available+channel

   The Catholic Church and the Catholic religion together represent the oldest and most enduring of all Portuguese institutions. Because its origins as an institution go back at least to the middle of the third century, if not earlier, the Christian and later the Catholic Church is much older than any other Portuguese institution or major cultural influence, including the monarchy (lasting 770 years) or Islam (540 years). Indeed, it is older than Portugal (869 years) itself. The Church, despite its changing doctrine and form, dates to the period when Roman Lusitania was Christianized.

   In its earlier period, the Church played an important role in the creation of an independent Portuguese monarchy, as well as in the colonization and settlement of various regions of the shifting Christian-Muslim frontier as it moved south. Until the rise of absolutist monarchy and central government, the Church dominated all public and private life and provided the only education available, along with the only hospitals and charity institutions. During the Middle Ages and the early stage of the overseas empire, the Church accumulated a great deal of wealth. One historian suggests that, by 1700, one-third of the land in Portugal was owned by the Church. Besides land, Catholic institutions possessed a large number of chapels, churches and cathedrals, capital, and other property.

   Extensive periods of Portuguese history witnessed either conflict or cooperation between the Church as the monarchy increasingly sought to gain direct control of the realm. The monarchy challenged the great power and wealth of the Church, especially after the acquisition of the first overseas empire (1415-1580). When King João III requested the pope to allow Portugal to establish the Inquisition (Holy Office) in the country and the request was finally granted in 1531, royal power, more than religion was the chief concern. The Inquisition acted as a judicial arm of the Catholic Church in order to root out heresies, primarily Judaism and Islam, and later Protestantism. But the Inquisition became an instrument used by the crown to strengthen its power and jurisdiction.

   The Church's power and prestige in governance came under direct attack for the first time under the Marquis of Pombal (1750-77) when, as the king's prime minister, he placed regalism above the Church's interests. In 1759, the Jesuits were expelled from Portugal, although they were allowed to return after Pombal left office. Pombal also harnessed the Inquisition and put in place other anticlerical measures. With the rise of liberalism and the efforts to secularize Portugal after 1820, considerable Church-state conflict occurred. The new liberal state weakened the power and position of the Church in various ways: in 1834, all religious orders were suppressed and their property confiscated both in Portugal and in the empire and, in the 1830s and 1840s, agrarian reform programs confiscated and sold large portions of Church lands. By the 1850s, Church-state relations had improved, various religious orders were allowed to return, and the Church's influence was largely restored. By the late 19th century, Church and state were closely allied again. Church roles in all levels of education were pervasive, and there was a popular Catholic revival under way.

   With the rise of republicanism and the early years of the First Republic, especially from 1910 to 1917, Church-state relations reached a new low. A major tenet of republicanism was anticlericalism and the belief that the Church was as much to blame as the monarchy for the backwardness of Portuguese society. The provisional republican government's 1911 Law of Separation decreed the secularization of public life on a scale unknown in Portugal. Among the new measures that Catholics and the Church opposed were legalization of divorce, appropriation of all Church property by the state, abolition of religious oaths for various posts, suppression of the theology school at Coimbra University, abolition of saints' days as public holidays, abolition of nunneries and expulsion of the Jesuits, closing of seminaries, secularization of all public education, and banning of religious courses in schools.

   After considerable civil strife over the religious question under the republic, President Sidónio Pais restored normal relations with the Holy See and made concessions to the Portuguese Church. Encouraged by the apparitions at Fátima between May and October 1917, which caused a great sensation among the rural people, a strong Catholic reaction to anticlericalism ensued. Backed by various new Catholic organizations such as the "Catholic Youth" and the Academic Center of Christian Democracy (CADC), the Catholic revival influenced government and politics under the Estado Novo. Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar was not only a devout Catholic and member of the CADC, but his formative years included nine years in the Viseu Catholic Seminary preparing to be a priest. Under the Estado Novo, Church-state relations greatly improved, and Catholic interests were protected. On the other hand, Salazar's no-risk statism never went so far as to restore to the Church all that had been lost in the 1911 Law of Separation. Most Church property was never returned from state ownership and, while the Church played an important role in public education to 1974, it never recovered the influence in education it had enjoyed before 1911.

   Today, the majority of Portuguese proclaim themselves Catholic, and the enduring nature of the Church as an institution seems apparent everywhere in the country. But there is no longer a monolithic Catholic faith; there is growing diversity of religious choice in the population, which includes an increasing number of Protestant Portuguese as well as a small but growing number of Muslims from the former Portuguese empire. The Muslim community of greater Lisbon erected a Mosque which, ironically, is located near the Spanish Embassy. In the 1990s, Portugal's Catholic Church as an institution appeared to be experiencing a revival of influence. While Church attendance remained low, several Church institutions retained an importance in society that went beyond the walls of the thousands of churches: a popular, flourishing Catholic University; Radio Re-nascenca, the country's most listened to radio station; and a new private television channel owned by the Church. At an international conference in Lisbon in September 2000, the Cardinal Patriarch of Portugal, Dom José Policarpo, formally apologized to the Jewish community of Portugal for the actions of the Inquisition. At the deliberately selected location, the place where that religious institution once held its hearings and trials, Dom Policarpo read a declaration of Catholic guilt and repentance and symbolically embraced three rabbis, apologizing for acts of violence, pressures to convert, suspicions, and denunciation.

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace, Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Photography, film and optics, Recording, Telecommunications

[br]

[br]

[br]

He was a very bright scholar and received a BSc in electrical technology from City and Guilds College in 1923. He joined International Western Electric (later to become Standard Telephone and Cables) in 1924 after a period as an instructor/demonstrator at City and Guilds. He was instrumental in the design of telephone measuring equipment and in international committee work for standards for long-distance telephony.

From 1929 Blumlein was employed by the Columbia Graphophone Company to develop an electric recording cutterhead that would be independent of Western Electric's patents for the system developed by Maxfield and Harrison. He attacked the problems in a most systematic fashion, and within a year he had developed a moving-coil cutterhead that was much more linear than the iron-cored systems known at the time. Eventually Blumlein designed a complete line of recording equipment, from microphone and through-power amplifiers. The design was used by Columbia; after the merger with the Gramophone Company in 1931 to form Electrical and Musical Industries Ltd (later known as EMI) it became the company standard, certainly for coarse-groove records, until c.1950.

Blumlein became interested in stereophony (binaural sound), and developed and demonstrated a complete line of equipment, from correctly placed microphones via two-channel records and stereo pick-ups to correctly placed loudspeakers. The advent of silent surfaces of vinyl records made this approach commercial from the late 1950s. His approach was independent and quite different from that of A.C. Keller.

His extreme facility for creating innovative solutions to electronic problems was used in EMI's development from 1934 to 1938 of the electronic television system, which became the BBC standard of 405 lines after the Second World War, when television broadcasting again became possible. Independent of official requirements, EMI developed a 60 MHz radar system and Blumlein was involved in the development of a centimetric radar and display system. It was during testing of this aircraft mounted equipment that he was killed in a crash.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Telecommunications

[br]

[br]

[br]

As a child, Shannon tinkered with radio kits and enjoyed solving puzzles, particularly crypto-graphic ones. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1936 with a Bachelor of Science in mathematics and electrical engineering, and earned his Master's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1937. His thesis on applying Boolean algebra to switching circuits has since been acclaimed as possibly the most significant this century. Shannon earned his PhD in mathematics from MIT in 1940 with a dissertation on the mathematics of genetic transmission.

Shannon spent a year at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, then in 1941 joined Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he began studying the relative efficiency of alternative transmission systems. Work on digital encryption systems during the Second World War led him to think that just as ciphers hide information from the enemy, "encoding" information could also protect it from noise. About 1948, he decided that the amount of information was best expressed quantitatively in a two-value number system, using only the digits 0 and 1. John Tukey, a Princeton colleague, named these units "binary digits" (or, for short, "bits"). Almost all digital computers and communications systems use such on-off, or two-state logic as their basis of operation.

Also in the 1940s, building on the work of H. Nyquist and R.V.L. Hartley, Shannon proved that there was an upper limit to the amount of information that could be transmitted through a communications channel in a unit of time, which could be approached but never reached because real transmissions are subject to interference (noise). This was the beginning of information theory, which has been used by others in attempts to quantify many sciences and technologies, as well as subjects in the humanities, but with mixed results. Before 1970, when integrated circuits were developed, Shannon's theory was not the preferred circuit-and-transmission design tool it has since become.

Shannon was also a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence, claiming that computing machines could be used to manipulate symbols as well as do calculations. His 1953 paper on computers and automata proposed that digital computers were capable of tasks then thought exclusively the province of living organisms. In 1956 he left Bell Laboratories to join the MIT faculty as Professor of Communications Science.

On the lighter side, Shannon has built many devices that play games, and in particular has made a scientific study of juggling.

[br]

[kju:]

allowed queue вчт. допустимая длина очереди available unit queue вчт. очередь доступных устройств background queue вчт. очередь фоновых задач communications queue вчт. очередь передаваемых сообщений correlated queue вчт. коррелированная очередь cyclic queue вчт. циклическая система обслуживания device queue вчт. очередь запросов к устройству double queue вчт. двойная очередь double queue вчт. двухканальная система обслуживания empty queue вчт. незанятая система обслуживания empty queue вчт. очереди нет ergodic queue вчт. эргодическая система обслуживания fixed length queue вчт. очередь постоянной длины queue очередь; хвост; to stand in a queue стоять в очереди; to form a queue организовать очередь form a queue образовывать очередь infinite queue вчт. бесконечная очередь inventory queue вчт. очередь в системе управления запасами job queue вчт. очередь заданий job queue очередь заданий limited-size queue вчт. очередь ограниченной длины lower-priority queue вчт. очередь требований с низшим приоритетом many-server queue вчт. многоканальная система обслуживания markov queue вчт. марковская система обслуживания markovian queue вчт. марковская система обслуживания multiple queue вчт. многоканальная система обслуживания multiserver queue вчт. многоканальная система обслуживания multistage queue вчт. многофазовая система обслуживания multistation queue вчт. многоканальная система обслуживания non-markov queue вчт. немарковская система обслуживания non-markovian queue вчт. немарковская система обслуживания non-poisson queue вчт. немарковская система обслуживания nonempty queue вчт. занятая система обслуживания nonzero queue вчт. очередь положительной длины one-server queue вчт. одноканальная система обслуживания open-end queue вчт. разомкнутая система обслуживания ordinary queue вчт. очередь обычных требований poisson queue вчт. марковская система обслуживания print queue вчт. очередь на печать print queue is empty вчт. очередь распечатываемых файлов пуста print queue is full вчт. очередь распечатываемых файлов заполнена полностью priority queue вчт. очередь по приоритету priority queue вчт. очередь с приоритетами process queue вчт. очередь на обработку queue стоять в очереди, становиться в очередь (часто queue up) queue заплетать (в) косу queue косичка (парика) queue образовывать очередь queue одноканальная система массового обслуживания queue очередность queue очередь; хвост; to stand in a queue стоять в очереди; to form a queue организовать очередь queue вчт. очередь queue очередь queue стоять в очереди queue jumper разг. тот, кто хочет получить (что-л.) или пройти (куда-л.) без очереди queue on вчт. образовать очередь retransmit queue вчт. очередь для повторной передачи sampled queue вчт. дискретная очередь scheduling queue вчт. очередь планируемых заданий sequential queue вчт. простая очередь single-channel queue вчт. одноканальная система массовогобслуживания single-server queue вчт. одноканальная система обслуживания stable queue вчт. устойчивая система обслуживания queue очередь; хвост; to stand in a queue стоять в очереди; to form a queue организовать очередь station-to-station queue вчт. многошаговая очередь tandem queue вчт. серийная очередь tandem queues вчт. серийные очереди task queue вчт. очередь задач traffic queue транспортный затор unlimited queue вчт. бесконечная очередь unrestricted queue вчт. бесконечная очередь wait in queue вчт. ожидание в очереди

 

абонентское телевидение
-
[ http://www.vidimost.com/glossary.html]

EN

FR

Тематики

• телевидение, радиовещание, видео

EN

• CATV
• community antenna television

 

кабельное телевидение
КТВ
Многоканальная система кабельного телевидения требуется для трансляции соревнований и подготовленных студиями материалов, которые можно будет смотреть как в офисах, так и в технических зонах. Для одновременной трансляции таких сигналов потребуется достаточное количество каналов. Некоторые из этих каналов будут подавать сигналы в замкнутую сеть (кабельную или воздушную), которая обеспечит возможность просмотра материалов в других местах, используемых Олимпийской Семьей.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

EN

cable television
CATV
Multi-channel cable television distribution system is required to distribute pictures of the competitions and the outputs of studios, available for viewing in both offices and technical areas. Sufficient channels will be required for simultaneous distribution of such signals. Some of these channels will feed the closed circuit (cable or airwaves) that will provide monitoring possibilities at other locations used by the Olympic Family.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

Тематики

• спорт (коммуникации и средства массовой информации)
• телевидение, радиовещание, видео

EN

• cable television
• CATV

 

кабельное телевидение с общей антенной
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

Тематики

• информационные технологии в целом

EN

• cable television
• CATV

 

телевидение с использованием коллективной антенны
—
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики

• электросвязь, основные понятия

EN

• community antenna television
• CATV

 

телевидение с коллективной антенной
кабельное ТВ
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

Тематики

• информационные технологии в целом

Синонимы

• кабельное ТВ

EN

• CATV
• community antenna TV

 

кабельное телевидение
КТВ
Многоканальная система кабельного телевидения требуется для трансляции соревнований и подготовленных студиями материалов, которые можно будет смотреть как в офисах, так и в технических зонах. Для одновременной трансляции таких сигналов потребуется достаточное количество каналов. Некоторые из этих каналов будут подавать сигналы в замкнутую сеть (кабельную или воздушную), которая обеспечит возможность просмотра материалов в других местах, используемых Олимпийской Семьей.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

EN

cable television
CATV
Multi-channel cable television distribution system is required to distribute pictures of the competitions and the outputs of studios, available for viewing in both offices and technical areas. Sufficient channels will be required for simultaneous distribution of such signals. Some of these channels will feed the closed circuit (cable or airwaves) that will provide monitoring possibilities at other locations used by the Olympic Family.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

Тематики

• спорт (коммуникации и средства массовой информации)
• телевидение, радиовещание, видео

EN

• cable television
• CATV

 

кабельное телевидение с общей антенной
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

Тематики

• информационные технологии в целом

EN

• cable television
• CATV