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61 теплообмен
Теплообмен-- An overview of the basic experimental work required to characterize heat transfer is presented in the following section.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > теплообмен
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62 свойства непротиворечивости
Этот тип свойств затрагивает взаимное соответствие переговорных решений в случае их применения в задачах с различным числом агентов. Здесь пересмотр условий приводит строго к исходу начальных переговоров. — This type of property concerns the mutual fit of the bargaining solutions when we apply them to problems with different numbers of agents. Here, renegotiation leads exactly to the outcome of the initial negotiation.
свойства отношений предпочтения, основные — basic properties of preference relations
Рассмотрим также два свойства - монотонность (или менее строгий её вариант - локальную ненасыщенность) и выпуклость, которые широко используются в последующем анализе. — We also discuss two properties, monotonicity (or its weaker version, local nonsatiation) and convexity, that are used extensively in the analysis that follows.
В разделе 3 рассматривается технический вопрос: свойства существования и непрерывности функций полезности, которые представляют предпочтения потребителя. — Section 3.C considers a technical issue: the existence and continuity properties of utility functions that represent the consumer's preferences.
Russian-English Dictionary "Microeconomics" > свойства непротиворечивости
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63 адрес связи
1. link address2. linkage address -
64 загрузчик связей
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > загрузчик связей
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65 регистр стандартной связи
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > регистр стандартной связи
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66 редактирование связей
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > редактирование связей
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67 редактор связей
1. binder2. linkage editor3. linker -
68 секция связей
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69 средства
emergency exit descent de-
аварийного оставления самолета на земле через аварийные выходы (рис.103) — vices. the stowage provisions for the emergency exit descent devices must be at the exits for which they are intended.
-, аварийно-спасательные — emergency equipment
-, бортовые — airborne /on-board/ means
-, группового спасения (при аварийной посадке на воду) — ditching equipment
- группового спасения (спасательные плоты) — life rafts
- для отпугивания акул (применяемое при аварийной посадке в океане) — shark repellent
- жизнеобеспечения (аварийный бортовой запас, комплект) — survival kit /pack/. place supplementary survival kit in raft.
- захода на посадку — approach aids
- индивидуального спасения (спасательные жилеты, детские спасательные жилеты, спасательные люльки) — life preservers (life jackets, child life jackets, baby life cots, inflatable child cradles)
- механизация крыла — high-lift devices
система устройств, обеспечивающих увеличение несущей способности крыла при посадке, взлете и маневре (закрылки, предкрылки). увеличение подъемной силы непользуется для пологого планирования и уменьшения посадочной скорости и взлета с повышенной нагрузкой. — mechanical devices emplayed to increase the lift on а basic wing section. the increase in lift is utilized to secure а steeper glide path and slower landing speed and to enable the plane to take off with a greater load.
- наземного обслуживания (сно) — ground servicing equipment
- наружного освещения — exterior lights
-, радионавигационные — radionavigational aids
радиосистемы для определения местоположения самолета, вывода его в пункт назначения, и обеспечения посадки. — radio systems used to assist aircraft to determine their position, to reach their destination, or to land.
-, радиотехнические, посадочные — instrument landing system equipment
- радиоуправления заходом на посадку — instrument approach radio aids
- связи — means of communication
- торможения — means of retardation
механические и аэродинамические устройства для торможения самолета на земле и в воздухе. — the aircraft uses means of retardation other than the wheel brakes.
-, транспортные (наземные) — transport vehiclesРусско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > средства
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70 устройства
provisions
(комплекс)
-, аварийные (аварийные выходы, люки и оборудование) — emergency provisions
-, взлетно-посадочные устройства ла для взлета, посадки, руления. — landing gear
- механизации крыла — high-lift devices
механические устройства крыла для увеличения подъемной силы (закрылки, предкрылки) (рис.11) — mechanical methods отplayed to increase the lift on а basic wing section. the most common forms are wing flaps and slats.
- систем охлаждения силовой установки — power plant cooling provisionsРусско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > устройства
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71 Cayley, Sir George
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 27 December 1773 Scarborough, Englandd. 15 December 1857 Brompton Hall, Yorkshire, England[br]English pioneer who laid down the basic principles of the aeroplane in 1799 and built a manned glider in 1853.[br]Cayley was born into a well-to-do Yorkshire family living at Brompton Hall. He was encouraged to study mathematics, navigation and mechanics, particularly by his mother. In 1792 he succeeded to the baronetcy and took over the daunting task of revitalizing the run-down family estate.The first aeronautical device made by Cayley was a copy of the toy helicopter invented by the Frenchmen Launoy and Bienvenu in 1784. Cayley's version, made in 1796, convinced him that a machine could "rise in the air by mechanical means", as he later wrote. He studied the aerodynamics of flight and broke away from the unsuccessful ornithopters of his predecessors. In 1799 he scratched two sketches on a silver disc: one side of the disc showed the aerodynamic force on a wing resolved into lift and drag, and on the other side he illustrated his idea for a fixed-wing aeroplane; this disc is preserved in the Science Museum in London. In 1804 he tested a small wing on the end of a whirling arm to measure its lifting power. This led to the world's first model glider, which consisted of a simple kite (the wing) mounted on a pole with an adjustable cruciform tail. A full-size glider followed in 1809 and this flew successfully unmanned. By 1809 Cayley had also investigated the lifting properties of cambered wings and produced a low-drag aerofoil section. His aim was to produce a powered aeroplane, but no suitable engines were available. Steam-engines were too heavy, but he experimented with a gunpowder motor and invented the hot-air engine in 1807. He published details of some of his aeronautical researches in 1809–10 and in 1816 he wrote a paper on airships. Then for a period of some twenty-five years he was so busy with other activities that he largely neglected his aeronautical researches. It was not until 1843, at the age of 70, that he really had time to pursue his quest for flight. The Mechanics' Magazine of 8 April 1843 published drawings of "Sir George Cayley's Aerial Carriage", which consisted of a helicopter design with four circular lifting rotors—which could be adjusted to become wings—and two pusher propellers. In 1849 he built a full-size triplane glider which lifted a boy off the ground for a brief hop. Then in 1852 he proposed a monoplane glider which could be launched from a balloon. Late in 1853 Cayley built his "new flyer", another monoplane glider, which carried his coachman as a reluctant passenger across a dale at Brompton, Cayley became involved in public affairs and was MP for Scarborough in 1832. He also took a leading part in local scientific activities and was co-founder of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1831 and of the Regent Street Polytechnic Institution in 1838.[br]BibliographyCayley wrote a number of articles and papers, the most significant being "On aerial navigation", Nicholson's Journal of Natural Philosophy (November 1809—March 1810) (published in three numbers); and two further papers with the same title in Philosophical Magazine (1816 and 1817) (both describe semi-rigid airships).Further ReadingL.Pritchard, 1961, Sir George Cayley, London (the standard work on the life of Cayley).C.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1962, Sir George Cayley's Aeronautics 1796–1855, London (covers his aeronautical achievements in more detail).—1974, "Sir George Cayley, father of aerial navigation (1773–1857)", Aeronautical Journal (Royal Aeronautical Society) (April) (an updating paper).JDS -
72 Pattinson, Hugh Lee
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 25 December 1796 Alston, Cumberland, Englandd. 11 November 1858 Scot's House, Gateshead, England[br]English inventor of a silver-extraction process.[br]Born into a Quaker family, he was educated at private schools; his studies included electricity and chemistry, with a bias towards metallurgy. Around 1821 Pattinson became Clerk and Assistant to Anthony Clapham, a soap-boiler of Newcastle upon Tyne. In 1825 he secured appointment as Assay Master to the lords of the manor of Alston. There he was able to pursue the subject of special interest to him, and in January 1829 he devised a method of separating silver from lead ore; however, he was prevented from developing it because of a lack of funds.Two years later he was appointed Manager of Wentworth Beaumont's lead-works. There he was able to continue his researches, which culminated in the patent of 1833 enshrining the invention by which he is best known: a new process for extracting silver from lead by skimming crystals of pure lead with a perforated ladle from the surface of the molten silver-bearing lead, contained in a succession of cast-iron pots. The molten metal was stirred as it cooled until one pot provided a metal containing 300 oz. of silver to the ton (8,370 g to the tonne). Until that time, it was unprofitable to extract silver from lead ores containing less than 8 oz. per ton (223 g per tonne), but the Pattinson process reduced that to 2–3 oz. (56–84 g per tonne), and it therefore won wide acceptance. Pattinson resigned his post and went into partnership to establish a chemical works near Gateshead. He was able to devise two further processes of importance, one an improved method of obtaining white lead and the other a new process for manufacturing magnesia alba, or basic carbonate of magnesium. Both processes were patented in 1841.Pattinson retired in 1858 and devoted himself to the study of astronomy, aided by a 7½ in. (19 cm) equatorial telescope that he had erected at his home at Scot's House.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsVice-President, British Association Chemical Section 1838. Fellow of the Geological Society, Royal Astronomical Society and Royal Society 1852.BibliographyPattinson wrote eight scientific papers, mainly on mining, listed in Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific Papers, most of which appeared in the PhilosophicalMagazine.Further ReadingJ.Percy, Metallurgy (volume on lead): 121–44 (fully describes Pattinson's desilvering process).Lonsdale, 1873, Worthies of Cumberland, pp. 273–320 (contains details of his life). T.K.Derry and T.I.Williams, 1960, A Short History ofTechnology, Oxford: Oxford University Press.LRD -
73 Thévénin, Léon Charles
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 30 March 1857 Paris, Franced. 21 September 1926 Paris, France[br]French telegraph engineer who extended Ohm's Law to the analysis of complex electrical circuits.[br]Following a basic education, Thévénin entered the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris, graduating in 1876. In 1878 he joined the Corps of Telegraph Engineers (which subsequently became the French PTT). There he initially worked on the development of long-distance underground telegraph lines, but he later switched to working on power lines. Appointed a teaching inspector at the Ecole Supérieure in 1882, he became increasingly interested in the problems of measurement in electrical circuits. As a result of studying Kirchoff's Laws, which were essentially derived from Ohm's Law, he developed his now-famous theorem which made it possible to calculate the currents in more complex electrical circuits.As well as becoming Head of the Bureau des Lignes, up until his death he also found time for teaching other subjects outside the Ecole, including a course in mechanics at the Institut National Agronomique. In 1896 he was appointed Director of the Telegraph Engineering School, then, in 1901, Engineer-in-Chief of the telegraph workshops. He retired in 1914.[br]Bibliography1883, "Extension of Ohm's Law to complex electrical circuits", Comptes rendus 97:159 (describes Thévénin's Theorem).Further ReadingF.E.Terman, 1943, Radio Engineers'Handbook, New York: McGraw-Hill, Section 3 (summarizes the relevant circuit theory).KF -
74 валентная связь
1. valence linkage2. valence bond -
75 двойная связь
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76 координационная связь
1. coordination bond2. coordinate linkage -
77 семиполярная связь
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78 семициклическая связь
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79 синглетная связь
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80 теплота атомной связи
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