-
21 concrete
- concrete
- nбетон; бетонная смесь || бетонировать
concrete around reinforcing steel — бетон в зоне [между стержнями] арматуры
concrete compacted by jolting — бетонная смесь, уплотнённая ударным методом [трамбованием]
concrete cured at 20°C — бетон, выдерживаемый при температуре 20°C
concrete cured at elevated temperatures — бетон, выдержанный [отвердевший] в условиях повышенных температур
concrete in mass — массивный бетон, бетон, уложенный в большой массив
concrete in the structure — бетон в теле конструкции [сооружения] ( в отличие от бетона в контрольных образцах)
concrete placed in lifts — бетон, укладываемый слоями [послойно]
concrete placed in the work — бетон, уложенный в конструкцию
concrete strong enough to support its own weight — бетон, достигший прочности, достаточной для восприятия собственного веса
concrete strong enough to support superimposed loads — бетон, достигший прочности, позволяющей воспринимать приложенные [временные] нагрузки
concrete with a high cement factor — бетонная смесь с большим содержанием цемента, жирная бетонная смесь
- concrete of inadequate quality
- concrete of the required quality
- abrasion-resistant concrete
- acid-resisting concrete
- acrylic concrete
- aerated concrete
- air-entrained concrete
- air entrapped concrete
- air-placed concrete
- air-tight concrete
- alkali-resistant glass grain-reinforced concrete
- all-lightweight-aggregate concrete
- architectural concrete
- architectural exposed concrete
- architectural precast concrete
- asbestos foamed concrete
- as-mixed concrete
- asphaltic concrete
- asphalt concrete
- as-placed concrete
- autoclaved concrete
- backfill concrete
- basalt chippings concrete
- base course concrete
- base concrete
- belt-conveyed concrete
- biological shielding concrete
- bitumen concrete
- black concrete
- blended cement concrete
- blinding concrete
- board-finished concrete
- board marked concrete
- breeze concrete
- brick-look concrete
- brushed concrete
- bulk concrete
- bush hammered concrete
- calcium silicate concrete
- cast-in-place concrete
- cellular concrete
- cement concrete
- centrifugally cast concrete
- chloride-contaminated concrete
- cinder concrete
- clay concrete
- coarse-graded asphaltic concrete
- coarse asphaltic concrete
- coarse-graded asphalt concrete
- coarse asphalt concrete
- cold-laid asphaltic concrete
- cold asphaltic concrete
- cold-laid asphalt concrete
- cold asphalt concrete
- colloidal concrete
- colored concrete
- compacted concrete
- composite reinforced concrete
- constructional concrete
- continuously reinforced concrete
- conventional concrete
- corrosion-damaged concrete
- crushed concrete
- crushed brick concrete
- cryogenic concrete
- cured concrete
- custom concrete
- cyclopean concrete
- dense concrete
- densit concrete
- dingy concrete
- disintegrated concrete
- doubly prestressed concrete
- doubly reinforced concrete
- dry concrete
- dry mixture concrete
- dry mix concrete
- durable concrete
- earth-damp concrete
- electrically conductive concrete
- electrically heated concrete
- epoxy concrete
- exfoliated vermiculite concrete
- expanded concrete
- expanded-clay concrete
- expansive-cement concrete
- exposed aggregate concrete
- extra heavy concrete
- extreme lightweight concrete
- extruded concrete
- facing concrete
- fair-faced concrete
- fat concrete
- fiber reinforced concrete
- field concrete
- field-cured concrete
- fill concrete
- fine grained concrete
- fine grain concrete
- fire-proof concrete
- floated concrete
- flowing concrete
- flow concrete
- foamed concrete
- foamed slag concrete
- foam-gas concrete
- free-flowing concrete
- fresh concrete
- freshly laid concrete
- freshly mixed concrete
- freshly placed concrete
- fully consolidated concrete
- furnace cinder concrete
- gas concrete
- glass concrete
- glass-fiber reinforced concrete
- granolithic concrete
- green concrete
- grouted-aggregate concrete
- grouted concrete
- gunned concrete
- gypsum concrete
- gypsum fiber concrete
- hand mixed concrete
- hardened concrete
- harsh concrete
- hearting concrete
- heated concrete
- heat insulating concrete
- heat-resistant concrete
- heavyweight concrete
- weight concrete
- high-density concrete
- high-early-strength concrete
- high flowability concrete
- high-pressure steam cured concrete
- high-strength concrete
- high-temperature-resisting concrete
- high-temperature concrete
- high-workability concrete
- holdover concrete
- honeycombed concrete
- hot concrete
- hot-laid asphaltic concrete
- hot asphaltic concrete
- hot-laid asphalt concrete
- hot asphalt concrete
- hot weather concrete
- hydraulic concrete
- ice concrete
- improved quality concrete
- in-fill concrete
- initial concrete
- in-situ concrete
- insulating concrete
- integrally colored concrete
- iron-shot concrete
- latex modified concrete
- lean mix concrete
- lean concrete
- left-over concrete
- lightweight concrete
- lightweight aggregate concrete
- lime concrete
- low cement content concrete
- low-density concrete
- low-grade concrete
- low-heat concrete
- low-pressure steam cured concrete
- low-slump concrete
- low-slump dense concrete
- low workability concrete
- machine mixed concrete
- marine concrete
- mass concrete
- microsilica concrete
- monolithic concrete
- mushy concrete
- nailable concrete
- new concrete
- no-fines concrete
- no-fine concrete
- noncomplying concrete
- nonshrink concrete
- normal-weight concrete
- normal concrete
- no-slump concrete
- no-voids concrete
- ocrated concrete
- off-formwork concrete
- ordinary structural concrete
- ornamental concrete
- oversite concrete
- packaged concrete
- pattern stamped concrete
- pavement concrete
- perlite aggregate concrete
- perlite concrete
- perlite insulating concrete
- pfa concrete
- pigmented concrete
- plain concrete
- plant-mixed concrete
- plastic concrete
- plastic state concrete
- pneumatically placed concrete
- polyester resin concrete
- polyester concrete
- polymer concrete
- polymer-cement concrete
- polymer-impregnated concrete
- polymer-modified concrete
- polymer-modified glass-fiber-reinforced concrete
- polystyrene bead concrete
- polystyrene-foam concrete
- poor concrete
- popcorn concrete
- porous concrete
- Portland cement concrete
- post-tension concrete
- pourable concrete
- poured-in-place concrete
- pozzolana concrete
- precast concrete
- precast glass-fiber-reinforced concrete
- precast prestressed concrete
- precast reinforced concrete
- precast with cast-in-place concrete
- prefabricated reinforced concrete
- prefab reinforced concrete
- prepacked aggregate concrete
- prepacked concrete
- pre-post tensioned concrete
- prestressed concrete
- pretensioned concrete
- pretension concrete
- properly consolidated concrete
- pumice concrete
- pumpable concrete
- quality concrete
- quality controlled concrete
- radiation shielding concrete
- rammed concrete
- ready mixed concrete
- recycled concrete
- refractory concrete
- refractory insulating concrete
- regular concrete
- reinforced concrete
- reinforced polymer concrete
- resin concrete
- resin modified cement concrete
- returned concrete
- rich concrete
- roller compacted concrete
- rubble concrete
- salt water resistant concrete
- sand concrete
- sand blasted concrete
- sawdust concrete
- scale-resistant concrete
- scoria concrete
- sealed concrete
- seawater resisting concrete
- seawater concrete
- self-compacting concrete
- self-stressed concrete
- semidry concrete
- semilightweight concrete
- set concrete
- shielding concrete
- shrinkage compensating concrete
- shrink-mixed concrete
- shuttered concrete
- silica-fume concrete
- silicate concrete
- site concrete
- site mixed concrete
- site mixed ready mixed concrete
- slag concrete
- specialty concretes
- special concretes
- specified ready mixed concrete
- sprayed concrete
- sprayed steel fiber concrete
- spun concrete
- stabilized concrete
- stamped concrete
- standard concrete
- steam cured concrete
- steel fiber concrete
- steel fiber reinforced concrete
- steel fibrous concrete
- sticky concrete
- stiff consistency concrete
- stiff concrete
- stone concrete
- structural concrete
- structural lightweight aggregate concrete
- structural lightweight concrete
- structural precast concrete
- submerged concrete
- sulfate-resistant concrete
- sulfur concrete
- sulfur-modified concrete
- super concrete
- superplasticized concrete
- superplasticized flowing concrete
- tamped concrete
- tar concrete
- terrazzo concrete
- textured architectural concrete
- textured concrete
- textured concrete left as cast
- three component concrete
- tooled concrete
- transit-mix concrete
- translucent concrete
- tremie concrete
- trowelled concrete
- truck-mixed concrete
- two-component concrete
- ultra-high-strength concrete
- uncured concrete
- undersanded concrete
- underwater concrete
- uniform concrete
- unreinforced concrete
- unsurfaced exposed concrete
- vacuum treated concrete
- vacuum concrete
- vermiculate concrete
- vibrated concrete
- waterproofed concrete
- water-repellent concrete
- watertight concrete
- weak concrete
- wearproof concrete
- wet concrete
- white cement concrete
- white concrete
- wire prestressed precast concrete
- wire stressed precast concrete
- wood cement concrete
- wood fiber concrete
- zero slump concrete
Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.
* * * -
22 fiber
1) волокно
2) волокон
3) дефибрер
4) фибра
5) фибровый
6) нитка
7) расслоенный
8) расслояемый
9) <geom.> слой
– acrylic fiber
– acrylonitrile fiber
– agave fiber
– aloe fiber
– animal fiber
– asbestos fiber
– basalt fiber
– bast fiber
– brittle fiber
– capron fiber
– carbochain fiber
– collagen fiber
– compression fiber
– cordage fiber
– fiber board
– fiber bundle
– fiber cable
– fiber classifier
– fiber connector
– fiber diagram
– fiber laser
– fiber map
– fiber optics
– fiber plastics
– fiber projection
– fiber space
– flax fiber
– freezing of the fiber
– fruit-hair fiber
– glass fiber
– gummy fiber
– hair-like fiber
– heat-insulation fiber
– hemp fiber
– heterochain fiber
– homogeneous fiber
– kapron fiber
– leaf fiber
– lightguiding fiber
– multiple fiber
– optical fiber
– peat fiber
– perchlorovinyl fiber
– polytetrafluorethylene fiber
– seed-hair fiber
– single-mode fiber
– staple fiber
– step-index fiber
– synthesized fiber
– tension fiber
– textile fiber
– top fiber
– transverse fiber
– unripe fiber
– vegetable fiber
– viscose fiber
– wood fiber
gradient-index optical fiber — <opt.> волокно оптическое с градиентным показателем преломления
mettalized optical fiber — металлизированный волоконный световод
multiple light fiber — волоконнооптический жгут, жгут оптических волокон
optical fiber furcation — разветвление волоконных световодов
optical fiber transmission — пропускание света волоконным световодом
regenerated cellulose fiber — целлюлозное искусственное волокно
step-index optical fiber — <opt.> волокно оптическое со ступенчатым показателем преломления
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23 волокно
fiber, filament, ( древесины) grain, thread* * *волокно́ с.
fibreв направле́нии волокна́ — with grainмати́ровать волокно́ — mat fibresпаралле́льно волокну́ — parallel to grainперпендикуля́рно волокну́ — perpendicular to grainполуча́ть волокно́ по мо́крому спо́собу пряде́ния — wet-spin a fibreполуча́ть волокно́ по сухо́му спо́собу пряде́ния — dry-spin a fibreполуча́ть волокно́ пряде́нием из распла́ва — melt-spin a fibreпрода́вливать волокно́ че́рез филье́ру — extrude through a spinneretпро́тив (направле́ния) волокна́ — against grainпрясть волокно́ — spin fibresруби́ть волокно́ на шта́пель — chop [cut, break] into staple fibresволокно́ сопротивля́ется смина́нию (хорошо, плохо) — the fibre resists wrinkling (well, poorly)трепа́ть волокно́ — scutch fibresчеса́ть волокно́ — hackle fibresакри́ловое волокно́ — acrylic fibreакрилонитри́льное волокно́ — acrylonitrile fibreальгина́тное волокно́ — alginate rayonволокно́ «ани́д» — Anide polyamide fibre (Soviet brand of nylon)асбе́стовое волокно́ — asbestos fibreацета́тное волокно́ — cellulose acetate rayonбаза́льтовое волокно́ — basalt fibre, basalt woolволо́кна ба́лки мех. — fibres of beamбелко́вое волокно́ — regenerated protein fibreве́рхнее волокно́ мех. — top [upper] fibreволокно́ «вино́л» — Vinol polyvinyl fibre (proprietary brand of Soviet-made fibre)виско́зное волокно́ — viscose fibre, viscose rayonгетероцепно́е волокно́ — heterochain fibreгидратцеллюло́зное волокно́ — cellulose-regenerated fibreгольево́е волокно́ кож. — hide fibreдиацета́тное волокно́ — cellulose acetate rayonволокно́ древеси́ны ( структура дерева) — (wood) grainдреве́сное волокно́ ( получаемое из древесины) — wood [ligneous] fibreволокно́ живо́тного происхожде́ния — animal fibreволокно́ из фторопла́ста — polytetrafluorethylene [PTFE] fibreиску́сственное волокно́ — rayonиску́сственное, белко́вое волокно́ — regenerated protein fibreиску́сственное, целлюло́зное волокно́ — regenerated cellulose fibreкапро́новое волокно́ — kapron (polycaprolactam) fibre (proprietary name of a Soviet-made fibre)карбоцепно́е волокно́ — carbochain fibreволокно́ ко́жи ( структура) — leather fibreколлаге́новое волокно́ — collagen fibreко́рдное волокно́ — cordage fibreволокно́ «лавса́н» — Lavsan polyester fibre (proprietary name of a Soviet-made fibre)листово́е волокно́ — leaf fibreло́мкое волокно́ — brittle fibreлубяно́е волокно́ — bast fibreльняно́е волокно́ — flax fibreме́дно-аммиа́чное волокно́ — cuprammonuim [copper] rayonминера́льное волокно́ — mineral fibreнатура́льное волокно́ — natural fibreнезре́лое волокно́ — unripe [unmature] fibreнеоргани́ческое волокно́ — inorganic fibreволокно́ «нитро́н» — Nitron polyacrylic fibre (proprietary name of a Soviet-made fibre)нитратцеллюло́зное волокно́ — cellulose nitrate fibre, nitrate rayonопти́ческое волокно́ ( в волоконной оптике) — optical fibreоргани́ческое волокно́ — organic fibreпенько́вое волокно́ — hemp fibreперхлорвини́ловое волокно́ — perchlorovinyl fibreплодо́вое волокно́ — fruit-hair fibreполиакри́ловое волокно́ — polyacrylic fibreполиакрилонитри́ловое волокно́ — polyacrilonitrile fibreполиами́дное волокно́ — polyamide fibreполивинилакри́ловое волокно́ — polyvinyl-acrylic fibreполивинилацета́тное волокно́ — polyvinyl-acetate fibreполивини́ловое волокно́ — polyvinyl fibreполивинилспиртово́е волокно́ — polyvinyl alcohol fibre (in the USSR, manufactured under the trade name of Vinol)поливинилхлори́дное волокно́ — polyvinyl-chloride [PVC] fibreполипропиле́новое волокно́ — polypropylene fibreполистиро́льное волокно́ — polystyrene fibreполиурета́новое волокно́ — polyurethane fibreполихлорвини́ловое волокно́ — polyvinylchloride [PVC] fibreполиэтиле́новое волокно́ — polyethylene fibreполиэфи́рное волокно́ — polyester fibreпопере́чное волокно́ мех. — transverse fibreрасти́тельное волокно́ — vegetable fibreрастя́нутое волокно́ мех. — tension fibreрегенери́рованное волокно́ — regenerated fibreсеменно́е волокно́ — seed-hair fibreсжа́тое волокно́ мех. — compression fibreсинтети́ческое волокно́ ( из синтетических исходных материалов) — synthesized [synthetic(-base) ] fibreсмоли́стое волокно́ — gummy fibreстекля́нное волокно́ — glass fibreволокно́ сте́ржня мех. — fibre of a barтексти́льное волокно́ — textile fibreтексти́льное, натура́льное волокно́ — natural textile fibreтеплоизоляцио́нное волокно́ — heat-insulation fibreтехни́ческое волокно́ — industrial fibreторфяно́е волокно́ — peat fibreтриацета́тное волокно́ — cellulose triacetate fibreхими́ческое волокно́ — chemical [man-made] fibreхру́пкое волокно́ — brittle fibreшта́пельное волокно́ — staple fibre -
24 casting
2) отливка; мн. ч. литьё ( изделие)5) коробление ( древесины)7) стереотип8) пищ. формование отливкой9) пищ. отформованное отливкой изделие, отливка 10 бтх формообразование•casting as a tape — электрон. литьё плёнки;casting into molds — заливка в формы;casting under counterpressure — литье методом противодавленияcasting of guides — трик. заливка ушковых игл в плиткиcasting of sinkers — трик. заливка платин в плитки-
argon casting
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art castings
-
basalt castings
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blackheart malleable casting
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blown casting
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bottom casting
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bottom pressure casting
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car casting
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cavityless casting
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centrifugal casting
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chill casting
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close-tolerance casting
-
composite casting
-
continuous casting
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continuous glass casting
-
continuous-continuous casting
-
dead mold casting
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die casting
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direct chill casting
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direct casting
-
display type casting
-
double-strand casting
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downhill casting
-
drain casting
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dry-sand casting
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dummy casting
-
explosive casting
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fettled casting
-
flask casting
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frail casting
-
frame thin casting
-
friction casting
-
furnace castings
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fusion casting
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gel casting
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green casting
-
green-sand casting
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group casting
-
half-blank casting
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hard casting
-
hollow casting
-
hot-torn casting
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inclined casting
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injection casting
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inversion casting
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investment casting
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iron castings
-
ladle-to-ladle casting
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ladle-to-mold casting
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line casting
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malleable casting
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misrun casting
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mold castings
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multiple-core casting
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needle casting
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nonferrous castings
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one-of-a-kind casting
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one-piece block casting
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one-piece casting
-
open sand casting
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permanent-mold casting
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piston body casting
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plaster mold casting
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pressure die casting
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refractory sleeve casting
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reinforced casting
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rough casting
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sand mold casting
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semicontinuous casting
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semicontinuous glass casting
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semipermanent mold casting
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shaped castings
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shell mold casting
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skull casting
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slip casting
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slug casting
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slurry casting
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stone casting
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suction casting
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template casting
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tundish casting
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underframe end casting
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uphill casting
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vacuum casting
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vacuum suction casting -
25 wool
шерсть, вата- cilicate wool - glass wool - lead wool - mineral wool - salamander's wool - slag wool - wood wool* * *1. шерсть2. вата- asbestos wool
- basalt wool
- glass wool
- lead wool
- mineral wool
- rock wool
- slag wool
- steel wool
- wood wool -
26 wool
- wool
- n1. шерсть
2. вата
- asbestos wool
- basalt wool
- glass wool
- lead wool
- mineral wool
- rock wool
- slag wool
- steel wool
- wood wool
Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.
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27 sand
1. песок 2. нефтеносный песок, нефтеносный песчаный пласт 3. шлам 4. pl. песчаная банка, песчаная отмель
anauxitic sand анокситовый песок
aqueo-residual sand водно элювиальный песок
asphaltic sand асфальтовый песок (естественная смесь асфальта со свободными зёрнами песка)
bar-finger sand удлинённое линзовидное песчаное тело
barren sand непродуктивный песок
basalt sand базальтовый песок
bell sand поющие пески
black sand 1. магнетитовый песок 2. чёрный шлих 3. см. asphaltic sand
blanket sand покровный песок
bleached sand светлый песок; отбелённый выщелоченный песок
blown sand летучий [перенесённый ветром] песок
booming sand поющие пески
boulder sand валунный песок
broken sand пёстрый полигенный песчаник
buttress sand песчаниковый козырёк
cap sand покровный песок
channel sand русловый песок
chloritic sand хлоритовый песок
clayey sand глинистый песок
close sand плотный песок
coarse sand грубозернистый песок
collapsing sand просадочный песок
ollecting sands пески-коллекторы
concreting sand песок для бетонной смеси
concretionary sand конкреционно-скреплённый песок
copper sand медьсодержащий песок
coral sand коралловый песок
cover sand покровный песок
cumulose sand бугристый песок
drift sand зыбучий песок, наносимый ветром
dry sand 1. сухой песок 2. непродуктивный песок
dry loamy sand сухой суглинистый песок; супесь
dune sand дюнный песок
dust sand пылевидный песок
entrained sand снесённый потоком песок
eolisin sand эоловый песок
filter sand фильтрующий песок
fine sand мелкозернистый [тонкозернистый] песок
fluvial sand речной песок
foufldry sand формовочный песок
free open-textured sand рыхлый песок
friable sand сыпучий песок
gas sand газоносный песок
gem sands россыпи с драгоценными камнями
glacial sand ледниковый песок
glass sand стекольный песок
granite sand песок, образовавшийся в результате разрушения гранита
green sand глауконитовый [зелёный] песок
hard oil sand твёрдый нефтеносный песок
heaving sands плывуны
iron sand песок с высоким содержанием зёрен железистых минералов
lee sands пески с подветренной части дюны
lenticular sand линзовидно залегающий песок
light sand сыпучий песок
limestone sand известковый песок
loamy sand супесь
magnetic sand магнетитовый песок
medium sand среднезернистый песок
molding sand формовочный песок
musical sand поющие пески
nullipore sand нуллипоровый (водорослевый) песок
oil sand нефтеносный песок
oil-bearing sand нефтеносный песок
oil-stained sand пропитанный нефтью песок
open sand пористый песок
overlooked sand пропущенный при бурении горизонт песка
pay sand промышленный песок, песок, перспективный Для промышленной добычи
pebbly sand песок с содержанием до 25 % гальки
productive sand продуктивная песчаная толща
quartz sand кварцевый песок
residuo-aqueous sand элювиально-водный песок
river sand речной песок
ruby sand песок, содержащий красные гранаты
running sand плывуны
rusty sand ржавый песок (песок, содержащий гидроксиды железа)
salt-and-pepper sand песок, состоящий из смеси тёмных и светлых зёрен
screened sand просеянный песок (отфильтрованный от мелкого материала действием волн и течений)
sea sand морской песок
settling sand осыпающийся в скважину песок
sharp sand песок, состоящий из угловатых зёрен
sheet sand покровный песок
shell sand раковинный [ракушечный] песок
shifting sand плывуны
shoe-string sand линзовидный песок
shore sand береговой песок
silica sand кварцевый песок
silty sand алевритистый песок
silver sand тонкозернистый песок
singing sand поющие пески
soft sand мягкий песок
sounding sand поющие пески
squeaking sand скрипящие [свистящие] пески
stray sand экзотический [блуждающий] песок
sugar sand сахаровидный песок (разновидность рыхлого песчаника, рассыпающегося на зёрна и агрегаты)
tar sand смоляной песок
tight sand плотный песок
torpedo sand крупнозернистый строительный песок
unfixed sand подвижный песок
volcanic sand вулканический песок
water-repellent sand водоотталкивающий песок
white sand чистый кварцевый песок
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28 среди которых можно указать такие ..., как
Среди которых можно указать такие..., как-- This same nonlinear relationship was also found for a wide variety of nonmetallic materials such as rock salt, glass, basalt, corundum, and topax among others.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > среди которых можно указать такие ..., как
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29 wool
1. шерстьdead wool — заводская шерсть, подпар
2. ватаglass wool — стекловата, стеклянная вата
mineral wool — минеральная шерсть, минеральная вата
rock wool — минеральная шерсть, минеральная вата
3. древесная шерсть4. тонкая стружка -
30 волокно
с. fibreволокно «анид» — Anide polyamide fibre
волокно «винол» — Vinol polyvinyl fibre
волокно «лавсан» — Lavsan polyester fibre
волокно «нитрон» — Nitron polyacrylic fibre
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31 Coade, Eleanor
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 24 June 1733 Exeter, Devon, Englandd. 18 November 1821 Camberwell, London, England[br]English proprietor of the Coade Factory, making artificial stone.[br]Born Elinor Coade, she never married but adopted, as was customary in business in the eighteenth century, the courtesy title of Mrs. Following the bankruptcy and death of her father, George Coade, in Exeter, Eleanor and her mother (also called Eleanor) moved to London and founded the works at Lambeth, South London, in 1769 that later became famous as the Coade factory. The factory was located at King's Arms Stairs, Narrow Wall. During the eighteenth century, several attempts had been made in other businesses to manufacture a durable, malleable artificial stone that would be acceptable to architects for decorative use. These substances were not very successful, but Coade stone was different. Although stories are legion about the secret formula supposedly used in this artificial stone, modern methods have established the exact formula.Coade stone was a stoneware ceramic material fired in a kiln. The body was remarkable in that it shrank only 8 per cent in drying and firing: this was achieved by using a combination of china clay, sand, crushed glass and grog (i.e. crushed and ground, previously fired stoneware). The Coade formula thus included a considerable proportion of material that, having been fired once already, was unshrinkable. Mrs Coade's name for the firm, Coade's Lithodipyra Terra-Cotta or Artificial Stone Manufactory (where "Lithodipyra" is a term derived from three Greek words meaning "stone", "twice" and "fire"), made reference to the custom of including such material (such as in Josiah Wedgwood's basalt and jasper ware). The especially low rate of shrinkage rendered the material ideal for making extra-life-size statuary, and large architectural, decorative features to be incorporated into stone buildings.Coade stone was widely used for such purposes by leading architects in Britain and Ireland from the 1770s until the 1830s, including Robert Adam, Sir Charles Barry, Sir William Chambers, Sir John Soane, John Nash and James Wyatt. Some architects introduced the material abroad, as far as, for example, Charles Bulfinch's United States Bank in Boston, Massachusetts, and Charles Cameron's redecoration for the Empress Catherine of the great palace Tsarkoe Selo (now Pushkin), near St Petersburg. The material so resembles stone that it is often mistaken for it, but it is so hard and resistant to weather that it retains sharpness of detail much longer than the natural substance. The many famous British buildings where Coade stone was used include the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, Carlton House and the Sir John Soane Museum (all of which are located in London), St George's Chapel at Windsor, Alnwick Castle in Northumberland, and Culzean Castle in Ayrshire, Scotland.Apart from the qualities of the material, the Coade firm established a high reputation for the equally fine quality of its classical statuary. Mrs Coade employed excellent craftsmen such as the sculptor John Bacon (1740–99), whose work was mass-produced by the use of moulds. One famous example which was widely reproduced was the female caryatid from the south porch of the Erechtheion on the acropolis of Athens. A drawing of this had appeared in the second edition of Stuart and Revett's Antiquities of Athens in 1789, and many copies were made from the original Coade model; Soane used them more than once, for example on the Bank of England and his own houses in London.Eleanor Coade was a remarkable woman, and was important and influential on the neo-classical scene. She had close and amicable relations with leading architects of the day, notably Robert Adam and James Wyatt. The Coade factory was enlarged and altered over the years, but the site was finally cleared during 1949–50 in preparation for the establishment of the 1951 Festival of Britain.[br]Further ReadingA.Kelly, 1990, Mrs Coade's Stone, pub. in conjunction with the Georgian Group (an interesting, carefully written history; includes a detailed appendix on architects who used Coade stone and buildings where surviving work may be seen).DY
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