die for embossing seals, thus preventing the wholesale forgeries that had previously been committed. For this, a grateful Government promised Bessemer a paid position, a promise that was never kept; recognition came only in 1879 with a belated knighthood. Bessemer turned to other inventions, mainly in metalworking, including a process for making bronze powder and gold paint. After he had overcome technical problems, the process became highly profitable, earning him a considerable income during the forty years it was in use.The Crimean War presented inventors such as Bessemer with a challenge when weaknesses in the iron used to make the cannon became apparent. In 1856, at his Baxter House premises in St Paneras, London, he tried fusing cast iron with steel. Noticing the effect of an air current on the molten mixture, he constructed a reaction vessel or converter in which air was blown through molten cast iron. There was a vigorous reaction which nearly burned the house down, and Bessemer found the iron to be almost completely decarburized, without the slag threads always present in wrought iron. Bessemer had in fact invented not only a new process but a new material, mild steel. His paper "On the manufacture of malleable iron and steel without fuel" at the British Association meeting in Cheltenham later that year created a stir. Bessemer was courted by ironmasters to license the process. However, success was short-lived, for they found that phosphorus in the original iron ore passed into the metal and rendered it useless. By chance, Bessemer had used in his trials pig-iron, derived from haematite, a phosphorus-free ore. Bessemer tried hard to overcome the problem, but lacking chemical knowledge he resigned himself to limiting his process to this kind of pig-iron. This limitation was removed in 1879 by Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, who substituted a chemically basic lining in the converter in place of the acid lining used by Bessemer. This reacted with the phosphorus to form a substance that could be tapped off with the slag, leaving the steel free from this harmful element. Even so, the new material had begun to be applied in engineering, especially for railways. The open-hearth process developed by Siemens and the Martin brothers complemented rather than competed with Bessemer steel. The widespread use of the two processes had a revolutionary effect on mechanical and structural engineering and earned Bessemer around £1 million in royalties before the patents expired.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1879. FRS 1879. Royal Society of Arts Albert Gold Medal 1872.Bibliography1905, Sir Henry Bessemer FRS: An Autobiography, London.LRD -
19 Paper and printing
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Biro, Laszlo JoszefBi ShengCai LunKlic, KarolSong YingxingStanhope, Charles -
20 Percy, John
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 23 March 1817 Nottingham, Englandd. 19 June 1889 London, England[br]English metallurgist, first Professor of Metallurgy at the School of Mines, London.[br]After a private education, Percy went to Paris in 1834 to study medicine and to attend lectures on chemistry by Gay-Lussac and Thenard. After 1838 he studied medicine at Edinburgh, obtaining his MD in 1839. In that year he was appointed Professor of Chemistry at Queen's College, Birmingham, moving to Queen's Hospital at Birmingham in 1843. During his time at Birmingham, Percy became well known for his analysis of blast furnace slags, and was involved in the manufacture of optical glass. On 7 June 1851 Percy was appointed Metallurgical Professor and Teacher at the Museum of Practical Geology established in Jermyn Street, London, and opened in May 1851. In November of 1851, when the Museum became the Government (later Royal) School of Mines, Percy was appointed Lecturer in Metallurgy. In addition to his work at Jermyn Street, Percy lectured on metallurgy to the Advanced Class of Artillery at Woolwich from 1864 until his death, and from 1866 he was Superintendent of Ventilation at the Houses of Parliament. He served from 1861 to 1864 on the Special Committee on Iron set up to examine the performance of armour-plate in relation to its purity, composition and structure.Percy is best known for his metallurgical text books, published by John Murray. Volume I of Metallurgy, published in 1861, dealt with fuels, fireclays, copper, zinc and brass; Volume II, in 1864, dealt with iron and steel; a volume on lead appeared in 1870, followed by one on fuels and refractories in 1875, and the first volume on gold and silver in 1880. Further projected volumes on iron and steel, noble metals, and on copper, did not materialize. In 1879 Percy resigned from his School of Mines appointment in protest at the proposed move from Jermyn Street to South Kensington. The rapid growth of Percy's metallurgical collection, started in 1839, eventually forced him to move to a larger house. After his death, the collection was bought by the South Kensington (later Science) Museum. Now comprising 3,709 items, it provides a comprehensive if unselective record of nineteenth-century metallurgy, the most interesting specimens being those of the first sodium-reduced aluminium made in Britain and some of the first steel produced by Bessemer in Baxter House. Metallurgy for Percy was a technique of chemical extraction, and he has been criticized for basing his system of metallurgical instruction on this assumption. He stood strangely aloof from new processes of steel making such as that of Gilchrist and Thomas, and tended to neglect early developments in physical metallurgy, but he was the first in Britain to teach metallurgy as a discipline in its own right.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1847. President, Iron and Steel Institute 1885, 1886.Bibliography1861–80, Metallurgy, 5 vols, London: John Murray.Further ReadingS.J.Cackett, 1989, "Dr Percy and his metallurgical collection", Journal of the Hist. Met. Society 23(2):92–8.RLH
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См. также в других словарях:
Baxter — ist der Name folgender Orte: Baxter (Victoria) in Australien Baxter (Ontario) in Kanada in den Vereinigten Staaten: Baxter (Arkansas) Baxter (Colorado) Baxter (Florida) Baxter (Georgia) Baxter (Iowa) Baxter (Kalifornien) Baxter (Kentucky) Baxter… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Baxter — Baxter, IA U.S. city in Iowa Population (2000): 1052 Housing Units (2000): 455 Land area (2000): 0.654556 sq. miles (1.695292 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.654556 sq. miles (1.695292 sq. km)… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
BAXTER (R.) — BAXTER RICHARD (1615 1691) Pasteur et théologien anglais dont le ministère et les écrits ont joué un rôle important dans la vie des Églises de son pays au XVIIe siècle, durant les guerres civiles et sous la République et la restauration. Né à… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Baxter — [ bækstə], 1) James Keir, neuseeländischer Lyriker, * Dunedin 29. 6. 1926, ✝ Auckland 22. 10. 1972; prägte als Kritiker und als literarisches Vorbild das Selbstverständnis der Nachkriegsdichter Neuseelands entscheidend mit. Neben Theater und … Universal-Lexikon
Baxter, IA — U.S. city in Iowa Population (2000): 1052 Housing Units (2000): 455 Land area (2000): 0.654556 sq. miles (1.695292 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.654556 sq. miles (1.695292 sq. km) FIPS code:… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Baxter, MN — U.S. city in Minnesota Population (2000): 5555 Housing Units (2000): 1979 Land area (2000): 17.320118 sq. miles (44.858899 sq. km) Water area (2000): 2.350588 sq. miles (6.087996 sq. km) Total area (2000): 19.670706 sq. miles (50.946895 sq. km)… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Baxter, TN — U.S. town in Tennessee Population (2000): 1279 Housing Units (2000): 618 Land area (2000): 1.852670 sq. miles (4.798392 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 1.852670 sq. miles (4.798392 sq. km) FIPS… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Baxter — (spr. Bäxter), 1) Richard, geb. 1615 zu Rawton; war erst Geistlicher zu Kidderminster, dann Feldprediger unter Cromwell u. 1661 bei der Versammlung zur Vereinigung der Episkopalen u. Presbyterianer zu London sehr thätig. Er war geheimer Freund… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Baxter — m English: transferred use of the surname, which originated in the Middle Ages as an occupational name for a baker, Old English bæcestre. The estre suffix was originally feminine, but by the Middle English period the gender difference had been… … First names dictionary
baxter — n. m. (Nom déposé.) (Belgique, Luxembourg) Flacon contenant du sérum pour perfusion. Par ext. Perfusion. être sous baxter … Encyclopédie Universelle
Baxter — Bax ter, n. [OE. bakestre, bakistre, AS. b[ae]cestre, prop. fem. of b[ae]cere baker. See {Baker}.] A baker; originally, a female baker. [Old Eng. & Scotch] [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English